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Description of Jamestown-Tower District

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*$*;! $(** ??*.* .. --_f'-"-'7V5?\rv DESCRIPTION OF JAMESTOWN-TOWER DISTRICT. By Daniel E. Willard. INTRODUCTION. The eastern slope of Alta Ridge declines rather steeply 200 taries, but ordinarily, though these constitute the drainage feet or more to the gently undulating plain of the Maple system for an area of more than 1000 square miles, the run-off Location. The district here described is bounded by merid­ River basin. is insufficient to maintain a permanent stream. The occurrence ians 97° 30' and 99° west longitude and by parallels 46° 30' The valley of Sheyenne River extends along the boundary of springs along its banks alone prevents the Maple from and 47° north latitude. It comprises the Jamestown, Eckel- between the Tower and Eckelson quadrangles, swinging east­ entirely drying up during the summer seasons. son, and Tower quadrangles, which have an area of about 820 ward in a broadly sinuous course near the southwest corner of Although the plain of the bed of glacial Lake Agassiz lies square miles each, or a total of about 2460 square miles. Por­ the Tower quadrangle. It is a steep-sided trench about 200 immediately east of the area and is 400 feet lower than the tions of Cass, Barnes, Stutsman, Ransom, and Lamoure counties, feet deep, with a generally flat bottom averaging about one-half crest of Alta Ridge and 200 feet lower than the general level North Dakota, are embraced within the area. (See fig. 1.) mile in width. of the eastern portion of the area, still there are no eastward- The eastern boundary coincides very nearly with the Red The valley of James River enters the area near the center flowing streams corresponding to this fall of 400 feet in a River valley, and the western boundary lies at the eastern of the northern boundary of the Jamestown quadrangle and distance of 15 miles. On the west the Missouri Plateau rises edge of the Missouri Plateau. leaves the area in the southwestern portion of the Eckelson 300 to 400 feet above the plain of the drainage basin of the quadrangle. Its depth varies from 100 to 150 feet and it is James, but though this slope is serrated by coulees, many of mington jCooperst steep sided and flat bottomed. Lateral valleys of similar form which are deep and broad in their lower courses, yet none of T E R j GUI enter the Sheyenne and James valleys at intervals and give to them have the appearance of channels eroded by modern the plains adjacent to these valleys a deeply trenched appear­ drainage. ance. Here and there wide troughs of ancient waterways GENERAL GEOLOGY. also cross the broad, gently rolling plains of the interstream divides. GENERAL RELATIONS. The western portion of the area rises by moderately steep The surface of the Jamestown-Tower district is thickly slopes about 300 feet to the eastern margin of the Missouri covered by glacial drift, which forms a continuous mantle Plateau. The slope of this plateau is broken by numerous except in the slopes of the deep valley trenches. Beneath the deep coule'es which give to the landscape a somewhat rugged drift lies soft dark Cretaceous shale into which Sheyenne and appearance. James rivers have eroded their valleys 50 to 150 feet. The The south-central portion of the Tower quadrangle, the shale outcrops in the slopes of these valleys where not obscured eastern third of the Eckelson quadrangle, and the east-central by talus of glacial material from above, and it has been pene­ and southwestern portions of the Jamestown quadrangle are trated by many deep wells. rolling in character. The hills have the rough and irregular The lower limit of the glacial drift is in many places diffi­ outlines of morainal deposits from the great ice sheet, and cult to recognize, owing to the similarity between the glacial small lakes and undrained sloughs are of common occurrence. clay and the shale on which it lies. Bowlders occur in the Drainage. The greater part of the land embraced in these drift, but drillers^seldom report the depth at which the last quadrangles has no surface drainage whatever, the waters from bowlders are encountered. Numerous springs on the steep rains and melting snows being absorbed or evaporated. Shal­ slopes along the river valleys indicate approximately the posi­ low lakes without outlets and undrained sloughs are numerous. tion of contact between the shale and the drift. Below the Several ancient channels occur within the area, but these in no shale are sandstones, or a succession of sandstones and shales, sense drain the areas they cross. of Cretaceous age, which attain a thickness of 300 feet or The continental watershed between the Hudson Bay drainage more and contain the artesian