DOCSLIB.ORG

FREEDOM MOVEMENT: a CASE STUDY of FEMINIST LEADERSHIP in KURDISTAN by AMANDA METCALFE B.S., Texas A&M University, 1999 M.A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FREEDOM MOVEMENT: a CASE STUDY of FEMINIST LEADERSHIP in KURDISTAN by AMANDA METCALFE B.S., Texas A&M University, 1999 M.A FREEDOM MOVEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF FEMINIST LEADERSHIP IN KURDISTAN by AMANDA METCALFE B.S., Texas A&M University, 1999 M.A., University of Colorado, 2002 A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Colorado Colorado Springs in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Leadership, Research, and Foundations 2018 This dissertation for the Doctor of Philosophy degree by Amanda Metcalfe has been approved for the Department of Leadership, Research, and Foundations by Sylvia Mendez, Chair Corinne Harmon Robert Mitchell Phillip Morris Wilbur Scott Date:12/04/2018 ii Metcalfe, Amanda (Ph.D. Educational Leadership, Research, and Policy) Freedom Movement: A Case Study of Feminist Leadership in Kurdistan Dissertation directed by Associate Professor Sylvia Mendez ABSTRACT The Kurds have endured a long struggle to secure a destiny of freedom. Kurdish women are now rising up to achieve their own freedom after decades of war, genocide, and statelessness. This study began in Kurdistan, Iraq with an intimate look at the Kurdish Women’s Freedom Movement, a feminist movement that is shifting its society away from social normative powers that have been dominant for generations. This exploratory case study was based upon academic reports, observations, and interviews with Kurdish female leaders. The case was used to create a critical understanding of feminist leadership from an age-old culture. Using Social Role Theory, this study investigated the experiences of Kurdish women moving into new leadership roles and shifting norms that allow such leadership to emerge. Transcripts from interviews with 20 Kurdish women from Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey, and the US and investigative field observations of Kurdish women’s leadership stories were used to highlight a remarkable case of leadership. It contributes to a body of leadership knowledge that supports positive freedom of women globally. The overarching questions posed in this study are: 1. How is feminist leadership being expressed/developed in Kurdistan? 2. How is feminist leadership in Kurdistan changing the positions of women in society? Primary themes that emerged from the data address impact of history, processes that legitimize women, prominent leadership roles that contribute to legitimacy of feminist leadership, and themes that describe the social impact of feminist leadership in Kurdistan. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the following individuals for their support and guidance. I owe special gratitude to Sylvia Mendez, my committee chair, who has guided me with perseverance, and care throughout this study. I offer thanks and acknowledgement to Corrine Harmon, my methodologist, who directed me toward this program and supported me throughout with what she knew was pure passion for a people. Phillip Morris, an enduring teacher and committee member, deserves recognition for offering unwavering support and provided sincere recommendations to a cause he believed to be worthy. Robert Mitchell also provided time and support to this project, providing his expertise of the region. To Wilbur Scott, I owe thanks for influencing my wonder for small wars, occupation, insurgency, guerrilla warfare, and the moral sophistication within the humans surrounded by such ordeals. His life and academic contributions will forever inspire me. I would like to acknowledge my DFBL family, the group of people who inspired me to attain a doctorate, and for allowing me to witness their passion for critical thought and dedication to young people every day. Special thanks to Allwan, my Kurdish sister and translator, who fearlessly led me to Kurdistan, showing me every day the courage and passion that lies in the hearts of Kurdish women, and the real struggle that exists for them as they dare to lead. My family also played an important role in the making of this project insofar as they gave me young courage and permission to fight, in my own way, for the people and the causes I cherish. Tremendous thanks to Kenn Briggs, who joined with me in a journey that he nor I knew would be so challenging and helped make this project possible and more bearable when things got rough. Not many would send—with excitement—their partners off to a war-torn land to seek something so mysterious. Finally, and most importantly, I am forever grateful to the iv extraordinary women of this world who have been slaves to men, used as weapons of war, and who now use their stories and strength to promote peace and empowerment for women across the globe. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 Socio-Historical Backdrop .................................................................................. 2 The Kurdish Women’s Freedom Movement ........................................................ 6 Purpose Statement ................................................................................................ 9 Research Questions ............................................................................................ 11 Theoretical Base ................................................................................................. 12 Leadership ............................................................................................... 