Background

The UK Department of Social Security commissioned the project. The database will be updated at regular intervals in the future. This international social security database provides information about the range of social assistance benefits and services available in 24 OECD countries. The benefits included are those designed to give a minimum level of subsistence to people in need based on a test of resources. The UK Department of Social Security commissioned the project and the database was designed at the University of York under the direction of Professor John Ditch. It extends and develops previous research on Social Assistance Schemes in 24 OECD countries carried out by the University of York in 1993 (Eardley et al, 1996). All information retrieved from the original research and included in the database has been verified and updated to May 1996 by Government Officials in each country.

Funders : The UK Department of Social Security commissioned the project.

The database will be updated at regular intervals in the future.

For comments please contact: International Social Assistance Database Department of Social Policy and Social Work University of York York YO1 5DD

Introduction to the data

The database contains 23 fields of information (And 3 index fields) for each social assistance benefit in each country: benefit name; type of benefit; description of benefit; its policy objective; financial source, legal framework and administrative level; eligibility criteria; duration of benefit; residence and nationality rules; work and training regulations; definition of the benefit unit; details of the means test; benefit rates in country currency and means of uprating; conversions for dollar and Sterling purchasing power parities; claims and payment processes and administration; benefit deductions or credits; ‘passporting’ of benefit (extent that the benefit acts as an automatic qualifier for another cash or service transfers); legal process of reviews or appeals; existence of one-off payments to meet urgent, exceptional or unexpected needs; take-up estimate for the benefit (proportion of the eligible population claiming benefit) and finally identification of any recent or future benefit reforms.

The 26 fields are named (in file order) as follows:

COUNTRY BENEFIT NAME TYPE OF BENEFIT DESCRIPTION POLICY FINANCE SOURCE ELIGIBILITY LEGAL OBJECTIVES FRAMEWORK ADMIN LEVEL DURATION RESIDENCE/NATIONALITY WORK/TRAINING BENEFIT UNIT MEANS TEST RATES/UPRATING PURCHASING CLAIMS/PYMT DEDUCTIONS/CREDITS PASSPORTING REVIEWS/APPEALS ADMIN ONE-OFF TAKE-UP ESTIMATES REFORM KEYWORDS PAYMENTS KEYWORD1 KEYWORD2

The principal categorical fields are described below. Most other fields contain long text strings that are typically unique to each case.

COUNTRY: Austria Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United States United Kingdom

LOW INCOME GROUP: All low income groups Children Disabled Disabled carer Elderly Employed Families Lone parents Maternity Sick Students Unemployed Veterans Widows Young people

BENEFIT TYPE: General Assistance Categorical Assistance Housing Assistance Other Assistance

BENEFIT UNIT: Individual Couple Family Household Varies by area

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: actively seeking work availability for work dependent children disability discretionary elderly employment fertility hardship householder housing need incapacity to work lone parent older worker partner recipient of qualifying benefit refugees or temporary resident starting work tenant unemployment uninsured veteran.

Glossary

Name Summary Country Type Additional Additional assistance for low-income Germany Benefit, family working families with children. Just family, payments over 10% of children are in families income-test. receiving additional payments. Age pension. A hybrid of income support and Australia Benefit, old- extensive income supplementation. It age, means- is payable from age 65 for men and 60 test for women, and is subject to a means- test. Claimants must have lived in Australia for ten years, including at least five years continuously. Basic family Formerly called family allowance. Non- Australia Benefit, payment taxable but subject to an income test family from 1987. Roughly 85% families will continue to receive this assistance. The payment is additional to any other means-tested benefits payable to low- income families Carer pension For those providing care for a Australia Benefit, severely disabled person in that special needs, person's residence and living with, or disability next to, that person for whom he/she is caring. Must be under 60 and not able to engage in paid employment for more than 10 hours per week. Commonwealth An unemployed person must advise the Australia Agency, Employment CES of their efforts to obtain unemployment Service employment by completing a form very fortnight. The DSS relies on the advice of the CES as to the intensity of a person's job search. Department of Administers most social assistance Australia Agency Social payments. Responsibility for benefit Security levels and eligibility is at federal level so all states adhere to a uniform system. Department of Makes payments to eligible war Australia Agency Veterans' veterans who served in the armed Affairs forces. Basic veteran's pension is paid at the same rates and conditions as the age pension but is payable to men from age 60 and women from age 55. Disability For those with a physical, Australia Benefit, support intellectual or psychiatric impairment disability pension which is at least 20% as determined under Impairment Tables. They must be incapable of full-time work (30 hours per week). Applicants must be between age 16 and 65 for men or 60 for women. Disaster Available to victims of major (or Australia Benefit, relief payment widespread) disasters if their normal emergency place of residence has been badly payment damaged and/ or they have suffered a significant interruption to their normal source of income as a result of the disaster. Usually a one-off payment.

Educatione Payable to a long-term unemployed Australia Benefit, entry payment person to assist with the costs of unemployment commencing full-time study. One payment only in a 12 month period. Employment A lump sum payment to a long-term Australia Benefit, Entry Payment unemployed person to assist with the unemployment costs of commencing full-time work. Payable once in a 12 month period. Home Child Paid to the child carer if they earn Australia Benefit, Allowance less than a set amount. Usually paid family, means- to the child's mother,ie. full-time tested home-maker. This replaced a tax rebate in September 1994. Home Equity A scheme to enable pensioners with few Australia Loan scheme, Conversion other resources to borrow against the old-age Loan Scheme equity in their house. Operated by the Advance Bank and repayable on sale of property, death of pensioner (or surviving partner) or when pensioner permanently leaves the residence. Job search Runs for the first 12 months of Australia Benefit, allowance unemployment. Payment is subject to unemployment, income and assets tests. It is also means-tested payable to those under 18 and unemployed. Mature age A form of unemployment benefit for Australia Benefit, allowance. those aged 60-65, who have particular unemployment, difficulty securing employment. means-tested Relaxed income and assets testing. Benefit paid at age pension rates. Mobility A non-means-tested payment for people Australia Benefit, allowance in employment, vocational education or disability, training, voluntary employment or (in non-means- some cases) looking for work, who have tested a mobility handicap. Newstart Available to those over 18 who have Australia Benefit, allowance been on Job Search Allowance for 12 unemployment, months or more. The allowance is means-tested tailored to the needs of the long-term unemployed. Subject to an income and assets test. Rent Available to DSS and DVA clients who Australia Benefit, assistance rent accommodation in the private housing. rental market. Various thresholds determine benefit level. Service Basic pension payable at the same Australia Benefit, old- pension rates and conditions as the age age, means- pension but from age 60 for men and 55 tested for women. Covers eligible veterans who have served in the armed forces. Around 25% of population over 65 receive service pensions rather than an age pension.

