Prohlašuji, Že Jsem Bakalářskou Práci Vypracovala Samostatně a Při Jejím

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Prohlašuji, Že Jsem Bakalářskou Práci Vypracovala Samostatně a Při Jejím MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Mezinárodní vztahy Ozbrojené konflikty po skončení studené války ve východní Africe Analýza hlavních trendů ozbrojených konfliktů a dynamiky bezpečnostních vztahů v regionu Afrického rohu a Velkých jezer Magisterská práce Bc. Tomáš Černohous Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Zdeněk Kříž, Ph.D. UČO: 273617 Obor: Mezinárodní vztahy Imatrikulační ročník: 2010 Brno, 2012 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, ţe jsem diplomovou práci Ozbrojené konflikty po skončení studené války ve východní Africe vypracoval samostatně pouze s vyuţitím pramenů v práci uvedených. V Brně, dne 8. května 2012 Tomáš Černohous 2 Poděkování Rád bych poděkoval panu doc. PhDr. Zdeňku Kříţovi, Ph.D. za cenné rady a vstřícné vedení mé práce. Děkuji také své rodině a blízkým za jejich toleranci a podporu při mých studiích. 3 Obsah 1. Úvod ................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1. Pouţitá metodologie a sběr dat ................................................................................ 8 1.2. Vymezení zkoumaného regionu............................................................................. 10 1.3. Reflexe zpracování tématu v odborné literatuře .................................................... 12 2. Teoretické ukotvení práce ........................................................................................... 13 2.1. Teorie konfliktu ..................................................................................................... 13 2.1.1. Definice konfliktu .............................................................................................. 13 2.1.2. Klasifikace konfliktu .......................................................................................... 14 2.1.2.1. Klasifikace konfliktu podle umístění .......................................................... 14 2.1.2.2. Klasifikace konfliktu podle pouţitých prostředků ...................................... 16 2.1.2.3. Klasifikace konfliktu podle příčin............................................................... 18 2.1.3. Dynamika konfliktu ............................................................................................ 20 2.2. Regionální perspektiva bezpečnosti ....................................................................... 25 2.2.1. Teorie regionálních bezpečnostních komplexů .................................................. 25 2.2.2. Koncept regionálních konfliktních komplexů a jejich řešení ............................. 32 3. Analýza konfliktů zkoumaného regionu .................................................................... 34 3.1. Historický kontext a charakteristika regionu po konci CW ................................... 34 3.2. Občanská válka ve Rwandě (1990 – 1994) ............................................................ 38 3.3. Občanská válka v Burundi (1993 – 2008) ............................................................. 46 3.4. První válka v Kongu (Zair) (1996 – 1997) ............................................................ 53 3.5. Druhá válka v Kongu (DRC) (1998 – 2002).......................................................... 60 3.6. Konflikt v provinciích Kivu (2004 – současnost) .................................................. 68 3.7. Konflikt v regionu Ituri (1999 – 2006) .................................................................. 76 3.8. Občanská válka v Ugandě (1986 – současnost) ..................................................... 82 3.9. Občanská válka v Somálsku (1991 – současnost) ................................................. 93 3.10. Občanská válka v Dţibutsku (1990 – 1994) ........................................................ 108 3.11. Konflikt v Etiopii o status SRS (1994 – současnost) .......................................... 114 3.12. Konflikt o status státu Oromia (1991 – současnost) ............................................ 120 3.13. Válka mezi Etiopií a Eritreou (1998 – 2000) ....................................................... 125 4. Charakteristika a trendy konfliktů východní Afriky .............................................. 133 4.1. Typy konfliktů podle umístění ............................................................................. 133 4.2. Typy konfliktů podle závaţnosti .......................................................................... 133 4.3. Typy konfliktů podle nekompatibility cílů .......................................................... 135 4.4. Strukturální bezpečnostní rizika regionu ............................................................. 135 4.5. Dynamika konfliktů ............................................................................................. 