Introduction

• Some of the Central Europeans, People of earliest and largest the Former Soviet Union ethnic groups to the US (FSU) and Scandinavia • Contributions Chapter 7 include –Bread baking – Dairy farming – Meat processing – Beer brewing

Central Europeans and the History of Central Europeans and Russians in the US - Immigration people of the FSU Patterns: Germans • Central Europe • FSU –Germany – Russian Federation • One of the most significant elements in – Austria –Armenia the US population –Hungary –Azerbaijan –Romania – Belarus • Largest ethnic group in US but least – Czech Republic –Georgia –Slovakia – Kazakstan visible –Poland –Kyrgyzstan • Settled early in PA –Switzerland –Moldavia – Liechtenstein – Tajikistan – Amish, Mennonite, other religious minorities – Turkmenistan nd –Ukraine •2 group settled in the Midwest –Uzbekistan rd –Estonia •3 group had gone to Russia and then on –Latvia to US after 1917 Revolution – Lithuania • After the 30s, many were Jewish refugees

History of Central Europeans and History of Central Europeans and Russians in the US - Immigration Russians in the US - Immigration Patterns: Poles Patterns: Others • Have been in the US since 1608 • Austrians • Slovaks – Economic opportunities –Young male Ag workers • Economic problems increased immigration –Fled Hitler before WWII • Hungarians – Industrial Northeast and from 1860 – 1914 – After 1848 Midwest • Many became part of German or Czech – Males, well-educated, titled • Swiss – Later were poor, single men – Prior to WWI – Coal miners in OH, WV, IL, IN communities – Artisans or professional • Czechs – Urban areas • Many came from German-ruled areas of – Farmers or skilled Ag workers – Settled near the Germans in • Gypsies or Roma Poland, Russia or Austria NE, WI, TX, IA, MN – Originate from numerous European countries • After WW1 came because of political – Variety of different groups instability – Speak different dialects

1 History of Central Europeans and Russians History of Central Europeans and Russians in the US - Immigration Patterns: Russia in the US - Immigration Patterns: Russia and the FSU and the FSU • Russian immigrants originally came to • FSU – from Lithuania, Ukraine and Alaska and the West Coast Armenia •Fur trade • Many came in 1861, others after • Sheltered missionaries WWII • After sale of Alaska to the US in 1867, many returned home • Many escaping religious or ethnic persecution • After that, immigration was to the East Coast • Some for economic opportunity • Mainly impoverished peasants • Settled in urban and industrial • Jews fleeing persecution centers

Current Demographics and Current Demographics and Socioeconomic Status: Germans Socioeconomic Status: Poles • WI, MN, ND, SD, NE, IA is the • One of the largest ethnic groups in the US German Belt in the US today • Live in urban areas of the Northeast and • Slightly higher in economic upper Midwest achievement • Still live just below or solidly at middle- • Generally conservative class level • Active in the formation and leadership of • High degree of acculturation labor unions • WWII anti-German sentiment caused • Recent immigrants have higher rapid assimilation occupational skills and educational backgrounds

Current Demographics and Current Demographics and Socioeconomic Status: Others Socioeconomic Status: Others • Austrians • Slovak –NY, CA, FL – Originally in clothing and tailoring, mining, – Originally included Czechoslovakian and food industry Hungarian • Hungarians – Early generations were in tight-knit – Now CA, TX, FL communities – Often engineers •Czech – Now with median income far above – Cities or rural nonfarm areas national average – Now sales, machinist, white-collar jobs – Cultural ties still strong – Successful in industry – cigars, beer, watches

2 Current Demographics and Current Demographics and Socioeconomic Status: Russians and Socioeconomic Status: Others the FSU •Swiss • Russians • People of the FSU – Multilingual and multicultural –Suburbs in the –Ukrainian – Today will work in US branches of Swiss Northeast •PA companies – Molokans in CA – Lithuanian •Gypsies • Rejected the Russian –Armenian Eastern Orthodox •CA – Have a reputation for roving – very mobile Church – Numbers unknown •Over half with – Tinkers and traders, independent trades advanced degrees – Women in mystical arts