Sickness For those temporarily incapacitated Australia Benefit, allowance because of a medical condition arising disability. out of an illness or accident and have either suffered a loss of income or would have been able to claim an unemployment benefit but for the illness. Usually payable for a maximum of 12 months. Sole parent For those not a member of a married or Australia Benefit, pension de facto married couple,with at least family, means- one dependant child under age 16. tested Claimants must take reasonable steps to obtain child support where appropriate. Subject to income and asset testing. Special Provides assistance to those in severe Australia Benefit, benefit financial need due to circumstances special needs, outside their control, for whom no means-tested other support is available. Payment can usually be made for up to 13 weeks. Wife pension Payable to a female with a partner who Australia Benefit, is an age pensioner or disability special needs support pensioner. The claimant must be over 21 unless she or her partner have a dependent child. Freie Free welfare agencies - voluntary Austria Voluntary wohfahrtstrage sector - provide social services agencies r rather than social assistance. Hauptunterst t The primary beneficiary. The primary Austria Terminology zter beneficiary may be the lone mother, for instance, and the secondary beneficiary, her dependant child. Hilfe f r Support for pregnant women and women Austria Benefit, schwangere und in childbirth. Covers the cost of health w”chnerinnen medical care for pregnancy and delivery. Hilfe zur Support for the maintenance and Austria Benefit, beibehaltung provision of housing. This help is housing, von wohnraum discretionary - no legal entitlement. discretionary It can cover the payment of mortgage interest or give interest-free loans. Hilfe zur Support for the maintenance or Austria Benefit, beibehaltung provision of housing. Covers interest housing. von wohnraum payments or acts as a security for repayments, particularly where homelessness is threatened. Hilfe zur Support for education and vocational Austria Benefit, erzielhung und training. Covers the cost of school education, erwerbsbef„hug materials, school events, etc. family ung Landtages Provincial parliaments, who have sole Austria Agency responsibility for social assistance. Rules of eligibility and rates of payments vary between the provinces. There are no agreed procedures except for special cases, such as refugees from Yugoslavia.

Mitunsterst tz The secondary beneficiary.Primary Austria Terminology ter beneficiary may be the lone mother, for instance, and the secondary beneficiary, her dependant child. Sozialhilfe General assistance for those whose Austria Benefit, resources are insufficient fora safety-net minimum standard of living. National law provides a general framework for provision but policy and administration are the responsibility of the local provinces. Supplementary Provide a top-up to pensioners if Austria Benefit, old- pensions their incomes fall below the minimum age pension level. Unemployment Available on a means-tested basis and Austria Benefit, assistance for a limited period to those whose unemployment entitlement to unemployment insurance has expired (after 5-12 months). Wohnbauf”rderu Grants for housing construction. Austria Benefit, ng housing Aide A system of discretionary Belgium Benefit, complimentaire supplementary payments either for discretionary, special needs or for people who are emergency not entitled to one of the other payments benefits. Allocation de Unemployment Benefit - paid at a Belgium Benefit, chomage percentage of the previous unemployment wage,depending on the claimant's circumstances (such as single person or head of household) and the length of time he/she has been unemployed. Allocation Guaranteed family allowance. Paid on a Belgium Benefit, familiale sliding scale against income: NOT family garanti universal. Allocation Disability benefit. Belgium Benefit, pour disability handicapp‚s Bridging Payable to unemployed people pursuing Belgium Benefit, benefit part-time education. unemployment Interruption Employees choosing to interrupt their Belgium Benefit benefit work for between 6 and 12 months, or to change from full-time to part-time work for up to 5 years, are entitled to an interruption benefit. L'aide Assistance for those who do not meet Belgium Benefit, mat‚rielle the conditions for Minimex, such as safety-net ordinaire residence or minimum age criteria. Minimex A safety-net benefit for those who Belgium Benefit, (Revenu have insufficient resources to provide means-tested, Minimum de for themselves a minimum standard of safety-net Moyens living. d'Existence et de l'Integration) Ministry of Policy responsibility for Minimex but Belgium Agency Social benefit is administered by Public Integration, Centres for Social Welfare (PCAS). Health and the The PCAS also deal with discretionary Environment cash or social service assistance to beneficiaries.

