Internet 2004 Manuale Per L'uso Della Rete

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Internet 2004 Manuale Per L'uso Della Rete Marco Calvo, Fabio Ciotti, Gino Roncaglia, Marco A. Zela Internet 2004 Manuale per l'uso della rete www.liberliber.it 1 Questo e-book è stato realizzato anche grazie al sostegno di: E-text Editoria, Web design, Multimedia http://www.e-text.it/ QUESTO E-BOOK: TITOLO: Internet 2004, Manuale per l'uso della rete AUTORE: Calvo, Marco; Ciotti, Fabio; Roncaglia, Gino; Zela, Marco A. TRADUTTORE: CURATORE: NOTE: DIRITTI D'AUTORE: sì LICENZA: questo testo è distribuito con la licenza specificata al seguente indirizzo Internet: http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/licenze/ TRATTO DA: "Internet 2004, Manuale per l'uso della rete" di Calvo, Marco; Ciotti, Fabio; Roncaglia, Gino; Zela, Marco A.; Laterza, Bari, 2003. CODICE ISBN: 88-420-6604-4 1a EDIZIONE ELETTRONICA DEL: 27 novembre 2003 2a EDIZIONE ELETTRONICA DEL: 21 marzo 2004 INDICE DI AFFIDABILITA': 2 0: affidabilità bassa 1: affidabilità media 2: affidabilità buona 3: affidabilità ottima ALLA EDIZIONE ELETTRONICA HANNO CONTRIBUITO: Marco Calvo, http://www.marcocalvo.it/ REVISIONE: Marco Calvo, http://www.marcocalvo.it/ PUBBLICATO DA: Marco Calvo, http://www.marcocalvo.it/ Informazioni sul "progetto Manuzio" Il "progetto Manuzio" è una iniziativa dell'associazione culturale Liber Liber. Aperto a chiunque voglia collaborare, si pone come scopo la pubblicazione e la diffusione gratuita di opere letterarie in formato elettronico. Ulteriori infor- mazioni sono disponibili sul sito Internet: http://www.liberliber.it/ Aiuta anche tu il "progetto Manuzio" Se questo "libro elettronico" è stato di tuo gradimento, o se condividi le fina- lità del "progetto Manuzio", invia una donazione a Liber Liber. Il tuo sostegno ci aiuterà a far crescere ulteriormente la nostra biblioteca. Qui le istruzioni: http://www.liberliber.it/sostieni/ 2 Introduzione (come è fatto questo libro) Con Internet 2004 questo manuale – ultima incarnazione dell’ormai lontano Internet ‘96 – giunge al suo sesto appuntamento. Nel corso degli otto anni trascorsi dalla sua prima appari- zione, molte, moltissime cose sono cambiate: sia in rete, sia (inevitabilmente) nella struttura e nei contenuti del libro. Qualcosa, però, è rimasta costante: un’impostazione un po’ particolare, che speriamo e crediamo possa essere ancora valida. L’idea che un manuale dedicato al mon- do di Internet non debba essere solo uno strumento tecnico , un insieme di istruzioni sull’uso di programmi e risorse di rete, ma debba essere anche (e forse innanzitutto) uno strumento culturale . Uno strumento capace di aiutare, per quanto possibile, nella comprensione non solo dei meccanismi di funzionamento della rete, ma anche delle sue caratteristiche specifiche co- me veicolo per la creazione, la distribuzione, la condivisione di conoscenze. Per capire meglio le ragioni delle nostre scelte – e forse anche per stabilire con il lettore un rapporto un po’ più diretto di quello possibile attraverso una semplice raccolta di ‘istruzioni per l’uso’ – può essere opportuno ricordare brevemente la storia del libro che avete in mano, nelle sue varie edizioni. Gli autori di Internet 2004 si sono conosciuti all’inizio degli anni ‘90 per via telematica, attra- verso il progetto Manuzio: un’iniziativa volta a favorire la libera distribuzione di testi letterari e saggistici in versione elettronica. Internet era allora una sigla nota in Italia solo a pochi ‘ini- ziati’, le pagine colorate e accattivanti di World Wide Web non esistevano ancora, e ricordia- mo bene l’emozione provata quando ci rendemmo conto per la prima volta che la rete poteva essere lo strumento ideale per i nostri scopi, allargando su scala globale quelle possibilità di scambio dell’informazione che caratterizzavano già, su scala locale, i primi sistemi amatoriali di messaggistica elettronica. All’inizio del 1994 la ancora ristretta comunità di rete fu scossa da una novità la cui impor- tanza fu percepita molto presto: si iniziava a parlare di World Wide Web, un progetto nato qualche anno prima al CERN di Ginevra, e cominciavano a diffondersi i primi programmi per navigare sul Web: innanzitutto Mosaic , sviluppato l’anno prima presso il National Center for Supercomputer Application (NCSA) dell’università dell’Illinois, e subito dopo Netscape . Dal canto nostro, molto più in piccolo, il progetto Manuzio iniziava ad attirare interesse e volonta- ri, ma anche a incontrare i primi problemi di crescita: volendo restare del tutto gratuito per gli utenti, aveva bisogno di qualche – pur limitata – fonte di finanziamento. Pensammo così di scommettere sullo sviluppo di Internet anche nel nostro paese e di organiz- zare, con la collaborazione di un circolo ARCI, dei brevi corsi di introduzione all’uso della rete. Corsi a ‘prezzi politici’, il cui