Worldview – Religion: Worldview – Religion: Germans Poles and Others • Early immigrants primarily •Poles Lutheran – Devout Catholics •Some Jewish • Austrians, Hungarians, Czech, Slovaks • Some Roman Catholic – Primarily Catholic • Mennonites – Some Austrians were Jewish – From the Anabaptist movement –Simple lifestyle •Gypsies – Rejection of oaths, public office, – Derived from Asian Indian Religions military service –Romaniya •Amish – Believe in God, ghosts, and predestination – Strict sect of Mennonites – No electricity or cars – Preserve purity – Avoid contamination through contact with non- gypsies

Worldview – Religion: Russians Worldview: Family and People of the FSU •Russia •Germans –Soviet Jews – Traditionally large families on farms, – Russian Orthodox Church later in businesses • Ukrainian and – Pennsylvania Dutch (descendants of Lithuanian Americans German immigrants) and the Amish still – Roman Catholic have large families • Armenian Americans •Poles –Armenian Apostolic – Patriarchal with mother caring for home Church – Wives and children rarely worked outside the home

3 Family: Others Family: Gypsies

•Austrian • Maintain extended family – Tight nuclear family with father in • Temporarily band together while traveling charge of finances and mother ruling with multifamily groups home life • Father in charge of all public matters • Czech and Hungarian • Women take care of family income and – Male dominated with many relatives manage all money matters • Slovaks – Retail power due to ability to communicate – Strong family ties with respect for with the supernatural world parents • Arranged marriages are common

Family: Russians Family:

• Traditionally large families • Ukrainian and Lithuanian early immigrants • Women legally dependent on their were single men who were basically forced husbands to intermarry with other ethnic groups – Changing • Men dominate the household – Families are smaller due to women working • Women run the home and with more education • Extended family is the norm – Still maintain all household chores • Armenians are tight-knit with respect for • Russian families have fewer children elders maintained • Education emphasized • All are similar to the average American – Russian language household

Traditional Health Beliefs and Traditional Health Beliefs and Practices: Germans Practices: Pennsylvania Dutch • German biomedicine uses botanicals • Cold drinks unhealthy extensively • Eat meat 3 times/day is a good diet • Home remedies, homeopathy, healers common • Illness may be believed to be caused by • Sympathy healing infection or stress – Charms, spells, and blessings to cure symptoms • Expected consequence of hard labor – Powwowing • Dress properly, avoid drafts, breathe fresh – Healer acts as God’s instrument and requests air, exercise, work hard, take cod liver oil God’s direct assistance in treatments • Amish use sympathy healing, laying on of hands • Suffering is “a blessing from God” and reflexology, herbals • Lots of home remedies used

4 Traditional Health Beliefs and Traditional Health Beliefs and Practices: Poles Practices: Gypsies • Shortage of medical supplies in Poland led • Health maintained through marimé to widespread use of faith healers – System of purity and pollution possibly related •Faith in God to Asian Indian beliefs • Religious medals • Separate clean from unclean • Avoid sick people – Upper body and all secretions are pure • Healthy diet – Lower half is unclean and shameful • Sleep – Avoid contamination of upper body by touching •Keep warm lower body • Left hand only for personal care •Exercise • Menstrual blood especially impure •Loving home – Avoid public places that non-Gypsies frequent • Avoid gossip – Don’t touch contaminated services

Traditional Health Beliefs and Traditional Health Beliefs and Practices: Gypsies Practices: Russian and the FSU • Illness due to contact with non-Gypsies • Natural cures and alternative medicine • Conditions caused by spirits, ghosts, the used extensively devil, or breaking cultural rules • Often integrated with biomedical therapy • Home remedies •Saunas •Massage •Gypsy healers • Steam baths • Non-Gypsy conditions are suitable for • Balneotherapy treatment by non-Gypsy physicians – Bathing in mineral springs – May still consult a non-Gypsy folk healer • Mud baths, sulfurated hydrogen baths • Homeopathic preparations and herbals