Public Centres Administration of Minimex and Belgium Agency for Social discretionary assistance is delegated Welfare (CPAS) to the CPAS by the Ministry of Social Integration, Health and the Environment. Revenu garanti Guaranteed income for older people. Belgium Benefit, old- pour personnes Benefit levels basically the same as age ag‚s Minimex (income support levels). Revenu minimum Minimex - Belgium's nearest equivalent Belgium Benefit, de moyens to the British income support means-tested, d'existence et payments. safety-net de l'integration Waiting Payable to unemployed young people Belgium Benefit, benefit leaving education, who are not heads unemployment of household. The level of benefit is lower than for normal unemployment benefit as claimants have no earnings record on which to base payments. Canada The means by which the federal Canada Legislative Assistance government contributes to the cost of framework for Plan approved social assistance expenditure social by the provinces. There is a separate assistance social assistance system in each of the ten provinces and two territories in Canada. Canada Provides a wide range of housing Canada Agency, Mortgage and assistance programmes to the general housing Housing population, including non-profit Corporation housing, rent supplements and emergency repair assistance. Child benefit. A universal federal scheme of child Canada Benefit, benefit. family, universal Old age A federal scheme providing universal Canada Benefit, old- pensions old-age pensions. age Unemployment A federal scheme to provide near-total Canada Benefit, insurance unemployment cover. unemployment Utkomstst”d Benefit for those with insufficient Finland Benefit, resources to support themselves. safety-net Benefit levels set nationally. Covers single people and families. Action sociale Discretionary social security France Benefit scheme structure. Agence Local Unemployment Agency. Unemployed France Agency, nationale pour people usually have to register with unemployment l'emploi the agency and then send in a (ANPE) questionnaire each month to confirm their availability for work and attempts to obtain work. Aide sociale Benefits and services which are France Benefits, discretionary and locally discretionary administered. A national budget but allocation is the responsibility of the local CAF. Allocation A minimum benefit for disabled people. France Benefit, adultes Amount of benefit depends on disability handicapp‚ circumstances (eg. single or couple, (AAH) dependant children or not). Allocation aux Disability benefit for those between France Benefit, adultes age 20 and 60 with a permanent disability, handicap‚s disability and classed as incapable of means-tested work. Allocation For those unemployed people who are France Benefit, d'insertion entitled to neither AS nor ASS. unemployment, Claimants are mainly stateless people, safety-net refugees and released prisoners. Allocation de For a lone parent with at least one France Benefit, parent‚ isol‚ dependant child and/or a lone pregnant family (API) woman. Payable for one year or until the third birthday of the youngest child. Allocation de A state benefit for the unemployed. France Benefit, solidarit‚ Claimants must have worked for five unemployment years out of the previous ten. There are no limits on the duration of benefit. Allocation de Payable to long term unemployed people France Benefit, solidarit‚ of less than 65, who are unable to unemployment, sp‚cifique continue to receive insurance safety-net (ASS) benefits. Claimants must have worked for five years in the previous ten (with credit given for child-rearing and military service). Allocation A widow/ers benefit payable for widows France Benefit, veuvage (AV) under 55 with dependant children. family Duration limited to 3 years but can be extended for a further 2 years if claimant was at least 50 when his/her wife/husband died. Association One of two associations of France Agency des r‚gimes de supplementary pensions schemes. retraites compl‚mentaire s (ARRCO) Association One of two associations of France Agency g‚n‚rale des supplementary pension schemes. institutions de retraites de cadres(AGIRC) Caisse Local offices with a budget called France Agency, social allocation action sociale - provides services services familiales such as social centres for public child care, housing and social services. Services provided and eligibility vary between caisses. D‚partement France is divided into 22 regions and France Agency 95 d‚partements. It is the responsibility of the d‚partements to administer social assistance. Le Code de la The most general law in the field of France Legislation S‚curite social security, revised in 1985. Sociale (1956) Le r‚gime An agricultural scheme providing France Benefit scheme agricole insurance benefits for employees and self-employed, along the lines of the r‚gime g‚n‚rale, ie. Sickness, maternity, old-age and death benefits. Le r‚gime A core scheme, broadly based, France Benefit scheme g‚n‚ral providing insurance benefits, such as sickness, maternity, old-age, and death. Covers approx 70% of the population. Les r‚gime Supplementary pension schemes - France Benefit, old- compl‚mentaire provide a pension which supplements age s de retraites those under a general scheme. Minimum Payable to those who are incapable of France Benefit, invalidit‚ work as a result of an illness or non- disability, (MI) professional accident. safety-net, means-tested Minimum Benefits for the elderly. Distributed France Benefits, old- vieilleuse by pension funds which are then age reimbursed by the state. Payable at age 65 (or 60 if disabled and thus unable to work). Mutuelles Insurance companies or friendly France Agency societies, operated by members on a non-profit basis. They provide supplementary benefits for sickness, maternity, old-age, invalidity and to meet funeral costs. Revenu minimum A state benefit, part resourced and France Benefit, d'insertion allocated at the departement level. means-tested, Benefit is payable for 3 months and is safety-net, conditional upon an 'insertion unemployment contract'. Claimants must be at least age 25. RMI recipients are entitled to other benefits, such as free medical treatment and a housing allowance. Service The section of the 95 d‚partements France Agency d‚partemental which has responsibility for d'action administering social assistance (aide sociale sociale). Arbeitslogeld Unemployment benefit - an insured Germany Benefit, (non-means-tested) benefit for those unemployment, who meet the contributions criteria. non-means- The level is related to the previous tested net earnings and duration depends on the claimant's work record (usually 17-52 weeks). Arbeitslosenhi Assistance for those who have Germany Benefit, lfe exhausted unemployment benefit or do unemployment, not qualify for it. It is paid at a means-tested. proportion of previous earnings for unlimited duration and is subject to a means-test. Hilfe in An element of the sozialhilfe which Germany Benefit, besondered provides special help for blind and safety-net, lebenlagen disabled people, older people, people means-tested without health insurance or those with various other forms of special need. Hilfe zum An element of the sozialhilfe Germany Benefit, lebensunterhal providing general assistance in the safety-net, t form of a regular payment for an means-tested unlimited period and can cover lump sum payments for items like clothing or furniture.

L„nder Responsible for social assistance. It Germany Agency delegates the administration to social welfare offices or rural local authorities. Mehrbedarfszuc Supplements for special needs, similar Germany Benefit, hlage to the premiums under income support. safety-net, Would cover people over 65, lone means-tested, parents and disabled people, for supplements instance. Sozialhilfe The main social assistance benefit. It Germany Benefit, has two elements: hilfe zum safety-net, lebensunterhalt (general assistance) means-tested and hilfe in besondered lebenlagen (assistance for people in special circumstances, such as the blind and disabled). Wohngeld Housing benefit scheme. Income-tested Germany Benefit, rather than means-tested so assets are housing not taken into account. It can cover rent and payment of mortgage interest (up to a certain level). Blind person's For those aged 18 or over and blind. Ireland Benefit, pension Subject to a means-test. disability, means-tested Carer's Payable, subject to a means-test, to Ireland Benefit, allowance people providing full-time care and disability attention to permanently incapacitated people who fulfil certain requirements. Child benefit Payable to very family in respect of Ireland Benefit, each child under 16 or under 18 and in family, full-time education, or if physically universal or mentally handicapped. Constant Payable to people getting the full Ireland Benefit, attendance rate of disablement pension who need a disability allowance certain amount of care and attention. Department of Has responsibility for policy and Ireland Agency Health regulations for supplementary welfare and disabled person's allowances. Administration is carried out by eight regional health boards. Department of Administers most social security Ireland. Agency Social Welfare benefits in Ireland. Unemployment benefit is administered by a network of district offices but all other benefits are administered centrally. Supplementary Welfare and Disabled Person's allowances are the responsibility of the Department of Health. Deserted Payable, subject to a means-test, to Ireland Benefit, wife's deserted wives and prisoner's wives means-tested allowance/pris aged 40 or over with no dependant oner's wife's children. allowance Disability Payable to those unable to work Ireland Benefit, benefit because of illness and who meet the disability contribution requirements.