16 Contending Leadership Theory ............................................................... 20 Supporting Leadership Theory ................................................................. 21 Significance of the Study .................................................................................... 22 The Significance of Theory ...................................................................... 23 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 24 Social Revealing of Kurdish Women ................................................................. 28 Freedom Movement ............................................................................................ 31 Female Defense Units ............................................................................... 32 Direct Democracy ..................................................................................... 32 Benefits to Human Rights ........................................................................ 33 Connecting Leadership to Freedom Movement ....................................... 34 Systems of Gender .............................................................................................. 36 Systems of Gender in Kurdistan ............................................................... 37 vi Systems of Gendered Leadership in Kurdistan ........................................ 38 History and Outcome of Anarcha-feminism ............................................ 39 Global Comparisons of Feminist Leadership Movements ................................. 41 III. METHODS ............................................................................................................. 46 Research Approach ............................................................................................. 46 Guiding Questions ........................................................................................ 47 Epistemology ...................................................................................................... 47 Feminist Research .................................................................................... 49 Exploratory Case Study ...................................................................................... 52 Context and Access ............................................................................................ 53 Kurdistan Data .......................................................................................... 54 United States Data .................................................................................... 56 Data Collection Procedures ................................................................................ 57 Kurdistan Interviews ................................................................................ 59 US Interviews ........................................................................................... 65 Field Observations, Iraq ........................................................................... 69 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 70 Coding ........................................................................................................... 71 Category Building .................................................................................... 72 Theme Development ................................................................................ 73 Trustworthiness .................................................................................................. 75 Thick Description ..................................................................................... 76 Triangulation ............................................................................................ 77 Persistent Observation .............................................................................. 77 vii Member Checking .................................................................................... 78 Researcher’s Position ............................................................................... 79 Research
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Lost Women of Iraq: Family-Based Violence During Armed Conflict © Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights and Minority Rights Group International November 2015
    CEASEFIRE centre for civilian rights Miriam Puttick The Lost Women of Iraq: Family-based violence during armed conflict © Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights and Minority Rights Group International November 2015 Cover photo: This report has been produced as part of the Ceasefire project, a multi-year pro- Kurdish women and men protesting gramme supported by the European Union to implement a system of civilian-led against violence against women march in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, monitoring of human rights abuses in Iraq, focusing in particular on the rights of November 2008. vulnerable civilians including vulnerable women, internally-displaced persons (IDPs), stateless persons, and ethnic or religious minorities, and to assess the feasibility of © Shwan Mohammed/AFP/Getty Images extending civilian-led monitoring to other country situations. This report has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the publishers and can un- der no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights The Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights is a new initiative to develop ‘civilian-led monitoring’ of violations of international humanitarian law or human rights, to pursue legal and political accountability for those responsible for such violations, and to develop the practice of civilian rights. The Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights is registered as a charity and a company limited by guarantee under English law; charity no: 1160083, company no: 9069133. Minority Rights Group International MRG is an NGO working to secure the rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities and indigenous peoples worldwide, and to promote cooperation and understanding between communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and the Glass Ceiling in the Federal Government." ·