Traditional Health Beliefs and Traditional Food Habits: Practices: Russian and the FSU Ingredients and Common Foods • Magic and the occult – Used to cure illnesses due to supernatural Dictated by what can be grown in colder – Psychics and Znakarki (elder women who whisper temperatures (Armenia will be discussed charms and sprinkle water with magic powers) • Siberia later) – Attributed to spiritual crisis, soul loss, evil spirits, breach •Potatoes •Fish of taboos, curses •Beans • Seafood from the – Shamans realigned life forces, retrieved souls Baltic • Visualization, singing, chanting, prognostication, dream • Cabbage and analysis, séances cabbage family • Fresh fish from local • Russians who don’t believe in occult practices •Beets lakes may blame illness on social conflict, political • Eggs • Apples problems, war, poor medical care, starvation •Dairy products •Rye •Pork •Wheat •Beef •Barley

5 Traditional Food Habits: Traditional Food Habits: Ingredients and Common Foods: Ingredients and Common Foods Breads • Often dried, • Often made with rye and other grains pickled, or •Darker fermented for – Whole or cracked wheat preservation –Black – Rye or pumpernickel – Cucumber pickles – Caraway, egg, or potato –Sour cream –Cornmeal –Pretzels – Sauerkraut •Dumplings – May be stuffed or unstuffed •Pastries • Stuffed pockets • Buckwheat - Russia

Traditional Food Habits: Traditional Food Habits: Ingredients and Common Foods: Ingredients and Common Foods: Meats Ground Meats •Pork is the most •Poultry • Seasoned with a binder popular – Goose to stretch meat when it was expensive or scarce – Schnitzel • German Holidays • Meat cutlet –Chicken Kiev •Steak Tartar – Raw ground beef on toast –Ham • Russia • Stuffed vegetables, • Beef • Game meats meatballs – Sauerbraten –Hasenpfeffer • Hungary known for –German National • German rabbit dish gulyás Dish –Bigos –Goulash • Polish “Hunter’s – Paprika-spiced stew •Veal Paprika hanging from the rafters Stew” – Sweet Hungarian paprika – Young calf is ground, dried, red chile peppers with sugar added

Traditional Food Habits: Traditional Food Habits: Ingredients and Common Foods: Ingredients and Common Foods: Sausages (Wurst) Fish •Rohwurst • Fresh and salt water – Cured and smoked and can be eaten as is fish • Bruhwurst – Fresh, smoked or cured – Frankfurter • Trout, carp, and eel •Kockwurst – Like a cold cut •Germany •Bratwurst – Pickled herring – Similar to raw sausage •Russia links – Smoked salmon and • Polish – kielbasa sturgeon –Garlic flavored • Austria – wieners • Caviar (sturgeon roe) • Czechs and Slovaks •Poland – Jaternice – from pork – Fish is not popular as – Jelita – blood sausage associated with Soviet rule

6 Traditional Food Habits: Traditional Food Habits: Ingredients and Common Foods: Ingredients and Common Foods: Dairy products Fruits and Vegetables • Eaten daily • Cold weather fruits and vegetables • Cheeses served at any • Red and green cabbage meal •Potatoes • May be fresh and sweet or • Beets strongly flavored •Kohlrabi •Fresh milk • Cucumbers •Onions •Butter •Mushrooms •Butter milk – In Poland a meat substitute on –Kefir (FSU) religious fast days •Sour cream • Temperate vegetables more • Fresh cream common now • Whipped cream daily in – Cauliflower and tomatoes Austria and Germany • Apples, cherries, plums, berries