Disablement Payable to insured workers who suffer Ireland Benefit, benefit loss of physical or mental faculty disability arising from an accident at work or an occupational disease. The rate of benefit depends on the degree of disablement. Exceptional One-off payments to Social Welfare or Ireland Benefit, needs payments Health Board recipients to meet an emergency exceptional need such as clothing, payments essential household equipment, funeral expenses or fuel bills. Family income To assist families on low incomes. Ireland Benefit, supplement Also available to those claiming the family (FIS) lone parent's allowance and working at least 20 hours per week. The benefit is equal to 60% of the difference between income and the amount fixed for the family size. FAS National training and employment Ireland Agency, authority in Ireland. Unemployed unemployed social security claimants are requested to register with FAS, who provide training and work experience to enhance the employment prospects of participants. Injury benefit Payable for up to 26 weeks following Ireland Benefit, an occupational injury of development disability of an occupational disease. Covers insured workers. Invalidity Payable to people who are permanently Ireland Benefit, pension incapable of work and who meet the disability contribution requirements. Lone parent's Payable, subject to a means-test, to Ireland Benefit, allowance widows, widowers, separated spouses, family, means- unmarried parents and prisoner's tested spouses, who have at least one dependant child. Old age Payable to those aged 66 or over who Ireland Benefit, old- contributory meet certain contribution conditions. age pension Old age non- Payable to those aged 66 or over, Ireland Benefit, old- contributory subject to a means-test. age, means- pension tested Orphan's Payable where either parent has made Ireland Benefit contributory at least 26 contributions. A non- allowance contributory benefit is payable, subject to a means-test, where the contribution requirements are not met. Part-time job An income supplement payable to people Ireland Benefit, incentive who were on the long-term rate of unemployment scheme unemployment assistance or on a social employment scheme and who get part- time work (less than 24 hours per week). Pre-retirement Available for unemployed people aged Ireland Benefit, allowance 58 or over. unemployment

PRSI Pay Related Social Insurance Ireland Terminology, contributions. Eligibility for contributions benefits depends on satisfying contribution criteria. Retirement Payable to those aged 65 or over who Ireland Benefit, old- pension meet the contribution requirements. age Revenue Responsible for collecting Pay Related Ireland Agency Commissioners Social Insurance Contributions (PRSI). :Single Payable, subject to a means-test, to Ireland Benefit woman's single women between the ages of 58 allowance and 66. Supplementary Payable, subject to a means-test, to Ireland Benefit, welfare people who have no means or whose safety-net, allowance means are insufficient to meet their means-test essential needs. Survivors' Payable where a person dies as a Ireland Benefit, death benefits result of an accident at work or an occupational disease. These benefits are payable to the widow,a dependent widower, an orphan and a dependent parent. Unemployment Payable to unemployed people who don't Ireland Benefit, assistance qualify for or have ceased to qualify unemployment, for unemployment benefit. Means- means-tested tested. Unemployment Payable for up to 15 months to Ireland Benefit, benefit unemployed people who satisfy the unemployment contribution requirements. Unemployment Payable to those who are in receipt of Ireland Benefit, supplement a disablement benefit and who are disability, permanently incapable of work. unemployment Urgent needs Health Boards are empowered to make a Ireland Benefit, payments one-off payment to people(including emergency those otherwise excluded from receipt payment of social welfare allowance) to meet an urgent need, such as in the event of flood or fire in the claimant's home. Widow's Payable to widows and deserted wives Ireland Benefit, contributory subject to certain contribution family pension/desert conditions, which can be met either by ed wife's the husband or the wife's pension contribution record. If the woman is under 40 she must have at least one dependent child to qualify for deserted wife's benefit. Widow's non- Payable, subject to a means-test, to Ireland Benefit contributory widows who do not have any dependant pension children. Assegno al Means-tested family benefit introduced Italy Benefit, nucleo in 1986. means-tested, familiare family Integrazione A built-in minimum pension from the Italy Benefit, old- al minimo insurance scheme. age

Istituto A national agency administering Italy Agency nazionale per pensions in 18 different funds. There la Previdenza are two main schemes and these provide sociale a pension based on contribution records with a built-in minimum (integrazione al minimo). L'assistenza social assistance: see l'assistenza Italy Benefit sociale L'assistenza Social assistance - typically includes Italy Benefit, sociale targeted programmes for specific special needs groups, such as orphans, drug addicts, the homeless and victims of earthquakes. Such contingent benefits are not means-tested. Minimo vitale Benefit for those with insufficient Italy Benefit, resources to support themselves. safety-net Benefit levels vary between regions and depend on the number of family members. Pensione di One of the benefits for disabled Italy Benefit, inabilita people. disability Pensione A means-tested pension for those over Italy Benefit, sociale 65 with no other pension entitlement. means-tested, old-age E N I Employees Pension Insurance. The major Japan Benefit scheme second tier pension scheme- companies with more than 500 employees are permitted to contract-out of ENI and establish a further second-tier scheme, provided it provides higher benefits than the government-managed scheme. Education aid Assistance for those below minimum Japan Benefit, standards of living in respect of the education, cost of compulsory education. Covers family textbooks and other required items, goods for school attendance and school lunches. Funeral aid For those unable to maintain a minimum Japan Benefit, death standard of living. Covers the cost of a post-mortem as well as funeral costs. Housing aid For those not able to maintain a Japan Benefit, minimum standard of living. Covers safety-net, the cost of housing and housing repairs/maintenance. Livelihood aid Assistance for those who are not able Japan Benefit, to maintain a minimum standard of safety-net living. Covers clothing, food and other things necessary to meet the need of daily life. Also covers transportation needs. Maternity aid For those unable to maintain a minimum Japan Benefit, standard of living. Covers midwifery safety-net, services, pre-natal and post-partum family care and sanitary materials.

