Academiejaar 2012-2013 ONDER HET VIJGENBLAD: HET

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Academiejaar 2012-2013 ONDER HET VIJGENBLAD: HET Academiejaar 2012-2013 ONDER HET VIJGENBLAD: HET MANNELIJKE NAAKT IN DE BELGISCHE 19DE-EEUWSE BEELDENDE KUNST Masterproef voorgelegd aan de Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, Vakgroep Kunst-, Muziek- en Theaterwetenschappen, voor het verkrijgen van de graad van Master, door Thijs Dekeukeleire (20043774). Promotor: Prof. dr. Marjan Sterckx Afbeelding voorblad: D. Brucciani & Co. (toegeschreven), Vijgenblad voor Michelangelo’s David, ca. 1857. Gips, 40 x 30 x 17 cm. Londen: Victoria and Albert Museum. (Afbeelding: © Victoria and Albert Museum, http://www.vam.ac.uk/) Abstract Onder het vijgenblad: Het mannelijke naakt in de Belgische 19de-eeuwse beeldende kunst Gesitueerd op het kruispunt van de kunst- en gendergeschiedenis, is deze masterproef opgezet als een brede verkenning van de positie van het mannelijke naakt in het artistieke discours van de lange 19de eeuw; dit met een klemtoon op België binnen een internationaal comparatief kader. Ze stelt ‘zichtbaar’ wat in de loop van die periode onzichtbaar werd, maakt ‘vreemd’ wat voor vele generaties academici vertrouwd en vanzelfsprekend leek; biedt, kortom, een blik onder het spreekwoordelijke vijgenblad. Er wordt niet alleen gesteund op een brede literatuurstudie die een nieuwe invalshoek poogt te bieden op het verzamelde materiaal, maar gaat ook uit van de nauwkeurige analyse van een selectie primair bronnenmateriaal, waaronder saloncatalogi en contemporaine artikels en recensies. De nadruk ligt op schilder- en beeldhouwkunst, maar verwijzingen naar tekenkunst, karikatuur en fo- tografie zijn opgenomen wanneer relevant. Het eerste luik, dat een meer algemene, West-Europese situatie schetst, is gewijd aan de theorie en praktijk die de artistieke vertaling van het mannelijke naakt onderstutten. Niet alleen het aanzien van het naakt in de kunstenaarsopleiding wordt be- schouwd, er wordt ook stilgestaan bij de figuur van het naaktmodel en bij de praktijk van het pose- ren. Homosocialiteit toont zich hier een dankbaar begrip om de gegenderde dynamieken te vatten binnen de voor het overgrote deel van de 19de eeuw exclusief mannelijke omgevingen van de acade- mie en het atelier. In het tweede luik, dat een dichtere kijk biedt op de Belgische situatie, wordt inge- gaan op de voorstelling van het mannelijke naakt in de artistieke productie; dit aan de hand van drie tegenstellingsparen: het geïdealiseerde en het geïndividualiseerde naakt, de jongen en de oude man, de krachtpatser en het slachtoffer. Bij elk paar wordt een vijftal Belgische werken in de schijnwerpers geplaatst en als case studies uitgewerkt, nauwgezet geselecteerd met het oog op representativiteit, van de hand van kunstenaars van Constantin Meunier en Karel De Brichy tot Jean Delvin en José Die- rickx. Verre van beperkt te blijven tot enkele uitzonderingen, en verre van een triviaal, amusant gege- ven te vormen, maakt het mannelijke naakt, zo blijkt, een inherent deel uit van de 19de-eeuwse kunstwereld, en verdient het dan ook de ernstige beschouwing die het hier wordt toegekend. Behind the fig leaf: The male nude in the Belgian 19th-century visual arts Located at the intersection of art history and gender studies, this thesis has been set up as a broad exploration of the position of the male nude in the artistic discourse of the long 19th century; this with an emphasis on Belgium within an international comparative framework. It makes ‘visible’ what in the course of this period became invisible, makes ‘odd’ what for many generations of academics seemed entirely familiar and self-evident; offers, in short, a look under the proverbial fig leaf. The re- search conducted consists not only of a comprehensive literature study that strives to offer a new perspective on the collected material, but also involves a careful analysis of a selection of primary source material, including salon catalogs and contemporary articles and reviews. The emphasis lies on painting and sculpture, but references to drawing, caricature and photography are included when relevant. The first section, which paints a more general, Western-European picture, is devoted to the theory and practice that underlie the artistic translation of the male nude. Light is shed not only on the standing of the nude in the artist’s training, but attention is also paid to the figure of the nude model and the practice of posing. Homosociality here proves itself to be a most valuable concept to grasp the gendered dynamics within the academy and private studio, which were, for a major part of the 19th century, exclusively male. In the second section, which offers a closer look at the Belgian situation, the representation of the male