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Minor Components in Oils Obtained from Amazonian Paim Fruits

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Minor Components in Oils Obtained from Amazonian Paim Fruits GRASAS Y ACEITES, 64 (5), OCTUBRE-DICIEMBRE, 531-536, 2013, ISSN: 0017-3495 DOI: 10.3989/gya.048913 Minor components in oils obtained from Amazonian paim fruits Por M.F.G. Santos% R.E. Alves" and M.V. Ruíz-Méndez' ^ Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas de Amapá-IEPA. Rodovia JK, Km 10, 68900-000, Macapá-AP, Brasil Programa de Pos-Graduaçâo en Agronomia-UFPB. Rodovia PB 079, Km 12, 58397-000, Arela-PB, Brasil " Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC. Avda. Padre García Tejero, 4, 41012 Sevilla-Spain ^ Corresponding author: [email protected] RESUMEN glyceridic compounds, i.e. dimeric triacylglycerols (TAG), the oxidized TAG and diacylglycerols (DAG) related to oil Componentes minoritarios de aceites obtenidos de quality, and the compounds of unsaponifiable matter, i.e. frutos de palmeras de la región amazónica hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, sterols and tocopherols have been determined. El objetivo de este estudio fue la caracterización de los The results indicate that the extracted oils had good componentes menores presentes en los aceites obtenidos initial quality, with DAG as the major glyceridic compound. del mesocarpio de frutos de especies de bacaba (Oenocar- The contents of hydrocarbons (50-734 mg-kg') and aliphatic pus bacaba), buriti (Mauritia tiexuosa), inajá {Maximiliana alcohols (80-490 mg-kg"') were highly variable with inajá oil maripa), pupuña (Bactris gasipaes) y tucumá (Astrocaryum containing the highest contents. In the case of tocopherols, vulgäre), de importante producción en el Estado de Amapá, buriti (1567 mg-kg') and tucumá (483 mg-kg"') oils had the Brasil. highest contents and the presence of significant amounts Se determinaron las dos principales fracciones presentes of tocotrienols was only detected in inajá oil. Finally, high en los aceites. Por una parte, los compuestos menores deri- concentrations of sterols were found in all the samples, vados de los componentes mayoritarios o triglicéridos (TAG): particularly in the oils from pupunha (4456 mg-kg"') and dímeros de TAG, TAG oxidados y diglicéridos (DAG) relacio- tucumá (2708 mg-kg"'), with ß-sitosterol being the major sterol nados con la calidad de los aceites y, por otra, los principales in all the samples with percentages between 65 and 83%. grupos presentes en la fracción insaponificable (hidrocarbu- ros, alcoholes alifáticos, esteróles y tocoferoles) relaciona- Amazonian - Diglycerides - Oxidized dos con la calidad de los aceites. triacylglycerols- Palm fruits - Sterols - Tocopherols Los resultados indicaron que todos los aceites extraídos - Unsaponifiable matter - Vegetable oils - Waxes. tenían buena calidad inicial, siendo los DAG los mayoritarios entre los compuestos menores glicerídicos. La concentración de hidrocarburos (50-734 mg-kg"^) y de alcoholes alifáticos (80-490 mg-kg"') fue muy variable correspondiendo al aceite 1. INTRODUCTION de inajá el mayor contenido en hidrocarburos y en alcoholes. En el caso de los tocoferoles, las mayores cantidades co- rrespondieron a los aceites de buriti (1567 mg-kg"^) y tucumá ' Oils and fats are complex mixtures containing a (483 mg-kg"^) y la presencia de cantidades significativas de wide range of groups of compounds, where each tocotrienoles sólo se detectaron en aceite de inajá. Final- of the groups in turn can contain a very wide range mente, se encontraron concentraciones elevadas de esteró- of individual components. Apart from the major les en todas las muestras, especialmente en los aceites de compounds, i.e. triacylglycerols, there are two pupuña (4456 mg-kg"') y tucumá (2708 mg-kg^'), siendo el minor fractions of interest in fats and oils. On one ß-sitosterol el esterol mayoritario con porcentajes entre 65 y hand, the unsaponifiable fraction is constituted by 83%. a high number of individual compounds belonging PALABRAS CLAVE: Aceites vegetables - Amazonia to different groups of components such as - Ceras - Diglicéridos - Esteróles - Fracción insaponificable hydrocarbons, waxes, sterols, tocopherols, etc. Their - Frutos de palmeras - Hidrocarburos - Tocoteroles - Trigli- importance in the characterization and detection céridos oxidados. of oil mixtures are of great interest (Aparicio and Aparido-Ruiz, 2000; Janssen et ai., 2009). Also, the nutritional value of edible oils depends on the content SUMMARY and composition of biological active compounds from this fraction such as phytosterols which Minor components in oils obtained from Amazonian palm fruits prevent the intestinal absorption of cholesterol in humans, resulting in a lowering of serum cholesterol This study deals with the characterization of minor (Mackay and Jones, 2011) or tocopherols, vitamin compounds in oils obtained from the mesocarp of fruits of E compounds only synthesized by plants, which are the main palm species from the State of Amapá, Brazil, i.e. well recognized for their effective inhibition of lipid bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba), buriti {Mauritia tlexuosa), oxidation in foods and biological systems (Kamal- inajá (Maximiliana maripa), pupunha (Bactris gasipaes) and tucumá (Astrocaryum vulgäre). The concentration of minor Eldin and Appleqvist, 1996). 