Medical aid For those not able to maintain a Japan Benefit, minimum standard of living. Covers health medical examinations, drugs/treatment, accommodation in hospital or clinic, nursing care and transportation. Occupational For those unable to maintain a minimum Japan Benefit, aid standard of living. Covers funds and safety-net, materials necessary for occupational unemployment undertakings, training and other support necessary for obtaining employment. A V C A benefit offering compensation for Luxembourg Benefit, high living costs. Only payable to means-tested those already in receipt when RMG was created. Was intended to help those whose income was less than the relevant social minimum wage. Aide sociale Supplementary assistance. Luxembourg Benefit. Allocation de Heating allowance. Introduced in 1983 Luxembourg Benefit chauffage but now mainly subsumed into the RMG. Allocation de Care Allowance. Means-tested payments Luxembourg Benefit soins for those under 65 who are disabled to the extent that they need constant help from another person. Allocation Child Benefit. Benefit is payable at Luxembourg Benefit, familiale different rates for the first, second family and third child and then at the same rate for any subsequent children. There are also age-related increase between 6 and 12 years and additional allowances for disabled children. Allocation Severe Disability Benefit. Luxembourg Benefit, pour personnes disability gravement handicappes F N S Comes under the Ministry for the Luxembourg Agency Family and Solidarity and administers RMG. Inspection A supervisory body within the Ministry Luxembourg Agency Generale de la for Social Security, which oversees Securite social security as a whole. Sociale Ministry for Overall responsibility for anti- Luxembourg Agency Social poverty measures. Security Revenu minimum The main generalised income support Luxembourg Benefit, garanti (RMG) benefit. A means-tested benefit means-tested, payable to those whose income falls safety-net below the relevant social minimum. Algemene General Disability Benefits Act 1976 - Netherlands Benefit, arbedisongesch provides contributory benefits of up disability, iktheidsverzek to 70% of the minimum wage, depending contributory ering (A A W) on the level of incapacity, for people were self-employed or who have never been able to work due to a lifelong disability.

Algemen Assistance for those who do not have Netherlands Benefit, bijstandswet the means to support themselves - safety-net (A B W) provided by the local authorities. Main claimants are lone parents, part- time workers and unemployed persons who are unable to claim RWW. Algeme General Family Allowances Act 1939 - Netherlands Benefit, kinderbijslagw financial compensation to insured family et (A K W) claimants who raise and provide for children. A national insurance scheme so, in principle, all inhabitants are entitled to claim. Algemene General Old Age Pensions Act 1957 - Netherlands Benefit, old- ouderdomswet provision of a flat-rate pension at age, (A O W) 65, depending on the claimants contributory, contribution record. non-means- tested A W W General Widows and Orphans Act 1959 - Netherlands Benefit, provides a contributory benefit for contributory, widows and widowers aged over 40, or non-means- with children or pregnant, or tested incapable of work through sickness or disability. Payment is at the level of the social minimum. Bijzondere Special assistance - covers a range of Netherlands Benefit, bijstand (B items or needs falling outside those means-tested, B) normally covered by regular periodic emergency payments. There is no requirement to payment be in receipt of social assistance but the same means-test is applied. Bijstandbeslui Assistance for the self-employed which Netherlands Benefit, self- t takes two forms -periodical benefits employed Zelfstandigen for the cost of living and a 6 month (B Z) loan (which could be extended a further 6 months). Inkomensvoorzi Support for the aged and disabled. Netherlands Benefit, old- ening oudere This benefit is also being granted, age, en under certain conditions, to those who disability gedeeltelijk have exhausted their entitlement to arbeidsongsech unemployment benefit. Unlike AB there ikte werkloze is no assets test and there is a werknemers (I larger exemption for other forms of O A W) income. Amount of benefit is linked to the minimum wage. Inkomensvoorvi Following the ending of a business Netherlands Benefit, ening oudere former self-employed persons aged disability, en between 55 and 65 or partly disabled old-age, self- gedeeltelijk can claim this benefit,subject to employed arbeidsongesch conditions relating to their previous kte gewezen income. The claimant must register at zelfstandigen the employment office and must accept (I A O Z) 'suitable' employment.

Jeugdwerkgaran The Youth Job Guarantee Scheme, Netherlands Programme to tiewet (JWG) introduced in 1992 whereby assist young municipalites are to create one-year unemployed work experience placements in the non- people. profit sector for those under age 27, who have been unemployed for 6 to 12 months. In return for working 30 hours per week they are paid the youth minimum wage. Kennismakingsp The period of acquaintance. If a Netherlands Terminology eriode claimant wishes to try out a cohabitation with another person, the amount of the bijstand is not affected for a period of three months called the period of acquaintance. Rijksgroepsreg Regulation for Unemployed Employees - Netherlands Legislation, eling werkloze legislation providing for unemployment benefit, werknemers (R assistance. unemployment W W) Toeslagenwet A system of supplementary benefit Netherlands Benefit, (T W) payable to those in receipt of an safety-net, insurance benefit whose income is means-tested. lower than the appropriate social minimum. Wet op de Disablement Insurance Act 1967 - Netherlands Benefit, arbeidsongesch benefits for employees under age 65 if disability iktheidsverzek they are at least 15% unfit for ering (W A O) suitable work AFTER 52 weeks of illness or disability. Amount of benefit depends on level of incapacity and on the last earnings. Wet An unemployment benefit for school Netherlands Benefit, werkloosheidsv leavers without contribution records. unemployment oorziening (W Benefit is payable for up to a year. W V) Werkloosheidsw Unemployment insurance payable for up Netherlands Benefit, et (WW) to 26 weeks if in insured employment unemployment for 26 of last 39 weeks. Up to 70% of wages (to a ceiling). Can continue at same level for up to 4« years, if claimant had been employed 3 years out of last 4 . Ziektewet (Z Sickness benefit for up to 52 weeks at Netherlands Benefit W) 70% of last earnings for insured employees. Maternity benefits are also available under this provision. 55+ benefit Introduced in 1992, it is similar to New Benefit, unemployment benefit except with eased Zealand unemployment entitlement criteria. The claimant must be between 55 and 60 and have been unemployed for 6 months before transferring to this benefit. Accommodation A housing cost related subsidy New Zealand Benefit, supplement available to assist with home housing, ownership, rental or boarding costs. means-tested There is a maximum payment depending on household type and location. The supplement is subject to income and assets tests. Domestic For sole parents (other than widows), New Zealand Benefit, purposes carers of the sick, older ex-sole special needs benefit mothers or ex wives, subject to restrictions. Family support A tax based cash payment system to New Zealand Benefit, assist those families in work. The family rate depends on the number of children. Benefit is subject to an incomes test. There are no rules about hours of employment. Guaranteed For families where the parents work at New Zealand Benefit, family minimum least 30 hours per week(or 20 hours if family, means- income lone parent) to bring income levels up tested, to a national minimum. Reduces dollar safety-net for dollar in respect to increases in income. Independent For unemployed 16 and 17 year olds who New Zealand Benefit, youth benefit are not students and have no other unemployed means of financial support, such as parental support. Invalids For those who are blind or permanently New Zealand Benefit, benefit unable to work. Claimants must have disability been resident in New Zealand for 10 years and must undergo a medical assessment. Job search Payable to young people aged 16 and 17 New Zealand Benefit, allowance who are unemployed but have previously unemployment worked for 6 months. Benefit is payable for 3 months. Sickness For those 16 and over who are New Zealand Benefit, benefit incapacitated by illness or injury at disability work and have lost income as a result. Training For unemployed people on approved New Zealand Benefit, benefit short term training schemes. unemployment Transitional Payable to retired people aged over 60 New Zealand Benefit, old- retirement but not old enough to qualify for New age benefit Zealand Superannuation. Unemployment For those 18 or over, genuinely New Zealand Benefit, benefit unemployed and seeking work. Benefit unemployment takes into account previous earnings. It is not duration limited but is subject to a 'waiting period'. Widows benefit For surviving wives, with or without New Zealand Benefit children, subject to various criteria concerning residence and dependency on husband. Where there are no children the widow must be at least 40. Housing The responsibility of the Ministry of Portugal Benefit, benefit Public Works and Transport and housing administered by regional social security centres. Benefit calculated according to the members of the family and family income. It is fixed for 12 months at a time. Covers all forms of housing. Social Benefits for disabled and for old Portugal Benefit, complement people where they are not covered by disability, other benefits and have incomes not old-age, higher than an established ceiling. means-tested

