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THE IMPACT of CIVIL SOCIETY on GOVERNANCE in LESOTHO By

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THE IMPACT of CIVIL SOCIETY on GOVERNANCE in LESOTHO By THE IMPACT OF CIVIL SOCIETY ON GOVERNANCE IN LESOTHO by MPHONYANE RAKHARE STUDENT NUMBER: 2009065059 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements in respect of the Master’s Degree qualification Governance and Political Transformation in the Programme Governance and Political Studies in the Faculty of the Humanities at the University of the Free State. DATE: FEBRUARY 2019 SUPERVISOR: Dr Tania COETZEE DECLARATION I, Mphonyane Rakhare, declare that the Master Degree thesis for the Programme in Governance and Political Transformation at the University of the Free State, is my original and independent work that I have not previously submitted it for a qualification at another institution of higher education. I therefore declare that I am aware that the copyright is vested in the University of the Free State. I declare that all the royalties as regards to intellectual property that was established during the course of and/or in connection with the study at the University of the Free State will accrue to the University. I declare that I am also aware that the research may only be published with the Dean’s approval. ...……………………………. Mphonyane Rakhare February 2019 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My deepest appreciation goes to Our Father who lives in heaven, God Almighty, for granting me strength and grace throughout the journey of this research study. Your faithfulness has brought me this far and I will forever be grateful to You. I want to thank my affable supervisor, Dr Tania Coetzee, for your patience, motivation, guidance, commitment, and dedication during this time. You have brought out the best in me. In addition, I would like to extend my appreciation to Cathy De Lange and Juanita Potgieter – thank you for always going the extra mile. I am very grateful to my twin sister, Mpho Rakhare, who has been with me through the ups and downs, my family, and my husband for all the support. Thank you all for your endless support. 2 LIST OF ACRONYMS ABC - All Basotho Convention ACL - Anglican Church of Lesotho AD – Alliance for Democrats BAC - Basutoland African Congress BCP - Basutoland Congress Party BNP - Basotho National Party CCL – Christian Council of Lesotho DC - Democratic Congress IEC – Independent Electoral Commission LCD - Lesotho Congress for Democracy LCA - Lesotho Communications Authority LCN - Lesotho Council of Non-Governmental Organisations LDF - Lesotho Defence Force MEC - Movement for Economic Change MISA - Media Institute of Southern Africa MMP - Mixed-Member Proportional MPs – Members of Parliament LEC - Lesotho Evangelical Church RCC - Roman Catholic Church TRC - Transformation Resource Centre UNDP - United Nations Development Programme 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................... 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 2 LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................... 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................ 4 CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Motivation and background ........................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Problem statement ....................................................................................................................... 14 1.3 Aims and objectives ..................................................................................................................... 19 1.3.1 Research objectives ............................................................................................................. 19 1.4 Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 20 1.4.1 Methods of collecting qualitative data ............................................................................... 21 1.4.2 Methods of qualitative data analysis ................................................................................. 21 1.5 Chapter outline ............................................................................................................................. 22 CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................................... 23 Theoretical framework of civil society and good governance ............................................................ 23 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Civil society as a concept ................................................................................................................. 25 2.3 Role of civil society ............................................................................................................................ 28 2.3.1 Protection of citizens .................................................................................................................. 28 2.3.2 Monitoring and accountability ................................................................................................... 28 2.3.3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 29 2.3.4 Socialisation ................................................................................................................................ 29 2.3.5 Intermediation and facilitation between citizens and state ................................................... 29 2.3.6 Service delivery .......................................................................................................................... 30 2.4 Theories on civil society ................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.1 Liberal theory .............................................................................................................................. 30 2.4.2 Communitarian theory ............................................................................................................... 31 4 2.4.3 Classical theory .......................................................................................................................... 32 2.3.4 Enlightenment theory ................................................................................................................. 33 2.3.5 Industrial or modern theory ....................................................................................................... 34 2.4.6 Pluralist theory ............................................................................................................................ 34 2.4.7 Globalisation theory ................................................................................................................... 35 2.5 Critics of civil society ......................................................................................................................... 35 2.6 Conceptual framework: Governance and good governance ...................................................... 36 2.6.1 Defining governance .................................................................................................................. 37 2.6.2 Defining good governance ........................................................................................................ 38 2.6.3 Principles of good governance ................................................................................................. 40 2.6.3.1 Participation ......................................................................................................................... 40 2.6.3.2 Accountability ....................................................................................................................... 41 2.6.3.3 Rule of law ........................................................................................................................... 41 2.6.3.5 Equity .................................................................................................................................... 43 2.6.3.6 Strategic vision .................................................................................................................... 43 2.7 Challenges and critiques of good governance .............................................................................. 43 2.8 Role of civil society in governance ............................................................................................ 44 2.9 Governance theories ......................................................................................................................... 45 2.9.1 Governance networks ................................................................................................................ 45 2.9.2 Collaborative governance ........................................................................................................
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