Traditional Food Habits: Traditional Food Habits: Ingredients and Common Foods: Ingredients and Common Foods: Sweets Beverages •Enjoyed daily •Central Europe • Cheesecake, coffee cakes, doughnuts, nut- or fruit- – Coffee is most common filled individual pastries • Russia • Apple, cherry, raspberry, chocolate, almond, poppy – Strong tea seed flavors –Served in samovar •Austria: • Brass urn heated by charcoal – Apple strudel •Germany: – Black forest cake

• Lithuania and Poland: Apple Kuchen (cake) of Germany – Branch cake

Traditional Food Habits: Traditional Food Habits: Ingredients and Common Foods: Ingredients and Common Foods: Beverages Beverages • Germany, Austria, Hungary, •Czechs – Beer most popular – Pilsner beer • Bitter but light in color – Excellent wines •Poland • German beer can be sweet, bitter, weak, – Goldwasser strong and typically bottom-fermented • Has flakes of gold –Mead –Lager • Fermented from honey – Bock beer is strong flavored • Russia –Marzenbier –Kvass • Midway between pilsner and bock • Sour beer fermented from rye bread or beets – Schnapps (fruit brandy) •Vodka – Distilled spirit from potatoes – Popular in Poland and Russia

7 Armenia Armenian Dinner

• Cuisine has been greatly influenced by • Appetizers with anise-flavored aperitif raki Greeks, Turks, Persians, Syrians and other Arabs • Soups made with yogurt, eggs, lemon, tomatoes • Word for bread is “meal” or “food” in general • Salads • Lamb is staple meat, rarely is pork eaten • Kebabs, stew or casserole • Freshwater fish • Bread such as pita • Yogurt and cheese consumed daily • Fruit for dessert • Fresh, dried and pickled fruits and • Coffee, tea, tahn (yogurt thinned with vegetables water and flavored with mint) • Wine and brandy

Meal Composition and Cycle: Meal Composition and Cycle: Daily Patterns Daily Patterns: Central Europe •Breakfast •Central Europe – Bread with butter and jam – 5 – 6 large meals daily in the past – Hardboiled eggs, cheese, ham • Midmorning breakfast – Today 3 meals plus snacks – Coffee, tea, hot chocolate –Pastries •Gypsies – Bread and fruit or a small – Two meals daily sandwich • Lunch – Morning and late afternoon – Soup, fish, one or two meat dishes with vegetables – Social occasions – Stewed fruit, dessert with whipped cream • Russia and the FSU • Mid-afternoon break – 3 hearty meals daily – Coffee or tea, cake or cookies • Evening meal – Snacking is rare –Lighter – Salads, pickled or smoked fish – Cheese, ham and sauces – Selection of breads

Meal Composition and Cycle: Daily Meal Composition and Cycle: Patterns: Russia and the FSU Daily Patterns: Russia •Bread • Czars ate 4 meals • Soup made from beets daily –Borscht •Zakuski • Cabbage – Part of the traditional czarist evening meal •Fish –“Small bites” •Kasha – Still part of Russia – Cooked porridge from today barley, buckwheat or millet – An array of appetizers • Lithuania – From simple to – Soup is replaced with salad countless hors d’hoeuvres

8 Etiquette Special Occasions • More formal than Americans •Germany • Usually have religious significance – Asked to come for dessert or wine later in the evening • Wait for host to begin meal with appropriate • Christmas and Easter announcement • Brought to US • Gifts appreciated are good quality dessert wines, candies, or pastries (not Vodka where it is – Christmas tree served) – Easter egg hunt • Fork in left hand, knife in right – In Germany do not use knives unless absolutely necessary • Hands above the table with wrists on edge • Pass dishes to left • Specific glasses for each beverage that will be refilled quickly

Special Occasions: Special Occasions: Germany Germany • Land of popular • Advent and Christmas are holiest seasons festivals with lots of – Tree lit on Christmas Eve food and drink – Christ Child brings presents •Munich’s Oktoberfest – Take tree down on Epiphany – Sausage eating and – Large dinner on Christmas beer drinking •Christmas carp • Easter bunny hides eggs on Easter • Hare or goose with apples and nuts on • Ham and pureed peas Christmas Day for Easter dinner • Marzipan, spice cakes, cookies, fruit cakes, gingerbread houses