Social pension Non-contributory, means-tested, Portugal Benefit, invalidity and old-age pensions for means-tested, those not covered by any other social invalidity, security benefit who have incomes old-age below an established ceiling. Unemployment For those who have exhausted their Portugal Benefit, assistance entitlement to an insurance benefit or unemployment, who do not meet the contribution means-tested criteria. Must meet the other requirements for unemployment insurance. Unemployment Subject to contribution criteria, Portugal Benefit, insurance benefits are paid to those who are unemployment, capable of and available for work, contributory have registered at the employment office and are not in receipt of an invalidity or old-age pension. Unemployment For those who are not entitled to the Portugal Benefit, social benefit normal unemployment benefit or where unemployment, maximum duration has been exceeded. means-tested. Benefit is paid as a proportion of the minimum wage, determined by the size of household. Autonomous Regional parliaments through which Spain communities social assistance is administered. (AA.CC.) Child An allowance per dependant child for Spain Benefit, allowance families on low-incomes. A Child family, means- Disability Allowance is payable for tested dependant disabled children. It does not depend on an income ceiling. Level of benefit depends on the extent of disability. Child Payable in respect of disabled Spain Benefit, disability children, the level of benefit family, allowance depending on the extent of disability. disability It does not depend on an income ceiling. Complemento A supplement to pensions to bring them Spain Benefit, por minimos up to the amount of the minimum safety-net, pension, for instance, where the old-age, contribution requirements for a full means-tested insurance pension have not been met. Means-tested. Income tax Deductions for children under 3 or Spain Benefit, deduction for disabled children of any age and for family, families relatives living with those children. disability Ingreso minimo Social assistance provided by regional Spain Benefit, de insertion governments on a similar basis to RMI safety-net, in France. There is no capital means-tested disregard when assessing resources and benefit is reduced by 100% for income over the threshold. Large family Large families may claim certain Spain Benefit, protection benefits in the fields of education family (grants), transportation, housing (priorities in access to council housing), loans and mortgages. National Most regions require unemployed Spain Agency, Institute of persons to register with the NIE to unemployment Employment demonstrate they are seeking work. National Administers pension benefits. Spain Agency Institute of Social Services Pension de Assistance for disabled persons Spain Benefit, invalidez no between 18 and 65, who are unable to disability, contributa claim a contributory benefit and have means-tested income below a minimum level. Disability must be at least 65%. Pension de Assistance for those over age 65 who Spain Benefit, old- jubilacion no are unable to claim an insurance age, means- contributiva pension and whose income does not tested exceed the minimum pension amount. Prestacion Unemployment assistance for those who Spain Benefit, asistencial have exhausted their entitlement to a unemployment, por desempleo contributory benefit and have means-tested registered with an employment office. Claimants must not have income above the national minimum wage. Renta minima Benefit for those with insufficient Spain Benefit, resources to support themselves. No safety-net uniform law across the 17 Comunidades Autonomas (regional administrations). S M I Minimum wage Spain Terminology Social Assistance with unexpected/emergency Spain Benefit, emergency aid needs. This type of benefit is ONLY emergency AVAILABLE IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY. It payment. was launched in 1989. In other areas families, charities and other non- governmental organisations may provide assistance. Socialbidrag Sweden's nearest equivalent to income Sweden Benefit, support. A safety-net scheme with safety-net standards and administration by the municipalities rather than on a national basis. Sosialhjelp A special social insurance benefit for Sweden Benefit, single parents. National standards safety-net, set. family Alters- und Old Age and Survivors Insurance for Switzerland Benefit, old- hinterlassenen all Swiss citizens and foreign age, insurance versicherung residents, financed by equal (AHV) contributions from employers and employees. Canton Administers social assistance at a Switzerland Agency. local level. There are 26 cantons, who delegate much of the responsibility to 3,000 or so communes. Benefit levels vary across the cantons/communes. Family Agricultural workers and civil Switzerland Benefit, allowances servants receive uniform,federally- family, non- mandated family allowances independent means-tested of income. Income Compensates for lack of earnings Switzerland Benefit compensation during military service and other and military benefits. Financed by contributions insurance. from employers and employees.

Invalidenversi Invalidity Benefit for Swiss citizens Switzerland Benefit, cherung (IV) and foreign residents,financed by invalidity, equal contributions from employers and insurance employees. Soziale Local social assistance - mainly the Switzerland Benefit, fursorge responsibility of communes but safety-net, governed by cantonal law. There are means-tested 26 cantons which delegate responsibility to 3000 communes, all with different systems. All assistance is discretionary and repayable. Unemployment Since 1982 all members of the AHV are Switzerland Benefit, insurance covered by the compulsory unemployment unemployment, insurance scheme. Earnings-related earnings- benefit but payable for a limited related period only. Bag-kur Social security for the self-employed. Turkey Benefits Includes disability pension, old age scheme, pension (or lump sum payment) and insurance, death benefits. contributory, self-employed Emekli Sandii A national organisation connected to Turkey Agency the Ministry of Finance which administers Old Age Assistance. Fund for Linked to the Prime Minister's Office Turkey Agency Encouragement and Central Bank and administers of Social social assistance. There are separate Solidarity and Foundations in each city in Turkey. Social Assistance Green Card Established in 1992 to provide medical Turkey Benefits scheme benefits to those in need(those scheme, means- earning less than a third of the tested. minimum wage). Scheme administered by the Ministry of Health. Old age Established in 1976 to provide a Turkey Benefit, assistance monthly pension for those overage 65 safety-net, scheme with no other income or between 18 and old-age, 65 who have lost between 40% and 70% disability of their working capacity. Administered through the Civil Servants Pension Fund. Social Provides cash and in kind assistance Turkey Benefit, assistance and to those who are unable to support safety-net solidarity themselves. This may include the scheme provision or financing of training/education. Social Scheme covers work injury and Turkey Benefits Insurance occupational disease, sickness scheme, Institution insurance, maternity care/allowances, insurance, disability pension, old age insurance contributory pension and death benefits. The Government Provides contributors to a retirement Turkey Benefit, Employees pension and associated benefits. insurance, Retirement contributory. Fund

