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Edible Palm Fruits of the Braztlian Amazoll*

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Edible Palm Fruits of the Braztlian Amazoll* r9771 CAVALCANTE:EDIBLE PALM FRUITS 9l Edible Palm Fruits of the Braztlian Amazoll* Paur,o B. Clvl:,cawrp Museu Goeldi, Bel6m, Pard, Brasil Translater],lrom the P ortuguese,by Dennrs JoHlrson Uniuersityol Houston,Houston, Texas 77004 PATMAE The palm generally produces 10-12 fruit clusters which remain partially Acrocomia sclerocarpa Mart. hidden among the lower, dead leaves. [Acrocomia sp.]"" MUCAJA The fruit is a drupe, spherical, single- .bacairtaa, coco-bo'boio, coco- seeded"'andabout 4 cm in diameter.The d,e-catarro,maca'iba,, fiLa,catibd. epicarp is coriaceous,rigid, and light- 'lhis green in color; the mesocarp (the edible speciesis common to nearly all pulp) is whitish in color, fibrous, and to of Brazil; however,it doesnot appear mucilaginous; the endocarpis of a rock- reachthe State'o{Amazonas. It is one of like consistency, enclosing a small, palms the most common in the vicinity white kernel or seed, which contains a grow- of the city of Bel6m, and is found clear edible oil recommended for the - ing singly and spontaneously in open manufacture of soap. The palm fruits second growth. sites or in areas o{ low {rom July to November, and into De- Mature palmqreach a height of 15-20 cember. m, and bear some spine3 on the trunk. Leaves form a rounded, fairly regular- Astrocaryum tucuma Mart, shaped crown and dead leaves remain TUCUMA attached to the trunk for some time. ttt'curn, tucutnd,-agu When tbe leaves do abscise, the lea{ sheaths remain attached and commonly This palm is found in the states o{ covei the upper half of the trunk. This ParS and Amazonas, but with greater habit constitutes one of the distinctive frequency in the latter. It occurs in open characteristics of the species. sites, or in the midst of low second growth. The single, straight trunk reaches B-I4 m in height, and is * This translation represents the section on palms in the author's longer work entitled adorned with long, black spines, Frutas Comestiaeis da Amaz6nia /1, Mirseu arranged in rings, that are denser in the Goeldi, Bel6m, Par6, Brasil, 1974. upper half of the trunk. Leaves have i+ Editor's note, Some ol the names used sturdy, enlarged sheaths and are densely those usually accepted today. differ from Fruit clusters are long and Owing to a nomenclatural technicality, the aculeate. name Acrocomia sclerocarpa is synonymous cylindrical, measuring about I.5 m in with l. aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart., a length. The {ruit is a drupe, ellipsoidal West Indian species, and the correct name lor or rounded, yellow-green or orange in is not yet clear. The the Brazilian species length, and weighs 70- preferred name is included in brackets when color, 5-6 cm in di{ferent Irom that given by the author. 75 e. The pulp is yellow in color, oily, 92 PRINCIPES [Vor. 2l ?-B mm in thickness, and with a flavor nutritive value for the following rea- similar to that of an apricot (Prunus SONS: armeniaca). The tree is in fruit from a. Its Vitamin A value is February to May. 52,000 international units Per I00 g, a value equalled onlY bY the Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. pulp of the buriti palm (Mawritia TUCUMA uinifera). It has 90 times more Vitamin A than the pulp of the avo- This is the most common of the Palms cado, and three times that o{ the that are popularly called tucumd. in carrot, a vegetable that until re- Par5, and its range also extends to the cently was consideredto be the best Northeast Region of Brazil. The fruits sourceo{ the vitamin. of this palm are commonly confused b. Its Vitamin 81 (thiamine) with those oI A. tucuma, but there are value is important, and its Vitamin perceptible dif{erencesbetween the two C (ascorbic acid) content rirals species. Astrocaryurn tucurna is a soli- that of citrus fruit. tary palm with an erect trunk and large c. The food value o{ the edible f.ruit: A. uulgare is a cluster palm and pulp is significantly higher than {orms clumps of several thin trunks that fresh fruits in general, 247 calories are somewhatcurved in their lower por- per 100 g, due to the Presenceof tions. The lower trunk does not have Lg.I% glycosides, 16.6% liPoids, black spines, and the fruits are much and35% proteides. smallerthan in the other species.Leaves are up to 7 m in length and always erect. Elaeis melanococca Gaert. The spadix is up to 1.7 m in length. (HBK) Cort6s] The fruit o{ this speciesis commonly fElaeis oleifera (.Corozo (HBK) Bail.) {ound in the open-air markets o{ Bel6m oleilera in appreciahie quantities {rom January CAIAUE to July. The fruits are eaten fresh, or d,end6-do-pard used to make juice. Although this palm does not yield an The rachis of the leaf furnishes a edible fruit, in its