    Women and the GLASS CEILING A Reportto he President nd the Con ress of the U ited States by the U.S. erit Systems rotection B ard Transmittal Letter U.S. MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD Washington, D.C. 20419 October 1992 Sirs: In accordance with the requirements of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, it is an honor to submit this Merit Systems Protection Board report entitled "A Question of Equity: Women and the Glass Ceiling in the Federal Government." · While almost half of white-collar employees in the executive branch are women, only about one in ten senior executives is a woman. This report examines the reasons that so few women are in top-level positions in the Civil Service. Only some of the imbalance between men and women in higher grades can be explained by differences in the amount of education and years of Government service. Women also face unfounded stereotypes and assumptions about their abilities and job commitment that serve as subtle barriers to their advancement. The report discusses these barriers and offers recommendations for ways to achieve greater equity for women. We believe you will find this report useful as you consider issues concerning the effective management of Federal employees. Respectfully, Daniel R. Levinson Chairman ~Qr Antonio C. Amador Jessica L. Parks Vice Chairman Member The President President of the Senate Speaker of the House of Representatives A Special Study A QUESTION OF EQUITY: Women and the Glass Ceiling in the Federal Government U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board DANIEL R. LEVINSON, Chairman ANTONIO C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cairo Review Interviews
    The Cairo Review Interviews “My principle is to unveil the mind” By Asmaa Abdallah and Nadeen Shaker Physician by profession and radical feminist by vocation, Nawal El Saadawi, 86, has been dubbed the “Simone de Beauvoir of the Arab World.” El Saadawi is most known for her fierce advocacy against the issues of female genital mutilation, Islam, and the veil. Her con- troversial views have led to her imprisonment, the issuing of death threats against her, and ultimately, her having to flee Egypt with her family. El Saadawi returned to her homeland and took part in the 2011 uprising, championing women’s rights through calls for constitutional amendments and for the establishment of a union for Egyptian women. El Saadawi’s most recent public efforts include her plans to launch an institute that promotes thought and cre- ativity. The Cairo Review conducted this interview with El Saadawi on April 8, 2018. CAIRO REVIEW: What got you into writing literature? How did working in the medical profession influence that, if at all? NAWAL EL SAADAWI: I started writing when I was a child in primary school. I kept a memoir—a diary—in which I wrote letters to God, to my parents, to my teachers, and to King Farouk, but all these letters were kept secret or burned. And I never wanted to be a medical doctor but I became a doctor just to please my parents. However, studying medical sciences and examining sick men and women gave me a lot of material for my fiction and nonfiction. CAIRO REVIEW: Why was female genital mutilation the most recurring and sensa- tional topic in your early writing? NAWAL EL SAADAWI: Female genital mutilation and male genital mutilation are very serious problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Syria Crisis Countries
    Issa - Syria Aleppo. Crisis 2016 Humanitarian Results ©UNICEF/ Syria 2016/ Aleppo/ Khudr Al Khudr Aleppo/ 2016/ Syria ©UNICEF/ Following intense fighting in east Aleppo, a UNICEF UNICEF a Aleppo, east in fighting intense Following supported mobile nutrition team screens children Jibreen, in malnutrition for ANNUAL 2016: SYRIA, JORDAN, LEBANON, IRAQ, TURKEY AND EGYPT SITUATION IN NUMBERS Highlights In Syria In 2016, there were verified reports of over 2,300 grave violations 5,800,000 against children by armed forces and groups throughout Syria. Of # of children affected these, killing and maiming of children and recruitment and use of children were the most prevalent violations. The actual numbers are 13,500,000 likely to be much higher. # of people affected (HNO, 2017) UNICEF has supported the coordination of the No Lost Generation across the Syria crisis countries. The scale up of education support by Outside Syria sector partners inside Syria has contributed to a decrease in the number of out-of-school children from 2.12 million (40%) in 2014/15 to 1.75 million 2,308,897 (32%) in 2015/16. UNICEF and partners reached over 1 million children with # of registered Syria refugee children structured psychosocial support, and expanded programming for adolescents and youth, including social cohesion and life skills. 4,860,897 # of registered Syrian refugees UNICEF has scaled up cash based programming across the Syria crisis (UNHCR, 5 January 2017) countries in 2016, including providing 12,963 Syrian teachers with incentives in Turkey, and supporting over 21,000 vulnerable households in Jordan, Iraq and Syria with regular cash to support their basic needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Gender in Middle East Politics
