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[email protected] 1 Kinetic Vitrification of Spermatozoa of Vertebrates: What Can We Learn from Nature? I.I. Katkov** et al.* CELLTRONIX and Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research, San Diego, California, USA Dedicated to the memory of Father Basile J. Luyet (1897-1974) 1. Introduction This as well as two other related Chapters, by Isachenko et al. and Moskovtsev et al., open this Book neither accidentally nor by the Editor’s preferences to his friends and collaborators; the reasons, in fact, lie quite deeper: Why sperm? Cryobiology had actually started from freezing sperm. We will skip all those very early anecdotes but should mention the Spallanzani attempt to freeze frog semen in the 18th century [Spallanzani, 1780]. Cryobiology as a science started with revolutionizing work of Father Luyet and other scientists of the late 1930’s and 1940’s, who we can collectively call “the pioneers of the cryobiological frontiers” (see the following sub-Chapter). There were several reasons why sperm was chosen, which included easiness in obtaining the samples, clear evidence of viability (moving – not moving, though later it was figured that everything was not so easy in this sophisticated living “cruise missile”), and importance for the farming industry with the emergence of systematic selective breeding (especially in cattle) with a powerful tool – artificial insemination (AI).