DOCSLIB.ORG

The European Union

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The European Union Chapter 4 THE EUROPEAN UNION Background The devastation of the war and the necessity to rebuild Europe inspired statesmen like Konrad Adenauer, Winston Churchill, Alcide de Gasperi, Robert Schuman, Jean Monnet and Paul-Henri Spaak to set about creating a new order for Western Europe. The implementation of this new regime started modestly with the Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950. He proposed a European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) transferring sovereignty to a supra-national ‘High Authority’ to share the production of these two basic war industries and prevent the reoccurrence of war between the two arch-enemies, France and Germany. The Treaty of Paris 1951 laid the foundations and created this first European Community. The founding Member States, besides France and Germany, were Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The success of the High Authority, under Jean Monnet, encouraged the founders to create two more European Communities. In 1957 two treaties were adopted in Rome. One set up the European Economic Community (EEC), the other created the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). The Preamble of the EEC Treaty of Rome discloses the long-term aim of “lay- ing the foundations of an ever closer union of the peoples of Europe”. Indeed, fifty years after 1957, a much closer union has been achieved and the dream of an almost federalist Europe has been crystallized step by step. The principle of uniting peoples, not States, contributed to a progressive evolution towards integration of the peoples of Europe, transferring the sovereignty of states in certain domains gradually to the organs of the EEC, the European Community (EC) the European Union (EU). The creation of a harmonised legal regime contributed to the uniformity of the social and labour laws in the Member States that are relevant to our study. The evolution of the integration of Europe can be surveyed ratione personae and ratione materiae. 33 From ILO Standards to EU Law: The Case of Equality between Men and Women at Work The Scope of European Integration Ratione Personae The six founding Member States of the three Communities were joined in 1973 by the UK, Ireland and Denmark. In 1981 Greece became the tenth Member. In 1986 Spain and Portugal joined and in 1995 Sweden, Finland and Austria became Members. The EC of fifteen members was enlarged in 2004 by ten new members: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. In January 2007 Bulgaria and Romania joined, increasing the membership of the EC to twenty seven States, almost doubling the number of Member States as of the beginning of the century. The population of the EU reaches almost 500 million people who are governed by the same legal system and by the same norms. The Scope of European Integration Ratione Materiae The sources of EU law deserve special attention. However, at this stage only the basic Treaties progressively adopted during the last five decades will be enumerated: – The Treaty of Rome (EEC) 1957 – The Single European Act (SEA) 1986 – The Treaty on European Union (TEU) (The Treaty of Maastricht) 1992 – The Treaty of Amsterdam (ToA) 1997 – The Treaty of Nice 2000 – The Treaty on the EU Constitution, was rejected by the referendum in France and the Netherlands in spring 2005. – The Treaty of Lisbon 2007. These are the primary sources of law of the EC/EU. The Constitution has not yet been adopted and is not binding. The Reform Treaty launched by the Brussels European Council and the Lisbon European Council 2007 revived the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights to endow it with legal force, and it is hoped that the revised instruments will be ready for ratification before 2009. The Treaty of Rome 1957, the founding Treaty, launched the economic aims of the EEC by creating a barrier-free area where four freedoms dominate: freedom of circulation of persons, freedom of circulation of goods, freedom of circulation of services, and freedom of circulation of capital. These freedoms were implemented by 1992, the date stipulated in the Single European Act (SEA) 1986 for the completion of the single internal market. The aims of the EEC are enshrined in Article 3 of the Treaty of Rome. The SEA amended the Treaty of Rome, accelerating integration and enlarging the scope of activity of the EC to include environmental and consumer protection. The SEA amendments also 34.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Success Story Or a Failure? : Representing the European Integration in the Curricula and Textbooks of Five Countries