    POMEPS STUDIES 19 Women and Gender in Middle East Politics May 10, 2016 Contents Reexamining patriarchy, gender, and Islam Conceptualizing and Measuring Patriarchy: The Importance of Feminist Theory . 8 By Lindsay J. Benstead, Portland State University Rethinking Patriarchy and Kinship in the Arab Gulf States . 13 By Scott Weiner, George Washington University Women’s Rise to Political Office on Behalf of Religious Political Movements . 17 By Mona Tajali, Agnes Scott College Women’s Equality: Constitutions and Revolutions in Egypt . 22 By Ellen McLarney, Duke University Activism and identity Changing the Discourse About Public Sexual Violence in Egyptian Satellite TV . 28 By Vickie Langohr, College of the Holy Cross Egypt, Uprising and Gender Politics: Gendering Bodies/Gendering Space . 31 By Sherine Hafez, University of California, Riverside Women and the Right to Land in Morocco: the Sulaliyyates Movement . 35 By Zakia Salime, Rutgers University The Politics of the Truth and Dignity Commission in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia: Gender Justice as a threat to Democratic transition? . 38 By Hind Ahmed Zaki, University of Washington Women’s political participation in authoritarian regimes First Ladies and the (Re) Definition of the Authoritarian State in Egypt . 42 By Mervat F. Hatem, Howard University Women’s Political Representation and Authoritarianism in the Arab World . 45 By Marwa Shalaby, Rice University The Future of Female Mobilization in Lebanon, Morocco, and Yemen after the Arab Spring . 52 By Carla Beth Abdo, University of Maryland
    [Show full text]
  • Syria Crisis 2017 Humanitarian
    Syria Crisis 2017 Humanitarian Results t to a UNICEF supported Makani centre. Makani supported UNICEF a to t © UNICEF/UN0135677/Rich/Photographer © (left) 12 Sara, Jordan, Amman, in 2017 October 15 On and Bayan, 13 (right) show their to drawings UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador Muzoon Almellehan during visi her ANNUAL 2017: SYRIA, JORDAN, LEBANON, IRAQ, TURKEY AND EGYPT SITUATION IN NUMBERS Highlights In Syria 6 million • The conflict in Syria continues to drive the largest refugee crisis in the world, with 5.4 million Syrian refugees registered in the region. Nearly half (48%) are children. About 92% of Syrian refugees live in # of children affected host communities in very precarious living conditions. Depleted resources, the high cost of living and restricted livelihood opportunities are making it difficult for vulnerable families to meet their children’s basic needs. Many Syrian refugee families are forced to resort to negative coping practices, 13,500,000 including early marriage and child labor. # of people affected • In line with the No Lost Generation Initiative, UNICEF supported national systems in Syria and in Syrian refugee host countries reaching over 773,000 children (98% target) with psychosocial support, and (HNO, 2017) helped over 3.2 million children (88% target) to enroll in formal education. Children’s exclusion from education remains a serious problem. An estimated 1.75 million school aged children in Syria and over 40% of Syrian refugee children remain out-of-school. Key challenges include funding shortfalls, Outside Syria capacity of partners and families’ lack of livelihoods. Nearly 3 million • With UNICEF support, more than 8.9 million children were vaccinated against polio in Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Women's Representation in Parliament and the Passing Of
    The Effect of Women’s Representation in Parliament and the Passing of Gender Sensitive Policies Elizabeth Asiedu, University of Kansas, [email protected] Claire Branstette, American Institutes for Research, [email protected] Neepa Gaekwad-Babulal, State University of New York at Fredonia, [email protected] Nanivazo Malokele, University of Kansas, [email protected] Abstract This paper employs data from 159 developing countries to examine whether countries that have a higher share of women in parliament are more likely to pass gender sensitive laws. We find that all else equal, developing countries that have a higher share of women parliamentarians are more likely to pass comprehensive laws on sexual harassment, rape, divorce and domestic violence. The results are robust. They holds for Ordered Probit, Ordered Logit as well as ordinary least squares (OLS). The results also holds for 4 sample groups: 159 developing countries, 48 African countries, 43 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and 111 developing countries outside SSA. JEL Classification: K38, O1, O55, Key words: Gender Laws, Africa, Gender 1 Introduction Women political inclusion is a social, economic, and political good in itself. It matters for democracy and gender equality. Democratic process requires the participation of all citizens. Any deviations to this renders any attempts in promoting democracy are just other forms of fostering the social and political norms that created an unfair and unequal power sharing between men and women. This results in unequitable social policies and unfair political processes. Women political inclusion challenges both the power structures and relations that undermine the consideration of women’s needs and interest in policy-making.
