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Architecture of Emergencies in the Middle East: Proposed Shelter

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Architecture of Emergencies in the Middle East: Proposed Shelter Architecture of Emergencies in the Middle East Proposed Shelter Design Criteria Lara Alshawawreh A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Edinburgh Napier University for the award of Doctor of Philosophy May 2019 To my late father, Abdallah Alshawawreh, and my mother, Sahar Matarneh. You are the reason behind every moment of success. To you I owe it all and to you I dedicate this thesis. II Acknowledgements ompleting this PhD thesis has been a hard, yet an enjoyable experience. The rocks were rough along the way, and the summit seemed out of sight; but the C support and love of the people around me made this journey smooth. First, and foremost, I would like to thank the Syrian residents in both Zaatari and Azraq camps who took part in my field studies. Thanks to them for giving me their time and effort; for the trust they have put in me; and above all, for the valuable life lessons they have taught me. A huge appreciation goes to the organizations in Jordan who supported me in accessing the camps, Save the Children and Plan International. I would like to express my gratitude towards my director of studies, Professor Sean Smith, for his continuous support, guidance, and encouragement. I extend my appreciation to my supervisor, John B. Wood, for his guidance and insightful comments, and to Professor John Currie, for acting as my Independent Panel Chair. Many thanks also go to my viva examiners, Prof Peter Guthrie from University of Cambridge and Dr Suha Jaradat from Edinburgh Napier University, for their constructive feedback that improved the final version of this thesis. This work could not have been possible without the warm support of my mentor, my mother, Sahar. My siblings, Farah and Mohammad, I give thanks to you for always encouraging me to go further and beyond. My family members, I give thanks to you for sending me your love, support, and prayers - all the way from home. My heartfelt thanks go to my friends, who were there for me throughout it all. I am especially grateful to you, Ghada, for being my rock. I extend my warmest gratitude to the companionship I will forever cherish from Edinburgh Napier University – my E21 family. You have provided me with courage, knowledge, and love. A special thank you goes to Aisling, Amaka, Faqhrul, and Ruth, for proof reading parts of this thesis amongst all your other support. I owe a debt of gratitude to Mutah University in Jordan for funding my PhD studies. Finally, I will always appreciate my beloved country, Jordan, for keeping the doors open for refugees in need. III Declaration declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University’s Regulations and Code of Practice for Research I Degree Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. The entire work is the candidate’s own work. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. Lara Alshawawreh May 2019 IV Abstract he number of displaced individuals has been significantly increasing globally during the past decade, reaching over 68 million by end of 2017. The Syrian T conflict in the Middle East has attracted more attention to refugee issues, specifically in relation to large forced displacement. While refugee camps are generally considered temporary, reviews of previous case studies feature longer stay periods and permanency. In the sector of humanitarian architecture, specifically in post-disaster sheltering studies, various organisations, academics, and designers have been trying to solve the sheltering issues by proposing shelter designs, but they remain unresolved. Therefore, there has been a need to review and change the desig approach. The main aim of this research is to introduce transitional shelter design criteria for the Middle East, with a sub-aim of applying the criteria into a proposed design. The main aim was achieved through investigating the current sheltering challenges faced by refugees in the Middle East, exploring the extent of sheltering variables given to refugees around the world, identifying the required design elements based on culture and context, and reviewing the existing shelter guidelines. However, the sub-aim was fulfilled through a trial and error method based on the proposed criteria. This study adopts a grounded theory methodology, where several field visits were conducted to Syrian refugee camps in Jordan (namely Zaatari and Azraq); using focus group discussions, observatory tours, and participatory design sessions as data collection methods. In addition, existing documents concerning the shelter standards and existing shelters have been used as a fourth data collection method. The gathered data has led to a recommended set of guidelines, which formed the shelter design criteria, and thereby, the proposed design outline. Culture and context are two elements that have been found to be integral factors in shaping the design preferences of the shelter users. Moreover, the flexibility of the shelter design is found in this research to be fundamental in addressing large-scale shelter design responses. On this basis, it is recommended to have shelter design criteria and a primary, yet flexible, core design for each geographic region - which could be adopted and adapted in cases of disaster. This procedure will not only lead to a better sheltering response but could also save time, which is a crucial element in emergency situations. V Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... III Declaration .................................................................................................................... IV Abstract ........................................................................................................................... V Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... VI List of Tables ............................................................................................................... XII List of Figures .............................................................................................................. XV List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... XXV Glossary .................................................................................................................... XXVI 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research overview .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Motivation ............................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Aim and objectives .................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Research methodology ............................................................................................ 3 1.5 Contribution to the knowledge ................................................................................ 3 1.6 Structure of the thesis .............................................................................................. 4 2. Literature review ......................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Humanitarian emergencies ...................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Types of disaster .............................................................................................. 7 2.1.2 Disaster criteria ................................................................................................ 8 2.1.3 Statistics ........................................................................................................... 9 2.1.4 Refugees ......................................................................................................... 10 2.1.5 Summary ........................................................................................................ 14 2.2 Shelters .................................................................................................................. 15 2.2.1 Sheltering options .......................................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Camps ............................................................................................................. 19 VI 2.2.3 Shelter terminologies ..................................................................................... 21 2.2.4 Social, environmental, and economic aspects in shelter designing ............... 24 2.2.5 Shelter typologies ........................................................................................... 26 2.2.6 Shelter innovations ......................................................................................... 27 2.2.7 Summary ........................................................................................................ 32 2.3 Middle East ........................................................................................................... 34 2.3.1 Building typologies in the Middle East .......................................................... 35 2.3.2 Jordan ............................................................................................................. 38 2.3.3 Palestinian camps
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