ricavato sarebbe servito a finanziare il progetto. Andò be- ne: pochi mesi dopo di Internet iniziarono a occuparsi anche stampa e televisione, e i corsi si affollarono di neofiti curiosi, molti dei quali avrebbero fatto parte della prima, fondamentale ondata di utenti Internet in Italia. Nel corso del 1994 e del 1995 le dispense dei corsi – inizialmente pochi fogli fotocopiati – crebbero man mano di volume e, grazie anche al ‘feedback’ del pubblico e alla percezione progressivamente più chiara di quali fossero gli argomenti di maggiore interesse e i problemi più diffusi, cominciarono ad acquisire una struttura didatticamente funzionale. Perché non tra- sformarle in libro? I pochi manuali allora disponibili sulla rete erano per lo più traduzioni dall’inglese, privi o quasi di riferimenti alla situazione italiana, e – per i nostri gusti – decisa- mente poco attenti alla dimensione non solo tecnica ma anche culturale e sociale di Internet. Pensammo di provare a scrivere qualcosa di diverso, che unisse all’impostazione pratica di un manuale anche qualche considerazione più ‘saggistica’, che partisse dalla situazione del no- 3 stro paese e non da quella statunitense, che lasciasse trasparire anche gli aspetti problematici e non solo la retorica delle ‘nuove meraviglie’ della rete. Sicuramente, non tutti gli obiettivi che ci eravamo posti sono stati pienamente raggiunti; ma – grazie anche alla scelta coraggiosa della casa editrice Laterza, che accettò di avventurarsi in un terreno per lei del tutto nuovo e fino ad allora appannaggio quasi esclusivo di editori o col- lane fondamentalmente ‘tecniche’ – l’idea ha avuto successo. La prima versione di questo manuale, Internet ’96 , ha esaurito in pochi mesi l’intera tiratura. I successivi Internet ’97 e Internet ’98 hanno esaurito anch’essi quattro edizioni ciascuno, e Internet 2000 di edizioni ne ha avute ben otto, alle quali va aggiunta la sorta di ‘aggiornamento’ parziale costituito da Frontiere di rete , uscito nel 2001. Complessivamente diciotto edizioni in otto anni, e questo nonostante le tirature siano andate progressivamente crescendo. Il libro che avete in mano na- sce dunque con un’eredità impegnativa: quella del manuale di introduzione a Internet più dif- fuso in Italia. Un dato che ci fa naturalmente piacere, ma che sentiamo anche come una preci- sa responsabilità. Un aspetto importante di questa responsabilità riguarda la scelta del pubblico al quale rivol- gerci, e il livello di approfondimento tecnico della trattazione. Otto anni fa, dovevamo di ne- cessità rivolgerci a una schiera piuttosto ristretta di ‘pionieri’. Oggi il pubblico dei lettori di un manuale come questo è sicuramente cambiato. Ormai Internet fa parte della vita quotidiana di milioni di persone. E tuttavia la pratica dell’uso della rete resta spesso limitata a poche ope- razioni fondamentali (e in fondo ripetitive): spedire un messaggio di posta elettronica, consul- tare pochi siti familiari. È un po’ come se, avendo a disposizione un’imbarcazione adatta ai viaggi più complessi e avventurosi, la usassimo solo per brevi tragitti in prossimità della co- sta. D’altro canto, milioni di altre persone non hanno neanche questa pratica limitata, e si tro- vano – chi per curiosità, chi per necessità di lavoro – a doversi avvicinare, con un certo timo- re, a uno strumento almeno in parte nuovo. Chi appartiene a quest’ultima categoria, quella dei neofiti, guarda spesso con una certa invidia gli appartenenti alla prima, che sanno già come navigare in rete e lo fanno con apparente disinvoltura. Eppure, a ben guardare, se è certo vero che queste due fasce di utenza hanno esigenze almeno in parte diverse, molti dei problemi che esse devono affrontare per poter passare allo ‘status’ più ambito, quello di utilizzatori consa- pevoli e produttivi della rete, sono comuni. Il libro che avete in mano cercherà di fornire le risposte a questi problemi. Per poterlo fare, tuttavia, esso deve chiedere la collaborazione del lettore, e soprattutto del lettore meno esper- to. Inevitabilmente, dovremo presentare strumenti e concetti che potranno risultare poco fami- liari, e ai quali corrispondono nomi ostici e misteriosi (World Wide Web, URL, client, server...). Occorrerà non farsi intimidire dall’aspetto ‘tecnico’ di alcune parti della trattazione: una volta affrontati con un minimo di calma e attenzione, gli argomenti discussi non dovreb- bero porre a nessun lettore, per quanto inesperto, difficoltà eccessive. Se qualcosa risultasse poco chiara, il consiglio è di proseguire nella lettura, e tornarvi sopra in seguito: i vari aspetti e le varie funzionalità di Internet corrispondono spesso a tessere di un mosaico, ciascuna delle quali acquista il proprio significato anche attraverso la relazione con le altre. Anche al lettore che ha già qualche esperienza di navigazione in rete
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