    [Show full text]
  • A Kurdish-Speaking Community of Change: How Social and Political Organising Takes Shape in the PYD-Controlled Areas in Syria
    A Kurdish-Speaking Community of Change: How Social and Political Organising takes Shape in the PYD-controlled Areas in Syria Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts In Middle Eastern Studies Author: Harriet Ida Rump Advisor: Lory Janelle Dance Examiner: Vittorio Felci Date: 11.12.14 Acknowledgements I devote my deepest gratitude to the brave and engaged participants of this research, without their reflections, insights, and generous will to share ideas, this thesis would never have been realised. In the same breath I sincerely thank Lina Myritz for taking the travel with me to Syria, and for inspiring me continuously. I strongly thank my supervisor Lory Dance, she is an inspirational role model with her critical thoughts and writings, which open up for new methods of research. I am particularly appreciative of all the inputs and perspectives from Farhiya Khalid, Mia Sung Kjaergaard, Søren Rafn, Frederik Johannisson, and Mette Lundsfryd, who all have encouraged me with significant comments. A special thank goes to Lasse Sander for carefully proofreading the thesis in high speed. Finally, for the love and support of all my wonderful friends and family, I am truly thankful. 2 Abstract This thesis explores current trends in social and political organising in Northern Syria, an area controlled by the PYD.1 The research is built on discussions between eight participants from the Syrian Kurdish-speaking community living in the areas. While most discourses on Syria and the Kurdish-speaking community have a macro-political focus and produce racialising descriptions of “Kurdishness” in Syria, less attention is granted to bottom-up organising and the plurality of Kurdishness.
    [Show full text]
  • Loss in Modern Arabic Literature Fall 2018 Brown University
    Draft Syllabus: COLT 1431E Loss in Modern Arabic Literature Fall 2018 Brown University The Basics: Instructor: Greg Halaby Email: [email protected] Class location: 204 Sayles Hall Time: MWF 12-1 Office Hours: B006 Marston Hall -- TBD and by appointment Summary: This course examines the literary expression of and response to various forms of loss, including military defeat, diaspora, and prison confinement in Arabic poems, short stories, and novellas from the 20th century through the post-Arab Spring. We will explore how texts reimagine social and political geographies through diverse poetic and narrative techniques to enrich our understanding of the region and of central debates in its literary tradition. Readings are organized around different types of loss, of homeland, the beloved, freedom, hope, and war. Though the topics may seem quite grim, we will find that many of the readings render forms of loss into aesthetics of beauty or empowerment. No knowledge of Arabic necessary; students with Arabic may read in the original. Course Structure: This course relies heavily on student engagement in the form of presentations, active participation, and discussion. I will provide discussion and pre-reading questions to help guide and enhance our dialogue. In accordance with students’ familiarity with modern Middle Eastern history and literature, I will provide brief lectures to contextualize the readings. We will have weekly student presentations that will transition into an open discussion. Students will also be asked to select poems of their choice (from available anthologies) that deal with the weekly themes. They will them recite the poems to the class, analyzing the form and structure, and commenting on the personal or emotive significance.