Benefits The Department of Social Security Britain Agency Agency administers most social assistance benefits through the Benefits Agency via its district offices. Budgeting Available to those who have been in Britain Benefit, loans receipt of income support for 26 special needs, weeks. Intended to meet exceptional repayable needs or necessary lump-sum items which cannot be met from regular benefits.Repayable loan. Budget- constrained. Child benefit A universal benefit payable to those Britain. Benefit, non- responsible for a dependant child. means-tested, family Cold weather Available for certain groups in Britain Benefit, payments receipt of income support. These special needs payments are triggered automatically and paid with the claimant's income support. Community care Non-repayable grants for those Britain Benefit, grants receiving income support to help them special needs remain in the community or to assist their return to the community or to relieve 'exceptional pressure on families'.Budget-constrained. Council tax Assistance with the tax raised by Britain Benefit, benefit local authorities. Administered by housing, those local authorities. means-tested. Crisis loans Interest-free loans available to Britain Benefit, anyone in an emergency. In most cases special needs, the loan must be the only means of repayable avoiding serious risk to health or serious damage to property. Repayable. Budget-constrained. Disability For disabled people in work in receipt Britain Benefit, working of low earnings. disabled, allowance means-tested Employment Assists, through its Job Centres, in Britain Agency Service. the administration of benefits to the unemployed, acting as an agent of the DSS. Family credit Assistance for people working at least Britain Benefit, 16 hours per week, with one or more means-tested, dependant children. It is a means- family tested benefit but assessments are only carried out every six months so a change of circumstance during that period does not affect entitlement until the next assessment is made. Funeral Payable to the person responsible for Britain Benefit, death payments the funeral, provided that person is in receipt of a means-tested benefit. The level of payment is variable depending on funeral costs.

Housing Assists with housing costs (rent) for Britain Benefit, benefit those in receipt of income support or housing, on a low income. Administered by the means-tested local authority. It is usually paid as a cash allowance to private tenants and as a reduction in rent for council tenants. Income support The main safety-net benefit, Britain Benefit, introduced in April 1988 (to replace means-tested Supplementary Benefit). Assists those who work less than 16 hours per week and whose net income falls below a set minimum level. Administered by the Benefits Agency for the Department of Social Security. Job seekers' Due to replace Unemployment Benefit in Britain Benefit, allowance April 1996. Payable for six months contributory, (UB is 12 mths) on a contributory non-means- basis with benefit levels aligned to tested, income support. Subject to conditions unemployment concerning job searching. Maternity Payable from the non-discretionary Britain Benefit, payment part of the Social Fund. A fixed sum family of œ100 is payable to women on income support, family credit or disability working allowance. SERPS The earnings-related component of the Britain Benefit, state pension for those employed pension, earners who made appropriate National earnings- Insurance contributions. Earners are related, entitled to'contract-out' of this contributory, component either via a Personal non-means- Pension Plan or through their company tested pension scheme. Social fund Provides assistance for one-off and Britain Benefit, urgent needs. Fund is in two parts: a special needs, discretionary part ( community care urgent grants, budgeting loans and crisis payments loans) and a non-discretionary part ( funeral, maternity and cold weather payments). Unemployment Currently paid for one year during an Britain Benefit, benefit interruption of employment to those unemployment, who satisfy the (National Insurance) non-means- contribution requirements. Due to be tested, replaced by a Jobseekers Allowance in contributory 1996. Aid to An extension of AFDC to those families USA Benefit, families with where the principal wage earner is family, dependent unemployed. unemployed children (AFDC -UP) Aid to A state-administered, federally USA Benefit, families with regulated programme providing payments family dependent for needy children deprived of children parental care and support due to the (AFDC) death, incapacity or continued absence of a parent who is the principle earner. Department of Administers a number of programmes USA Agency, Housing and addressing the housing needs of lower- housing Urban income households. Development Disability Disability insurance programme insures USA Benefit, benefits. workers and their dependants against disability loss of income due to severe physical or mental disability expected to last more than a year or to result in death. Earned income A refundable tax credit to help the USA Benefit tax credit working poor - pays a credit as a (EITC) percentage of earnings to low-income heads of households. Not generally considered to be a means-tested benefit since although it is income- related, it has no assets test. Food stamps A federally administered programme to USA Benefit supplement the food-buying power of low-income households by providing books of coupons which can be exchanged at most food stores. General Local and state-administered USA Benefit, assistance programmes providing basic benefits to safety-net low-income people who are not eligible for federal cash assistance - essentially covers childless single people and couples. Head start Essentially a compensated education USA Benefit-linked programme which provides a half or assistance, full day child care programme with a family variety of enhancements for those families on low incomes with children under age 5. Home relief A general assistance programme USA Benefit, operated in New York. safety-net Housing Act Authorised new grants to state and USA Legislation, 1990 local governments to enable them to housing assist with housing needs, such as with the payment of rent and mortgage interest. Job Training 1982 Act provides federal grants to USA Benefit-linked Partnership states for the funding of training and assistance Act related services for economically disadvantaged youths and adults. Low-Income Permits states to provide assistance USA Benefit, Home Energy to low income households with their housing Assistance heating and cooling bills and low-cost Program weather-proofing and authorises grants (LIHEAP) to help them. Medicaid Provides medical assistance for low- USA Benefit, income persons who are aged,blind, health disabled, members of families with dependent children and certain other pregnant women and children. Medicare A federal health insurance programme USA Benefit, for the aged and certain disabled health persons providing compulsory hospital insurance and voluntary supplementary health insurance. Public Administer AFDC (assistance for USA Agency assistance families with dependent offices children)through local offices in counties and cities. Administration is governed by an agreement between the state and the federal government. Retirement and Pensions are related to career average USA Benefit, old- survivors' indexed earnings with weighting age pensions towards low earnings. Ten years of coverage are required for benefits. Normal retirement age is 65 but will be gradually increased to 67 by 2027. School lunch Federal cash for participating schools USA Benefit-linked and breakfast and residential homes to subsidise assistance, programme meals for low-income children. family Children in AFDC families are automatically eligible. Social Administers Supplemental Security USA Agency Security Income (SSI) through a network of Administration national, regional, district and field offices. Special Provides food assistance and USA Benefit- supplemental nutritional screening to low-income linked food program pregnant and postpartum women and assistance, for women, infants plus low-income children up to family infants and age 5. Beneficiaries receive children (WIC) supplemental foods each month usually in the form of vouchers. Supplementary A means-tested, federally administered USA Benefit, security income assistance programme for the safety-net, income (SSI) needy aged (65 and over), blind and means-tested disabled. All but 9 states provide optional supplementation to the federal payment. Unemployment A federal-state compensation system USA Benefit, insurance covering 90% of employed people. unemployment Benefit levels vary across states and a re related to earnings up to a state-determined maximum. Average duration of benefit is 16 weeks. US Department Administers the Food Stamp programme USA Agency of Agriculture nationally with the help of state Food and welfare agencies and local public Nutrition assistance offices. Service Veterans' Means-tested cash benefits payable to USA Benefit, pensions war veterans who have become disability, permanently and totally disabled from special needs, non-service connected causes and to means-tested survivors of war veterans. They are administered by the Dept. of Veteran Affairs.