Special Occasions: Poland Special Occasions: Poland

• Christmas and Easter are the most • Christmas dinner is blessed by the priest important – Meal served when the first star of the evening is seen •Easter dinner – Soup similar to borscht made with mushrooms – Roast suckling pig, hams, coils of and beets sausages and roast veal –Carp – Painted hard-boiled eggs, grated – Makowiec is a rich Christmas cake horseradish •New Years – Paschal lamb sculpted from butter or – Paczki are jelly doughnuts white sugar – Bigos (Hunter’s Stew) washed down with – Babka is a rich yeast cake vodka

9 Special Occasions: Czech Republic Special Occasions: Slovakia

•Czechs • Break the Advent fast with oplatky – Small, wafer-like communion bread spread – Eat carp four ways at Christmas with honey • Breaded and fried • Christmas Eve meal may include wild • Baked with dried prunes mushroom soup, cabbage, potato dumplings, stuffed cabbage • Cold in aspic • Mulled wine •Fish soup • Easter dinner has a dessert called paska – Easter dinner is ham or roasted kid – Pyramid-shaped dessert decorated with a cross – Meal will be blessed by the priest on Holy Saturday – Syrek is an Easter cheese

Special Occasions: Hungary Special Occasions: Hungary

• Easter is most important holiday • Feast of Easter Eve – Rich chicken soup with dumplings or noodles • Pancakes are eaten on Shrove Tuesday –Roasted meat • Sour eggs and herring salad on Ash – Pickled vegetables – Stuffed cabbage rolls Wednesday – Cakes and pastries • Easter week has new spring vegetables –Coffee and painted Easter eggs •Christmas Eve – Meatless with fish and potatoes • Good Friday meal with wine-flavored soup, •Christmas Day stuffed eggs and baked fish – Roast turkey, chicken or goose –Roast potatoes – Stuffed cabbage – Desserts of brandied fruits or fruit compote and poppy seed and nut cakes

Special Occasions: Special Occasions: Austria Russia and the FSU • Christmas and Easter • Fish and mushrooms (forest meat) for fast days • Easter is most significant holiday • Fasching • Butter Festival (Maslenitas) – Precedes the 40 days of Lent – Originally a pagan ceremony to drive –Blini out the evil spirits of winter, parading • Raised buckwheat pancakes • Numerous toppings down the streets ringing cow bells • Butter is traditional as it cannot be consumed during Lent – Now a multi-day carnival associated • Easter after midnight Mass – Pasha decorated with XB (Christ is Risen) with Lent – Kulich is cake made from rich, sweet yeast dough – Doughnuts, fritters, other sweets are – Red or hand-decorated eggs typical food

10 Special Occasions: Therapeutic Use of Food: Germans Russia and the Ukraine •Christmas Eve • Chicken soup – 12 different dishes to represent the 12 – Diarrhea, vomiting, sore throats apostles •Tea – Kutia or Sochivo –Upset stomach • Porridge of wheat grains combined with honey, poppy seeds and stewed, dried fruit • Milk with honey • Christmas Eve celebrated with festive –Coughs meal • Pennsylvania Dutch •New Year’s – Cold drinks are unhealthy – Children receive gifts – Eat meat 3 times per day – Spicy ginger cakes – Herbal teas for many complaints • Wedding anniversaries and name days are celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox faith

Therapeutic use of food: Therapeutic Use of Food: Poles Gypsies • Colic • Fresh food is the most nourishing –Tea, soda water, – Leftovers are unwholesome sauerkraut • Cramps – Canned and frozen items are not fresh – Chamomile tea • Non-Gypsies carry disease •Colds – Use disposable plates and utensils in a public – Tea with dried raspberries place –Wine • Insufficient intake of lucky foods can • High blood pressure cause poor health – Cooked garlic – Salt, pepper, vinegar, garlic •Coughs – Warm beverages • Home remedies are common • “Sweat out” an illness – Tea with crushed strawberries – Tea with honey and – Asafetida (devil’s dung) alcoholic spirits –Ghost vomit (Fuligo septica)