    I Inari Sakki A Success Story or a Failure? Representing the European Integration in the Curricula and Textbooks of Five Countries II Social psychological studies 25 Publisher: Social Psychology, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki Editorial Board: Klaus Helkama, Chair Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti, Editor Karmela Liebkind Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman Kari Mikko Vesala Maaret Wager Jukka Lipponen Copyright: Inari Sakki and Unit of Social Psychology University of Helsinki P.O. Box 4 FIN-00014 University of Helsinki I wish to thank the many publishers who have kindly given the permission to use visual material from their textbooks as illustrations of the analysis. All efforts were made to find the copyright holders, but sometimes without success. Thus, I want to apologise for any omissions. ISBN 978-952-10-6423-4 (Print) ISBN 978-952-10-6424-1 (PDF) ISSN 1457-0475 Cover design: Mari Soini Yliopistopaino, Helsinki, 2010 III ABSTRAKTI Euroopan yhdentymisprosessin edetessä ja syventyessä kasvavat myös vaatimukset sen oikeutuksesta. Tästä osoituksena ovat muun muassa viimeaikaiset mediassa käydyt keskustelut EU:n perustuslakiäänestysten seurauksista, kansalaisten EU:ta ja euroa kohtaan osoittamasta ja tuntemasta epäluottamuksesta ja Turkin EU-jäsenyydestä. Taloudelliset ja poliittiset argumentit tiiviimmän yhteistyön puolesta eivät aina riitä kansalaisten tuen saamiseen ja yhdeksi ratkaisuksi on esitetty yhteisen identiteetin etsimistä. Eurooppalaisen identiteetin sanotaan voivan parhaiten muodostua silloin, kun perheen, koulutuksen
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography I. Primary Sources A. Manuscript Collections and Government Archives Foreign Affairs Oral History Program (FAOHP), Georgetown University Washington, D.C. (copies also deposited at George C. Marshall Library) Everett Bellows (February 1989) David S. Brown (March 1989) Vincent V. Checchi (July 1990) Lincoln Gordon (January 1988) John J. Grady (August 1989) William Parks (November 1988) Melbourne Spector (December 1988) Joseph Toner (October 1989) Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. W. Averell Harriman Papers George C. Marshall Library, Lexington, Virginia Dowsley Clark Collection European Recovery Plan Commemoratives Collection William C. Foster Papers George C. Marshall Papers Marshall Plan Photograph Collection Forrest Pogue Interviews (Paul Hoffman and John McCloy) Harry B. Price Interviews (conducted 1952–54) ECA and OEEC Leland Barrows Richard M. Bissell Samuel Board Harlan Cleveland H. Van B. Cleveland John O. Coppock Glenn Craig D. A. Fitzgerald William C. Foster Theodore Geiger Lincoln Gordon W. Averell Harriman Carroll Hinman Paul Hoffman E. N. Holmgren John Lindeman Shaw Livermore Robert Marjolin Orbun V. Powell MacDonald Salter Melbourne Spector Harold Stein Donald C. Stone Allan Swim Samuel Van Hyning Greece (Americans) Michael H. B. Adler Leland Barrows Dowsley Clark John O. Coppock Helene Granby Joseph F. Heath Robert Hirschberg Paul A. Jenkins Brice M. Mace Lawrence B. Myers Walter E. Packard Paul R. Porter 163 Bibliography Greece (Americans—continued) Alan D. Strachan Edward A. Tenenbaum John O. Walker Greece (Greeks) Costa Hadjiagyras Constantin D. Tsatsos Italy (Americans) Vincent M. Barnett William E. Corfitzen Henry J. Costanzo Bartlett Harvey Thomas A. Lane Dominic J. Marcello Walter C. McAdoo Guido Nadzo Chauncey Parker Donald Simmons James Toughill Italy (Italians) Giovanni Malagodi Donato Menichella Ernesto Rossi Turkey (Americans) Clifton H.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Union in Transition: the Treaty of Nice in Effect; Enlargement in Sight; a Constitution in Doubt