natural state, it is strong fiber that can be utilized in nu- included in this listing because of its merous ways. In addition, the Palm importance as one o{ the typically Ama- yields an excellent heart of palm, al- zonian oil palms. The height o{ the tree, though its extraction is made dii{icult at its maximum, is no taller than a man. by the quantity of spines on the upper While growing, the oldest part of the trunk. thick trunk assumesa procumbent posi' The largest consumersol tucumd' are tion and produces adventitious roots. people of the lower class who, without The oldest part o{ the trunk dies and realizing it, are getting an excellent decomposes,resulting in an almost im- supply of Vitamin A and other vitamins. perceptibleshi{t of the plant away from The nutritive value o{ the pulp was dem- the placewhere it rtas originally planted. onstrated by the chemical analysis For that reason, individuals who know made by Chaves and Pechnik (1947: the caiaue in its habitat, often say that t7): the first item of their conclusions 'owalks." the plant is quoted as follows: The low stature ol the dend'€-d,o-pard 1. The edible fruit oI the tucumd' facilitates the collection o{ fruits. That revealsitsel{ to be a food of estimable' characteristic has been experimented 19771 CAVALCANTE:EDIBLE PALM FRUITS 93 Itr ffi 3 l. Palm fruits: 1, Acrocomia sp.;2, Astrocaryum' tucumd;3, Maxitniliana martiana;4, Mauritia llexuoih; 5, Oenocarpus distichus; 6, Jessenia bataua: 7' Mauritia mattiana. with in cross-breedingwith the African At times the palms are found in almost oil palm, which normally reaches 15-20 pure stands, representing, along with m in height, resulting in hybrids of low buriti, the most prominent feature of or medium stature. The fruit yields two the vegetation landscape. One of the characteristics o{ the spe- types of oil: the pulp produces a red- cies is its growth in clumps, which is the dish. edible oil. and the kernel contains result of basal suckering. The number re{ined, can be a white oil that, when o{ individual stems per clump varies utilized for the making of margarine. according to environmental conditions, and may reach 25, including the suckers. Mart. AEAI Euterpe oleracea The palm has a thin trunk, sometimes aga.i-ilo-pq,rd,,agai-d'o-baixo dm,&zonas slightly curved, which reaches, on the Agai is one of the most characteristic average,15-20 m in height. The crown palms of Par5, found in nearly the en- of pinnate leaves with pendulous seg- tire state. Its major occurrenceis in the ments gives the palm its delicate and Amazon estuary, on lands of the flood- elegant bearing. For that reason it is plains (udrzed,s),the backswamps(iga' not infrequently {ound in plazas and in p6s) and on the uplands (terras firmes). private gardens as an ornamental plant. PRINCIPES [Vor. 21 19771 CAVALCANTE:EDIBLE PALM FRUITS 95 The number of fruit clusters per plant essentially energetic food, with a caloric varies up to eight, with three or four value higher than that of milk and with being most common. Each cluster is al' a content of lipoids twice as high. It is ways at a different stage of development, not very rich in proteides, and -the per- {rom inflorescences still enclosed in the centage of glycosides is not very high. spathe to clusters with ripe fruit. The Nevertheless,agai, as it commonly con- fruit is a rounded berry, black-violet in sumedowith sugar and starch, may be color when ripe, and from 12-15 mm considered a rich food of high caloric in diameter. Fruiting occurs through- value. The content of minerals, calcium, out the year, with the dry season,July to phosphorous, and iron reveals benefit." December,being the period of greatest Dante Costa (1959: 51) conducted abundance. Fruits from the dry season biological experiments with rats, and are said to produce the best-tasting . showed the presence of Vitamin A in juice. Harvesting the fruit clusters is an agai. arduous and dilngerous task, done by A comprehensivestudy carried out by individuals accustomed to climbing the Calzavara (1972) addressesall aspects acai palms. When someone is atoP a of agai in the Amazon region, notably palm to harvest the fruit clusters, it is its economic importance, ecology, agri' possible to move from one stem to an- cultural aspects, and methods of culti- other without descending; in that way vation. As far as the chemical composi- all the ripe fruit clusters from a clump tion of the fruit is concerned,Calzavara can be harvested. givesthe resultsarrived at by more than Juice is prepared from the agai htuit, ten different researchers. by either manual or mechanical pro' Without any doubt, the agai pal:m cesses,and consumed in the following brings together exceptional qualities places primary position as ways: that it in a the ideal, highlv pro{itable palm for the exploitation of hearts of palm.
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