Therapeutic Use of Food: Contemporary Food Habits in the Russia and the FSU US: Adaptation of Food Habits •Butter –Eyesight • Few changes have been made as diet • Dill does not differ significantly from – Dyspepsia •Honey American food – Flatulence • Gogomul • Quantity did change – Mixture of egg yolk, sugar, milk, baking soda • Consume increased quantity of – Respiratory infections • Teas from raspberry, chamomile, meats eucalyptus, corn silk • Alcoholic beverages • Full, hearty meals needed to maintain health

11 German Americans Meal Composition and Cycle

• Many traditional foods •3rd and 4th generations still consumed all tend to consume 3 meals/day with snacks • Many German foods – More dairy and sausage are common in US • Familiar foods diet incorporated into – Sauerkraut traditional dishes and –Pretzels meal patterns –Pickles • Breakfast cereals well – Hamburgers accepted –Frankfurters • Coffee consumed – Jelly doughnuts more often, soups less – Pumpernickel bread often Snack section in an American Polish Market – American beer • Snacking increases

Nutritional Status: Russia and Nutritional Status FSU • Central European diet among the highest in • Recent immigrants may be deficient in vitamin C animal products, potatoes, sweets and and riboflavin refined/processed items • High rates of diabetes, HTN, HLD, and CVD, TB •Germany • Leukemia and thyroid cancer rates increased due to 80% of Russian immigrants from regions – Highest in fats and oils of animal origin affected by Chernobyl – 60% German women are obese, 75% for men • Strongly support breastfeeding • Slightly lower rates are found in the Czech • High rates of iron-deficiency anemia and endemic Republic, Slovakia and Hungary goiter reported • May resist x-rays • Recent Russian and FSU immigrants found • Heavy alcohol use in Russia, some FSU nations to consume diet high in saturated fats, and Poland sodium, sugar • All at risk of developing CVD and other conditions associated with high-fat items

Nutritional Status: Gypsies Counseling • Boston Study: – High rates of HTN, type 2 diabetes, vascular disease • Language barriers – Obesity at 85% a potential problem – Chronic renal insufficiency with older •Europe – Dyslipidemia immigrants – Obesity and insulin resistance • Use a competent • At risk for genetic problems –PKU interpreter – Galactokinase deficiency – Citrullinaemina – Wilson’s disease – Metchromatic leucodystrophy • High rates of infant mortality and unfavorable birth outcomes • Life expectancy overall is low

12 Counseling: Germans Counseling: Amish

• Good manners and formality • May still speak a German dialect • Education is respected – use titles • Reserved/respectful and treat in a similar manner • Modest • Honesty and directness are – You should also wear conservative clothing appreciated • Modern health technology is OK but may be avoided unless absolutely necessary • Direct eye contact is a sign of • No photos, x-rays and other scans OK if necessary attentiveness and trust • Educational materials should not include pictures of • Handshake, but no other touching Amish or human faces • More digestive disorders, obesity, chronic bed- • Emphasize self reliance and may wetting avoid health care • Fewer symptoms of heart disease and alcoholism • Hereditary diseases like PKU more prevalent

Counseling: Gypsies Counseling: Russian

• English is usually a second language • Expect formality between acquaintances • Illiteracy is common • May respond “no” to any yes or no question • Very adaptive • Communication is direct, possibly loud or • “Measure of a man’s worth is his expressive girth” • Direct eye contact • May seek emergency treatment only • 3 kisses on cheeks or handshake for • Expect numerous family members greetings – Will bring food as food prepared by non- • Touching more prominent with familiarity Gypsies is impure • Don’t sit with legs splayed or an ankle on the knee