    [Show full text]
  • Elitist Anti-Circumcision Discourse As Mutilating and Anti-Feminist, 47 Case W
    Case Western Reserve Law Review Volume 47 Issue 2 Article 11 1997 Elitist Anti-Circumcision Discourse as Mutilating and Anti- Feminist Micere Githae Mugo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Micere Githae Mugo, Elitist Anti-Circumcision Discourse as Mutilating and Anti-Feminist, 47 Case W. Rsrv. L. Rev. 461 (1997) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev/vol47/iss2/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Law Review by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. ELITIST ANTI-CIRCUMCISION DISCOURSE AS MUTILATING AND ANTI-FEMINIST Micere Githae Mugot The space limitation of this paper militates against a coherent response to the wealth of pertinent ideas raised by Professor Obiora's timely intervention on the question of female circumci- sion.' Until now, the issue has been approached mostly from an- thropological, health, policy, and popular literature perspectives, but it has never been so closely or extensively examined through a legal lens. Obiora's paper is a striking example of excellent schol- arship, based on amazingly extensive library research and presented through elaborate, yet incisive, logical arguments that are articulat- ed with impressive lucidity. While coming from a legal perspective in content and thrust, the paper also traverses several areas of academic endeavor with great ease, offering a rich panorama of multidisciplinary platforms from which a variety of scholars can engage in serious intellectual discourse over this hot issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Natasha Gordon-Chipembere, Indisunflower@Yahoo
    eSharp Issue 6:2 Identity and Marginality Carving the Body: Female Circumcision in African Women's Memoirs Natasha Gordon-Chipembere (University of South Africa) Introduction Alison T. Slack states that 'female circumcision has been practised from as early as 2500 years ago and continues in practice today in over forty countries' (1988, p.489). Female circumcision is a worldwide phenomenon, practised in twenty six African countries, Malaysia, Indonesia, the southern parts of the Arab Peninsula, Pakistan, Russia, Peru, Brazil, Eastern Mexico, Australia, and in immigrant communities in Europe and the United States. Fran Hosken notes in her 1994 Hosken Report, that 99% of the female population in Somalia and Djibouti have experienced some form of circumcision, and that 80 to 90% of Ethiopian, Eritrean, Gambian, Northern Sudanese and Sierra Leonean women have been circumcised. The Ivory Coast, Kenya, Egypt, Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad, Liberia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, and Nigeria have a circumcised female population of 60 to 75%. Countries with circumcised female populations under 50% include Togo, Benin, Mauritania, Ghana and Senegal. In the Hosken Report, there are no current statistics available for Sub-Saharan Africa. Most of the women who were infibulated (the most severe form of circumcision) lived in Mali, Northern Sudan, Eritrea, Eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia (Hosken, 1994, p.45). Female circumcision is the removal of some or all of the female genitals. The WHO has outlined three basic types: circumcision (the removal of the clitoris), excision (removal of the clitoris and labia minora), and infibulation (removal of clitoris, inner and other vaginal lips, and the sewing together of the vaginal orifice, leaving a space the size of a rice grain for urine and menstruation).
    [Show full text]
  • Alaa Abu Naji Profe
    What are they Jailed for? Unromantic Depictions of Women’s “Criminal” Resistance in Egypt Researcher : Alaa Abu Naji Professor in Utrecht : Anne- Marie Korte Professor in York: Evangeline Tsao GEMMA Program :University of York -Utrecht University 2020 Table of Content: ● Introduction ● Chapter one: One's Eyes as Methods of Determining Research: A starting point about context ● Chapter two : Memoirs from the Women's Prison by Nawal El Saadawi ● Chapter three: Segn El Nessa by Mariam Naoum ● Conclusion ● Bibliography Forward: I begin to write this thesis amidst the time of the epidemic of COVID-19. The circumstances I find myself writing this thesis are exceptional, therefore, I find mentioning them in this introduction integral for reflexivity purposes. Given the central theme of my research, that is, finding a place of agency in the darkest of times and the most confined of all spaces, prison. I am in no way comparing social distancing and isolation in the comfort of my own home, which is a modernly equipped studio in the First World Netherlands to that of prison in Third World Egypt. I am in no way suggesting that the situation is homologous. I am only proposing the idea of a possible sharing of the feelings of confinement. While the prison holds many people physically in one space, which may create a collective feeling of common suffering which fosters a dynamic of cooperation, and/or collective resistance. I find that our situation now in COVID-19, calls for cooperation but in a different manner, where we must dig deeper into ourselves through the calling for the virtue of this epidemic that is isolation.
    [Show full text]