138 4.6. Taktika vedení bojů .............................................................................................. 141 4.7. Zapojení třetích stran ........................................................................................... 142 4.8. Mechanismy a regionální kontext řešení konfliktů .............................................. 145 4.9. Dopady konfliktů ................................................................................................. 148 5. Regionální bezpečnostní struktura východní Afriky .............................................. 152 5.1. Východní Afrika optikou teorie RSC .................................................................. 153 5.1.1. RSC Afrického rohu ......................................................................................... 154 5.1.2. RSC Velkých jezer ........................................................................................... 155 5.1.3. Interregionální interakce .................................................................................. 157 5.2. Perspektiva bezpečnostních komplexů východní Afriky ..................................... 158 4 6. Závěr ............................................................................................................................ 163 7. Seznam použité literatury .......................................................................................... 166 7.1. Primární zdroje ..................................................................................................... 166 7.2. Sekundární zdroje ................................................................................................ 176 8. Přílohy ......................................................................................................................... 185 Příloha č. 1: Počty obětí ve zkoumaných konfliktech ........................................................ 185 Příloha č. 2: Bezpečnostní struktura Afriky dle Buzana a Wævera .................................... 192 5 1. Úvod Afrika má ve světě zlověstnou reputaci kontinentu, který neustále hraje jakousi tragickou Boţskou komedii ozbrojených konfliktů, válek, násilných povstání, převratů, zvěrstev, politické nestability, nemocí a chudoby. Tendence široké veřejnosti vnímat tyto africké sociální jevy jako zvláštní a patologické fenomény za hranicí lidskosti dlouhodobě odsouvala stranou nutnost jejich racionální explanace. Závaţnost a dopady místních konfliktů jsou i v současnosti často ztraceny v protichůdných tendencích nesmyslného přehánění či přílišného zjednodušování, v šedé zóně mezi hysterií lidí, kteří cítí k Africe silnou citovou vazbu a apatií těch, kterým je lhostejná. Odborníci na výzkum konfliktů se snaţí racionálním zkoumáním místní reality tuto percepční bublinu překonat. Mnoţství místních konfliktů jim nabízí unikátní laboratoř pro experimentování a vytváření či testování jejich teorií. Jedním ze zcela základních poznatků je skutečnost, ţe i přes obecně hluboké historické kořeny místních konfliktů, často prorůstajících aţ do prekoloniální éry, nabírá jejich destruktivita a četnost na závaţnosti a urgentnosti zejména v turbulentní periodě po skončení studené války. To platí bezezbytku také pro oblast východní Afriky, která představuje v tragické komedii tohoto kontinentu Danteho inferno. Notoricky známá genocida a etnické čistky ve Rwandě, velká africká válka v Kongu, občanské války v Somálsku a Ugandě či separatistické agitace v Etiopii jsou jen zlomkem případů násilné postudenoválečné periody v tomto regionu. Příčiny těchto konfliktů jsou minimálně stejně tak komplexní jako jejich případná řešení. Pokud má mít kontinent v novém století optimističtější vyhlídky, neţ v tom minulém, vzrůstá potřeba sofistikovaných analýz místních konfliktů a zvláště pak jejich chápání v regionálním měřítku. *** Hlavním cílem této práce je na základě podrobné analýzy ozbrojených konfliktů východní Afriky zachytit dominantní bezpečnostní trendy a dynamiku tohoto regionu v období po skončení studené války. Základní teoretické ukotvení a nástroje k dosaţení tohoto cíle poskytují zejména teorie odborníků studia ozbrojených konfliktů a expertů věnujících se regionálním aspektům bezpečnosti. Z autorů teorie konfliktů budou v této práci vyuţity teoretické koncepty Otomara J. Bartose, Paula Wehra, Petera Wallensteena a Šárky Waisové a z teoretiků regionálního chápání bezpečnosti pak teorie Barry Buzana a Ole Wævera. V souladu s výše uvedenými cíli a na základě pouţité teoretické literatury hledá práce odpověď na dvě obecné výzkumné otázky. První z nich se ptá, jaké jsou trendy ozbrojených konfliktů v regionu východní Afriky? Specifické výzkumné otázky, které ji doplňují, se přitom 6 snaţí zachytit počet těchto konfliktů, jejich typy, předměty
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