Violence & memory: one hundred years in the "dark forests" of Matabeleland http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp3b10001 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Violence & memory: one hundred years in the "dark forests" of Matabeleland Author/Creator Alexander, Jocelyn; McGregor, JoAnn; Ranger, Terence Publisher James Currey (Oxford) Date 2000 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe Coverage (temporal) 193-1990 Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 968.91 A376v Rights By kind permission of Jocelyn H. Alexander, JoAnn McGregor, Terence Ranger, and James Currey, Ltd.###Hard copies of this book can be ordered from James Currey, Ltd. at the following address: 73 Botley Road, Oxford OX2 0BS, UK; James Currey can also be contacted at: http://www.jamescurrey.co.uk/. Description Part 1 Conquest, eviction and nationalism. Life in the "dark forests" - violence and images of the land, 1893-1930. The violence of the state - forced migration and its consequences. The violence of the state - the second colonial occupation. The rise of nationalist violence. The transition to guerilla war, 1962-76. Part 2 Wars and their legacies. The liberation war in the Shangani Guerillas and civilians. Independence and the dissidents. Civilian perspectives on the 1980s conflict. The politics of development after unity. Resolving the legacies of war? accountability, commemoration and cleansing. Format extent 315 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp3b10001 http://www.aluka.org VIOLENCE & MEMORY VIOLENCE & MEMORY One Hundred Years in the 'Dark Forests' of Matabeleland .4 RESEW. * r Northwestern University Library Evanston, Illinois 60208-2300 OL L C>Iril Recent Titles in Social History of Africa Series Series Editors: Allen lsaacman and Jean Allman Are We Not Also Men? 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No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publishers, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review. © Jocelyn Alexander, JoAnn McGregor and Terence Ranger, 2000 First published 2000 1234 504 03 02 01 00 ISBN 0-85255-692-6 (James Currey cloth) ISBN 0-85255-642-X (James Currey paper) ISBN 0-325-07033-4 (Heinemann cloth) ISBN 0-325-07032-6 (Heinemann paper) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Alexander, Jocelyn Violence & memory: one hundred years in the dark forests of Matabeleland. - (Social history of Africa) I. Violence - Zimbabwe - History - 20th century 2. Insurgency - Zimbabwe - History - 20th century 3. Zimbabwe - History 1890-1965 4. Zimbabwe - History - 1965-1980 I. Title II. McGregor, JoAnn 11. Ranger, T. 0. (Terence Osborn), 1929968.9'1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available on request Typeset in 9/10 pt Palatino by Long House, Cumbria, UK Printed and bound in Great Britain by Woolnough, Irthlingborough Contents List of Maps & Photographs vii List of Acronyms & Abbreviations viii Acknowledgements ix Note on Orthography xi Introduction 1 Part I Conquest, Eviction & Nationalism 1 Life in the 'Dark Forests' Violence & Images of the Land, 1893-1930 19 2 The Violence of the State Forced Migration & its Consequences 45 3 The Violence of the State The Second Colonial Occupation 67 4 The Rise of Nationalist Violence 83 5 The Transition to Guerrilla War 1962-1976 113 Part II Wars & their Legacies The Liberation War in the Shangani 139 Guerrillas & Civilians 159 Independence & the Dissidents 9 Civilian Perspectives on the 1980s Conflict 10 The Politics of Development after Unity 11 Resolving the Legacies of War? Accountability, Commemoration & Cleansing 180 204 232 253 Sources & References 278 Index 289 List of Maps & Photographs Maps 1 The Shangani Reserve in late nineteenth-century Southern Rhodesia xii - Nkayi and Lupane Districts in Western Zimbabwe: religious sites xii 3 Lupane and Nkayi Districts: land use xiii 4 Lupane and Nkayi Districts: missions and places of importance xiii 5 Zipra incursions and operational areas xiv Photographs (All photographs between pp. xiv and 1) I 'The Last Stand' of the Allan Wilson Patrol, killed in the Shangani, 4 December 1893 2 Lobengula's envoys, ca. 1890 3 Soldiers burning African homes, Matabeleland, 1896 4 Joshua Nkomo 5 Zipra guerrillas addressing Zapu men in Lupane 6 Zipra guerrillas addressing Zapu women in Lupane 7 Zipra guerrillas drilling 8 Zipra guerrillas in action in the bush 9 The research team: Japhet Masuku and Nicholas Nkomo with ex-Zipra nurse Hlanganani Ndebele in Dagamella Clinic 10 The research team: Jocelyn Alexander, Councillor Paulos Mhlotshwa and Nicholas Nkomo at Tshakalisa 11 The research team: Benoni Mkandla and the Shangani river in flood 12 The research team: Calistus Mkwananzi and family 13 The research team: Terence Ranger with Nevana and Njelele messenger Mlingo Ncube, Dakamella 14 The research team: JoAnn McGregor with Nicholas Bhebe and family, resettlement village 24B 15 Panke baobab tree 16 MaNcube, shrine keeper at Njelele 17 Former Zipra guerrillas returning from a cleansing ceremony at Njelele 18 Njelele messenger and Bubi evictee Lina Moyo at her homestead rain shelter 19 Njelele messenger and Filabusi evictee Chithekile Mhlanga 20 The Gusu forests of Matabeleland North List of Acronyms & Abbreviations ANC African National Congress AP Assembly Point CID Criminal Investigation Department CIO Central Intelligence Organization CNC Chief Native Commissioner Conex Department of Conservation and Extension DA District Administrator DC District Commissioner DSA District Security Assistant LDO Land Development Officer LGPO Local Government Promotion Officer LMS London Missionary Society NC Native Commissioner NDP National Democratic Party NPA Native Purchase Area PA Provincial Administrator PNC Provincial Native Commissioner TLA Tribal Land Authority UANC United African National Council WHO World Health Organization Zanu Zimbabwe African National Union Zanu(PF) Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front) Zanla Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army Zapu Zimbabwe African People's Union Zipa