Counseling: FSU

• Unfamiliar with preventive screenings • Counseling and mental health issues may be avoided • Increased perception of pain and somatic Scandinavians symptoms • Culture-specific illnesses unfamiliar to us –Avitaminosis Sweden, Norway, Denmark, – Dysbacteriosis • Prefer injections Finland, and Iceland • Lifestyle modification a new concept • Often self-medicate • Often assertive • May be reluctant to discuss any infectious disease

13 History of Scandinavians in the Immigration Patterns US •Legend says • 1800s led by the Norwegians and the Norsemen first Swedes discovered North America • Most settled in the Midwest • Documented presence – IL, MN, MI, IA, WI goes back 1629 when • Danes attempted to preserve their Jonas Bronck (Danish) bought land that ethnicity and developed 24 rural became known as the communities Bronx in NYC • Immigration from Finland dropped after WWI • Few Icelanders came to the US

Current Demographics and Worldview: Religion Socioeconomic Status • Assimilated rapidly into white-collar jobs •Majority who •Education valued immigrated were • Many Norwegians and Swedes continued Lutheran farming in the Midwest –Evangelical – Norwegians also in management or specialty Lutheran Church in professions America – Swedes in engineering, architecture, education • If not Lutheran, – Danes prominent in raising livestock and other Protestant dairying churches – Finnish men active in natural resources management, mining engineering, geology and the women in nursing and home economics

Traditional Health Beliefs and Worldview: Family Practices • Fish necessary for good health • Nuclear family was center of rural life •Norway • Large families with father head of – Cough and cold confectionaries household – May use herbs and dietary supplements to boost • Kinship ties were strong immune function • Finns – Brought other relatives to US and – Practice natural health care helped them including massage, cupping, bloodletting • Smaller families now – Sauna used for many things •Swedish massage – Relaxation – Increase circulation –Promote healing

14 Ingredients and Common Foods: Traditional Food Habits Staples and Regional Variations • Hearty and simple • Feature natural flavors • Uses seafood and the with subtle seasoning limited foods produced – Black pepper, onions, on land dill • Preservation methods – Juniper berries of previous centuries – Caraway, cloves, often used nutmeg and cardamom • Fish is dried, smoked •Lots of FISH or pickled – Scandinavian dried salt •Milk is fermented or cod – Pickled herring allowed to sour Shrimp and egg salad • Preserve foods with –Lox Pickled herring with onions salt – Fish sticks – Fish with cheese and breadcrumbs

Ingredients and Common Foods: Ingredients and Common Foods: Staples and Regional Variations Staples and Regional Variations • Cream and butter are •Meats more popular popular inland •Lots of fermented dairy products • Pork is popular, – Sour cream, cheese, veal, mutton and buttermilk, yogurt-like lamb products •Denmark – White sauce with milk and parsley – Known for cheeses •Common for breakfasts Danish cheese, breads and crackers and snacks Danish liver pate with bacon and mushrooms

Ingredients and Common Foods: Ingredients and Common Foods: Staples and Regional Variations Staples and Regional Variations • Meat historically in • Cold weather vegetables limited supply so it – Rutabagas was stretched by • Yellow and green split pea soups with ham combining it with or pork other ingredients, – Sometimes served with pancakes yielding many • Wild mushrooms traditional dishes • Berries – Swedish meatballs Swedish Meatballs • Fruits often stewed or made into preserves, sometimes served with meats

15 Ingredients and Common Foods: Ingredients and Common Foods: Staples and Regional Variations Staples and Regional Variations • Breads are often rye • Desserts rich but not overly sweet – Norwegian flatbreads •Butter, cream, – Swedish knäckebröd (like hardtack) sweetened cheese, cardamom – Norwegian lefse • Pancakes or crepes • Potato and wheat flour dough served with berries or – Norwegian potato dumplings jams • Almonds, almond paste or marzipan • Danes known for their pastries