nude in the artistic production is examined through the use of three pairs of opposites, namely: the idealized and the individualized nude; the boy and the old man; the muscleman and the victim. For each pair, a quintet of Belgian artworks are put in the spot- light and fleshed out as case studies, carefully selected for the sake of representativeness. They in- clude work by the hands of artists ranging from Constantin Meunier and Karel De Brichy to Jean Del- vin and José Dierickx. Far from remaining limited to exceptions, and far from being a trivial, amusing matter, the male nude, it turns out, was an entirely intrinsic part of the 19th-century art world, and hence deserves the serious consideration it is awarded here. Inhoudstafel Dankwoord .................................................................................................................................. 2 0. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Theorie en Praktijk ................................................................................................................. 6 2.1. Het mannelijke naakt in de kunstenaarsopleiding .......................................................................6 2.2. Het mannelijke naaktmodel ...................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1. Profiel .................................................................................................................................. 17 2.2.2. Praktijk van het poseren ...................................................................................................... 28 2. Representatie........................................................................................................................ 33 2.1. Het geïdealiseerde en het geïndividualiseerde naakt .............................................................. 33 2.2. De jongen en de oude man ...................................................................................................... 53 2.3. De krachtpatser en het slachtoffer ........................................................................................... 66 3. Besluit................................................................................................................................... 82 4. Bibliografie ........................................................................................................................... 84 4.1. Archivalia .................................................................................................................................. 84 4.2. Internetbronnen ....................................................................................................................... 84 4.3. Boeken en artikels .................................................................................................................... 87 5. Personenindex .................................................................................................................... 103 5.1. Kunstenaars ............................................................................................................................ 103 5.2. Modellen ................................................................................................................................. 105 Afbeeldingenbijlage ...................................................................................................................... i 1 Dankwoord Vele mensen hebben tot deze masterproef een bijdrage geleverd. Bovenal wens ik mijn promotor, prof. Marjan Sterckx, van harte te bedanken. De frisse kijk die zij op het naakt bood in het bachelor- vak Comparatieve Studie van de Beeldende Kunst was wat mij oorspronkelijk tot mijn onderwerp deed beslissen, en vanaf onze eerste afspraak in november 2011 heeft zij mij vanuit haar uitgebreide expertise steeds enthousiast bijgestaan met goede raad, zonder ooit afbreuk te doen aan mijn eigen visie. Bijzondere dankbetuigingen gaan ook uit naar: dr. Julie Carlier, die me in het vak Onderzoeksse- minarie Genderstudies toeliet om, in het kader van mijn thesisonderwerp, een eigen genderbewust- zijn te ontplooien; de medewerkers van het Museum voor Schone Kunsten te Gent, met name Sofie Corneillie, Veerle Verhasselt en Lieven Gerard, die zo vaak geduldig mijn vragen beantwoordden en me gidsten doorheen de wereld van vakliteratuur en saloncatalogi; Jeroen Trio, stedelijk archivaris van Wetteren, die mij steevast met een glimlach te rade stond; en Dominique Maréchal en Francisca Vandepitte van de Koninklijke Musea voor Schone Kunsten te Brussel. Dank, tenslotte, aan mijn ouders, broer en vrienden die het lange werkproces samen met mij doorstonden en op wie ik steeds kon rekenen voor een luisterend oor of een welkome afleiding bij momenten van twijfel en
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