Lookup table for currency conversions used in the data

Country Sign Pounds Sterling American Dollars Canada C$ 1.82 1.22 United States US$ 1.49 1.00 Japan YEN 256 172 Australia A$ 2.01 1.35 New Zealand NZ$ 2.25 1.51 Austria AS 20.83 14.00 Belgium BF 55.80 37.5 Denmark KR 12.86 8.64 Finland FIM 8.88 5.97 France FF 9.82 6.60 Germany DM 3.05 2.05 Greece DR 331.8 223 Iceland ISK 115.8 77.8 Ireland £IR 0.955 0.642 Italy LIT 2412.2 1621 Luxembourg FLUX 59.23 39.8 Netherlands FL 3.08 2.07 Norway NK 14.14 9.50 Portugal ESC 18.6 125 Spain PTA 188.99 127 Sweden SEK 14.78 9.93 Swtizerland SF 3.02 2.03 Turkey TL 57466 38617 United Kingdom £Stg 1.00 0.672 UE15 1.403

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the UK Department of Social Security for funding the research of this database. In particular, Julia Chilvers and Carli Lessof of the Social Research Branch of the Analytical Services Division for their support, suggestions and comments. The database is based on material collated for earlier research carried out in 1993 (Eardley et al, 1996 'Social Assistance in OECD Countries', HMSO) and also funded by the UK Department of Social Security and the OECD.

The up-dating of information and collating of addition information is a collaborative effort of the government officials listed below. They either collected the information themselves or acted as co-ordinators of information collected from different sections of their respective administrations. Many of the official informants in the 1993 study helped us again to up-date their previous contributions. Other official informants from 1993 very kindly provided us with other contacts. We welcome those new contributors and thank those who have maintained an interest in our work over the years. All informants undertook their tasks with grace and energy for which we are most grateful. Any views expressed, however, do not necessarily reflect those of the participating governments, nor those of the UK Department of Social Security but remain the responsibility of ourselves.

Lastly we would like to acknowledge the help given by Maxime Leqaique and Marco Doubeijns of the OECD and Nathalie Constantino of the University of York whose language skills proved invaluable and whose time was given with enthusiasm and interest.

Australia: Kathleen O’Ryan Mr. Lance Jackson Policy, Services and Treaties 3 Section Retirement Programs Division Department of Social Security

Austria: Mr Hans Steiner Grundsatzabteilung Bundesministerium fur Arbeit und Soziales Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs

Belgium: Mr DePauw Relations Internationales Ministere de la Prevoyance Sociale

Canada: Ms. Anne Tweddle Social Program Information and Analysis Social Policy Human Resources Development Canada

Finland: Mr. Arto Koho, Senior Adviser Ministry of Social Affairs and Health

France: Antoine Math Caisse Nationale des Allocations Familiales

Germany: Dr Manfred Wienand Deutscher Verein fur offenfliche und private Fursorge

Greece: Mme Constantinides Directorate for Elderly and Handicapped Persons General Directorate of Welfare Ministry of Health Welfare and Social Security

Theodore Papadopoulos School of Social Sciences, University of Bath

Iceland: Mr. Stefan Olafsson Director of the Social Research Institute University of Iceland

Mr Thorbjorn Jonsson Delegation of Iceland to OECD

Ireland: Ms Ayenait Doyle Social Welfare Services Office Department of Social Welfare

Italy: Ms. Chiara Saraceno Professor Nicola Negri Dr. Nicoletta Bosco Universita Degli Study Di Torino Dipartimento Di Scienze Sociali

Japan: Mr Yoshihito Enomoto Mr Susumu Kaneko Director International Division Minister’s Secretariat Ministry of Health and Welfare

Mr Hidehiko Itaya Delegation of Japan to OECD

Luxembourg: Mr. Raymond Wagener Premier Inspecteur de la Securite Sociale

The Netherlands: Mr Wilbert Van der Giendt, Social Policy Coordinator Ministry of Social Affairs & Employment

New Zealand: Mr. Don Gray Social Policy Agency Dept of Social Welfare

Norway: Mr Knut Brofoss Ekspedisjonssjef Sosialdepartementet

Portugal: Ms Sara Cardigos Subdirector - general Direccao-Geral dos Regimes de Seguranca Social Ministerio do Emprego e da Seguranca Social

Spain: Ms. Teresa Guardia Ministerio De Trabajo Y Asuntos Sociales Subdireccion General De Estadistilas Sociales Y Laborales

Switzerland: Mr C Malherbe Federal Office of Social Insurance

Sweden: Mr Ulph Holmgren National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen)

Turkey: Mr Nermin Karakaya, Delegation of Turkey to the OECD

United Kingdom: Mr Mark Palmer Department of Social Security

United States: Mr. Steve Bartolomie-Hill Dr David T Ellwood Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Department of Health and Human Services

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