Ingredients and Common Foods: Meal Composition and Cycle: Staples and Regional Variations Daily Patterns • Milk is popular • Breakfast of bread, eggs, pastries, cheese, fruit, potatoes • Coffee, tea, beer, wine or herring – Sour cream or yogurt-like •Aquavit fermented milk – Fruit soups in winter – Water of life • Lunch in Denmark – Made from distilling – Open-faced sandwich called potatoes or grain smørrebrød • Swedes consume hot lunch – Often flavored with – Pea soup, brisket or hash, caraway or other herb mashed rutabaga • Heavier dinner if lunch is light – Served ice cold in a Y- – Potatoes, Italian items are very shaped glass popular – Milk, beer or wine – Downed like a shot, – Coffee or wine with dessert chased with a beer • Coffee breaks throughout day Easter Beer in Denmark

Swedish Smörgåsbord Etiquette

• Means “bread and butter • Fork in left hand and knife in right table” • Sandwiches consumed with fork and knife • Large variety of hot and cold dishes served with – Only bread eaten with hands Aquavit • Keep hands above the table with wrists on • Herring, then other fish edge dishes • Pass dishes to the left • Meats and salads • Finland: wait for host to initiate eating • Hot dishes like Swedish meatballs and mushroom • Norway: male guest of honor is to thank omelets hosts on behalf of all guests • Dessert • Wine is always appreciated as a hostess

• Today is usually served Open-face shrimp sandwich on rye gift as it is expensive only on special occasions

16 Special Occasions: Special Occasions Christmas •Conferences and • Lasts from Advent meetings to St. Canute’s Day • Milk and coffee on January 13 with sweets •Sweden – Cinnamon buns – December 13 •Sandwich cakes –St. Lucia’s Day – Layers of bread and • Christmas Eve is fillings the big meal

Special Occasions: Special Occasions: Christmas in Norway Christmas • Rice porridge sprinkled •Christmas with sugar and cinnamon •Lutefisk Smörgåsbord – Dried salt cod soaked in lye, – 20 – 30 dishes then boiled • Pork ribs and sausages – Ham, herring with cabbage • Dried lamb rib specialty with mashed rutabaga • Cod or halibut with white sauce and green peas • Boiled potatoes Traditional ham and greens • Cookies and cakes – Traditionally 7 types of Ginger nut cookies from Norway sweets

Special Occasions: Special Occasions: Christmas Christmas •Denmark • Dozens of cookies – Roast duck, goose or pork with brown gravy – Ginger and cloves – Red cabbage and caramelized potatoes • Tree hung with gingerbread figures – Rice pudding with whipped cream and hot cherry sauce • Deep-fried, brandy- flavored dough • Finland – Klejner, klener, klenätter – Pickled herring and salmon, then ham •Traditional holiday – Vegetable casseroles with potatoes, carrots, or beverage turnips –Glögg – Prunes, cookies, pies – Hot alcoholic punch Gingerbread cookies

17 Special Occasions: Contemporary Food Habits in the Midsummer’s Day US: Adaptations of Food Habits • June 24 • Assimilated quickly • Maypoles, bonfire, feasting • Diet did not change significantly •Sweden • 3 meals daily with ample dairy and – Boiled new potatoes animal proteins and wild strawberries • Norway – Rømmengrøt • Finland – New potatoes with dill and smoked salmon

Smoked salmon with dill and lemon

Nutritional Status: Intake Counseling

•In Scandinavia • Low-context communicators – 50% obesity for women, 70% for men • Highly analytical • Somewhat lower for Denmark, Norway, • Controlled emotions Sweden • Superficiality and personal inquiries avoided • Finns • Swedes and Finns comfortable with silence • Danes a bit more informal – High rates of heart disease, stroke, alcoholism, depression, lactose intolerance • Eye contact OK with Danes and Swedes – High rates of celiac disease in children • Brief, firm handshake used to greet • Scandinavian Americans may be at • No other touching increased risk for CVD due to high-fat, • Avoid discussing illness until necessary high-cholesterol diet • Sickness may be seen as physical or moral weakness

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