water supplying many deep FIGURE 1. Index map of the vicinity of the Jamestown-Tower district. basin and that of the Gulf of Mexico crosses the area from flowing wells in all parts of the area. In parts of eastern Scale, 1 inch 50 mile's. Bears Den,Hillock, in T. 135 N., R. 58 W., northwestward to North Dakota this sandstone series lies on granitic rocks Darker ruling, area of the Jamestown, Eckelson, and Tower quadrangles. Published folios indi­ cated by lighter-ruled areas, as follows: Nos. 113, Huron; 114, De Smet; 117, Casselton-Fargo * T. 137 N., R. 60 W., and thence northward through Rs. 60 and of pre-Cambrian age. At the Jamestown Asylum an under­ 1_65, Aberdeen-Eedfleld. ' 61 W., between Eckelson and Fox lakes. This divide illus­ lying limestone which may be Carboniferous was penetrated trates well the undrained character of the glaciated prairie 19 feet. The largest settlement in the area is Jamestown, Valley City regions and the delicate balance between the drainage systems. and Tower being next in size. All three towns are on the CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. Although Sheyenne and James rivers flow in nearly parallel main line of the Northern Pacific Railway, which crosses the DAKOTA SANDSTONE. courses for 180 miles and the relief of the land between their northern portions of the district. valleys is generally 20 feet or less, yet the Sheyenne ultimately The lowest sedimentary formation recognized in the James­ General relations. Eastern North Dakota is embraced in the discharges into Hudson Bay and the James into the Gulf of town-Tower district consists of 200 or 300 feet of light-colored Great Plains, lying between' the Rocky Mountains and the Mexico. soft sandstone in beds 10 to 50 feet thick, separated by depos­ Mississippi^ Valley. The greater part of it is between 1000 and Sheyenne and James rivers are the principal streams of the its of shale. It lies several hundred feet below the surface 1500 feet above sea level. It is crossed by the indefinite divide area. Their valleys are out of all proportion to the streams and is known only from well records. It has been regarded that separates the waters of the Gulf slope from those of the that now occupy them, there being barely sufficient water to as the Dakota sandstone, but some of the water-bearing beds Hudson Bay slope, and is drained mostly by Red River but maintain them as flowing streams during the summer season. may belong in the Colorado group. The greatest known partly by James River, a branch of the Missouri. It lies The drainage area of the Sheyenne embraces approximately thickness of the sandstones is at Valley City, where 300 feet within the glaciated area of North America, and its surface 10,000 square miles, yet the volume of water discharged into have been penetrated by wells. In borings at the Jamestown features show the characteristics of a drift-covered region. The Red River is estimated to be less than that which flows through Asylum the amount appears to be only 206 feet, with lime­ country is generally level, but presents broad slopes, *with Valley City, nearly 150 miles up the stream. The loss is due stone at the base. escarpments due to preglacial erosion, which in places rise 300 to evaporation and absorption as the stream meanders sluggishly In the eastern portion of the Tower quadrangle the top of to 400 feet above the plains lying to the east. Further diver­ over the broad, flat bottoms of the ancient valley which it the sandstone series lies about 500 feet below the surface, or sity of topography has been produced by the excavation of the traverses. The crest of Alta Ridge, which lies 4 to 5 miles to about 550 feet above sea level. To the west the depth deep, steep-sided valleys of Missouri, James, and Sheyenne the east, parallel with the Sheyenne Valley, is about 300 feet increases gradually, owing to a gentle dip in that direction and rivers. Between the morainal ridges occur gently, rolling above the bottom of the valley, yet no modern stream channels also to increased elevation of the land. West of Jamestown, plains of till, or nearly level plains due to the filling of glacial to carry away the water from the region have been cut between where the surface rises more abruptly toward the Missouri lake basins. The Red River valley is a notable example of this crest and the shoulders of the bluffs which immediately Plateau, the depth increases rapidly, so that the sandstone is lake-bed topography, being the western part of the floor of the border the river. 1700 feet under the highest lands on the west margin of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz. -The Herman beach, the highest Several broad and deep valleys enter the valley of the district.
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