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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 76-15,823 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 76-15,823 RUSSELL. B illy Don, J r ., 1948- A MICROCOMPUTER BASED SUBSTATION CONTROL SYSTEM. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1975 Engineering, electronics and electrical Xerox University Microfiims,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 0 1976 BILLY DON RUSSELL , JR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE A MICROCOMPUTER BASED SUBSTATION CONTROL SYSTEM A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY BILLY DON RUSSELL, JR. Norman, Oklahoma 1975 A MICROCOMPUTER BASED SUBSTATION CONTROL SYSTEM APPROVED BY XT DISSERTATION COMMITTEE DEDICATION For her patience and understanding during Its preparation, this dissertation Is dedicated to my wife, Rebecca Crawford Russell. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to acknowledge his Indebtedness to Dr. Marlon Earl Council, whose direct supervision and Instruction made this Investigation possible. Special recognition and thanks is given to Dr. Clovis Roland Haden, whose encouragement and assistance over the past eight years has been of Inestimable value. Appreciation Is extended to all the members of the author's committee, who willingly and regularly provided guidance. Special thanks Is given to Mr. Page Heller and Mr. Richard Ogg, who assisted In obtaining data during the Investigation and to Ms. Anne Nordby for her assistance In typing this dissertation. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter Number I. Introduction...................................... 1 1.1 Definition of a Substation................. 5 1.2 Functional Requirements of a Substation..... 8 1.3 Traditional Substation Control Techniques 10 II. Evaluation of Previous Attempts at Substation Automation........................................ 14 2.1 Problems with Classical Substation Control Techniques............ 14 2.2 Evaluation of New Fault Detection Techniques.............................. 20 2.3 Evaluation of Previous Systems Designs..... 34 2.4 Substation Automation: State of the Art.... 39 III. Substation System Analysis........................ 41 3.1 System Requirements and Design Steps.......... 41 3.2 Proposed Hierarchy for Data Flow and Control Decisions.................................... 44 3.3 Possible Computational System Designs......... 47 3.4 Proposed Subsystem Configuration for Distributed Processing........................ 49 3.5 Division of Control Functions by Subsystems.... 52 IV. Hardware and Software System Considerations........ 56 4.1 Subsystems with Peripheral Equipment.......... 56 4.2 Selection of Fault Analysis Techniques........ 60 4.3 Protection Software Requirements for Distance Relaying..................................... 62 Vi Page Chapter Number IV. (Continued) 4.4 Evaluation of Trend Analysis and Fault Detection Routine.............................. 65 4.5 Selection of Primary Protection Technique...... 76 4.6 Software Requirements for Amplitude Comparison Relaying............................ 79 V. System Advantages and Operating Examples............. 86 5.1 Introduction................................... 86 5.2 System Reliability............................. 86 5.3 System Advantages.............................. 91 5.4 Case Study: Northeast Blackout................ 94 5.5 Explanation of System Operation Using a Hypothetical Case.............................. 97 VI. Conclusions and Recommendations..................... 100 Appendix 1..................................................102 Appendix II.................................................113 Bibliography................................ 114 Vita........................................................118 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure Title Number 1 Typical Power System....................... 6 2 Typical Transmission Substation............ 7 3 Cycle to Cycle Comparison.................. 23 4 Frequency Detection Technique.............. 25 5 Chirp System (A)........................... 27 6 Chirp System (B)........................... 27 7 Hughes Fault Detector...................... 29 8 Faulted Probability Density Functions...... 31 9 IBM - Data Acquisition System.............. 36 10 IBM - Computer Relaying System............. 36 11 Proposed Hughes Approach................... 38 12 Data and Decision Flow...................... 45 13 Hardware Configuration Comparison.......... 48 14 Distributed Process........................ 50 15 Primary Relaying DCU....................... 57 16 Data and Control DCU........................ 59 17 Protection Program Listing.................. 69 18 Fault Recorder Data........................ 71 19 Amplitude Comparison - Traditional......... 77 20 Digital Amplitude Comparison............... 78 21 Computer Components.........................102 viii Page Figure Title Number 22 Microcomputer Components................... 103 23 Mostek 5065 - Pin Configuration............ 104 24 CPU Block Diagram.......................... 104 25 MCM 6830 - ROM Diagram..................... 106 26 INTEL 8080 - Microcomputer..................107 ix LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES Page Title Number Flow Chart 1 Decision Process...................... 46 Flow Chart 2 Back-Up Protection.................... 63 Table 1 Protection Program Output............. 72 Table 2 Protection Program Output.............. 73 Table 3 Protection Program Output............. 75 Flow Chart 3 Primary Protection.................... 80 Table 4 Microprocessor Comparison............. 85 Table 5 Protection System Misoperation........ 87 Table 6 Microcomputer Instruction Set......... 109 GLOSSARY Alarm. A warning of an unusual system condition. Analog. A continually variable representation of physical quantities by means of other physical variables, such as current, voltage, resistance. Analog Data. Data that varies continuously over a range of values. Analog Device. A device that operates with variables represented by continuously measured quantities. Area Tie-Line. A transmission line connecting two control areas. Baud. A unit of signalling speed equal to the number of code elements per second. Buffer. A device in which data is ten^orarily stored and/or provides signal amplification. Bus. A conductor or group of conductors in an electrical network that serves as a common connection for two or more circuits. Channel. A transmission path between master stations and remote stations over which communication signals can be sent. Circuit. A power carrying connection between buses. Circuit Breaker. A device used to interrupt current flowing in an electrical power network. Demand. Amount of electrical energy being used during a specified period of time. Digital Device. A device that operates on the basis of discrete numerical techniques in which the variables are represented by coded pulses or states. Dispatcher. The title given to personnel in the electric utility industry concerned with control of operations and assignments of load to generating stations and lines. Disturbance. An abnormal condition within the power network. Event. A happening in an electrical system of unusual interest. Load. The amount of electric power delivered or required at any speci­ fied point or points on a system. Logger. A device which automatically records physical processes and events, usually chronologically. Net Interchange. The algebraic sum of the powers and/or energies on the area tie-lines of a control area. Off-Line. Pertaining to equipment or devices not under direct control of the central processing unit of a computer system. On-Line. Pertaining to equipment or devices under
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