531 M.F.G. SANTOS, R.E. ALVES AND M.V. RUIZ-MÉNDEZ On the other hand, there is a second fraction of 6 h and diethyl ether as solvent (AENOR, 1991). of compounds naturally occurring in oils and fats Then, the solvent was evaporated under vacuum related to the TAG species. They are the mono and the extracted oil was dried to constant weight and diacylglycerols, free fatty acids, oxidized using a stream of nitrogen. acylglycerols and dimeric triacylglycerols. The determination of these minor components is of great value in establishing oil quality given 2.3. Analytical determinations the relationship between their contents and the incidence of the two main reactions undergone 2.3.1. Minor giyceridic compounds by fats and oils, i.e. hydrolysis and oxidation (Dobarganes etal., 1988). The contents of minor glyceridic compounds were determined gravimetrically according to the Native palm trees belong to the Arecaceae lUPAC Standard Method 2.507 (lUPAC, 1992) with family and are among the most useful plant slight modifications. Thus, the non-polar and polar resources for the Amazonian population. Previous fractions were separated from 1 g of oil by silica studies starting from difterent species have shown column chromatography. The non-polar fraction, that their fruits are of great potential interest due to which contains the non-polar TAG, was eluted their high lipid content and fatty acid composition with 150 mL of n-hexane/diethyl ether (90:10, v/v). (Clement et al., 2005). The information on minor A second fraction, which comprises the total polar compounds is scarce although studies have been compounds, was eluted with 150 mL of diethyl ether. carried out on some species (Yuyama et al., The solvents were evaporated and the contents of 2003; Bereau etal., 2003; Rodrigues etal., 2010; the non-polar and polar fractions were determined Montúfar etal., 2010; Vázquez-Ocmín etal., 2010) gravimetrically. The efticiency of the separation report the presence of bioactive compounds at was checked by thin layer chromatography using considerable levels. Research remains to be done hexane/diethyl ether/acetic acid (80:20:1, v/v/v) for in order to know the specific composition of these the development of plates and exposure to iodine sources and even the possibility of them being vapor to reveal the spots. The polar fraction was used as specialty oils (Madawala etal., 2012) in the analyzed by HPSEC to determine the content of same way as other oils extracted from fruits. dimeric and oxidized monomeric triacylglycerols The aim of this study was to determine the (TAG), as well as diglycerides (DG) and fafty minor compounds present in the oils obtained acids. A Chromatograph equipped with a Rheodyne from the fruits of the main palms from the State of 7725Í injector with a 10 |jL sample loop, a Knauer Amapá, Brazil, i.e. bacaba {Oenocarpus bacaba), 1200 HPLC pump (Knauer, Germany) and a Merck buriti {Mauritia fiexuosa), inajá {Maximiliana refractive index detector was used. The separation maripa), pupunha {Bactris gasipaes) and tucuma was performed on two 100 and 500À PL gel {Astrocaryum vulgäre). A previous detailed study columns (30 cm x 0.75 cm I.D.) packed with porous, of the triacylglycerol species present in the five highly cross-linked polystyrene-divinylbenzene oils was carried out by means of HPLC and GC copolymers (film thickness 5 |jm) (Agilent (Santos et al., 2013). In this paper, the contents of Technologies, Santa Clara CA, USA) connected in glyceridic compounds, i.e. dimeric triacylglycerols, a series. Tetrahydrofuran (1 mL min"^) was used oxidized triacylglycerols and diglycerides, as well as the main groups from the unsaponifiable mafter, as the mobile phase and samples were analyzed i.e. hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, sterols and at concentrations between 15 and 20 mg-mL"^ in tocopherols have been quantified. tetrahydrofuran (Dobarganes et ai., 2000). 2.3.2. Unsaponifiabie matter 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Unsaponifiable mafter was determined 2.1. Materials according to the AOCS Ofticial Method Ca 6b-53 (AOCS, 2001). Five samples of fruits from five palm species, i.e. bacaba {Oenocarpus bacaba), buriti {Mauritia fiexuosa), inajá {Maximiiiana maripa), pupunha 2.3.3. Hydrocarbons {Bactris gasipaes) and tucuma {Astrocaryum vuigare), were collected in the State of Amapá, Hydrocarbons were obtained by adsorption Brazil. The mesocarp of the fruits was separated, chromatography
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