    Fordham International Law Journal Volume 27, Issue 2 2003 Article 1 The European Union in Transition: The Treaty of Nice in Effect; Enlargement in Sight; A Constitution in Doubt Roger J. Goebel∗ ∗ Copyright c 2003 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj The European Union in Transition: The Treaty of Nice in Effect; Enlargement in Sight; A Constitution in Doubt Roger J. Goebel Abstract This Article is intended to provide an overview of this transitional moment in the history of the European Union. Initially, the Article will briefly review the background of the Treaty of Nice, and the institutional structure modifications for which it provides, which paves the way for enlargement. Next it will describe the final stages of the enlargement process. Finally, the Article will set out the principal institutional innovations and certain other key aspects of the draft Constitution, the most important issues concerning them, and the current impasse. THE EUROPEAN UNION IN TRANSITION: THE TREATY OF NICE IN EFFECT; ENLARGEMENT IN SIGHT; A CONSTITUTION IN DOUBT Rogerj Goebel* INTRODUCTION Once again the European Union' (the "EU" or the "Union") is in a stage of radical evolution. Since the early 1990's, the EU has anticipated an extraordinary increase in its constituent Member States2 through the absorption of a large number of Central European and Mediterranean nations. Since the late 1990's, the Union has been negotiating the precise terms for their entry with a dozen applicant nations and has been providing cooperative assistance to them to prepare for their accession to the Union and in particular, its principal con- stituent part, the European Community.3 As this enlargement of the Union came more clearly in sight, the political leadership and the present Member States, joined by the Commission, con- * Professor and Director of the Center on European Union Law, Fordham Univer- sity School of Law.
    [Show full text]
  • John F. Kennedy and Berlin Nicholas Labinski Marquette University
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Master's Theses (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Evolution of a President: John F. Kennedy and Berlin Nicholas Labinski Marquette University Recommended Citation Labinski, Nicholas, "Evolution of a President: John F. Kennedy and Berlin" (2011). Master's Theses (2009 -). Paper 104. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/104 EVOLUTION OF A PRESIDENT: JOHN F. KENNEDYAND BERLIN by Nicholas Labinski A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Milwaukee, Wisconsin August 2011 ABSTRACT EVOLUTION OF A PRESIDENT: JOHN F. KENNEDYAND BERLIN Nicholas Labinski Marquette University, 2011 This paper examines John F. Kennedy’s rhetoric concerning the Berlin Crisis (1961-1963). Three major speeches are analyzed: Kennedy’s Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Berlin Crisis , the Address at Rudolph Wilde Platz and the Address at the Free University. The study interrogates the rhetorical strategies implemented by Kennedy in confronting Khrushchev over the explosive situation in Berlin. The paper attempts to answer the following research questions: What is the historical context that helped frame the rhetorical situation Kennedy faced? What rhetorical strategies and tactics did Kennedy employ in these speeches? How might Kennedy's speeches extend our understanding of presidential public address? What is the impact of Kennedy's speeches on U.S. German relations and the development of U.S. and German Policy? What implications might these speeches have for the study and execution of presidential power and international diplomacy? Using a historical-rhetorical methodology that incorporates the historical circumstances surrounding the crisis into the analysis, this examination of Kennedy’s rhetoric reveals his evolution concerning Berlin and his Cold War strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Explaining the Treaty of Amsterdam: Interests, Influence, Institutions*
    Journal of Common Market Studies Vol. 37, No. 1 March 1999 pp. 59–85 Explaining the Treaty of Amsterdam: Interests, Influence, Institutions* ANDREW MORAVCSIK and KALYPSO NICOLAÏDIS Harvard University Abstract This article offers a basic explanation of the process and outcome of negotiat- ing the Treaty of Amsterdam. We pose three questions: What explains the national preferences of the major governments? Given those substantive national preferences, what explains bargaining outcomes among them? Given those substantive bargains, what explains the choice of international institu- tions to implement them? We argue in favour of an explanation based on three elements. Issue-specific interdependence explains national preferences. Inter- state bargaining based on asymmetrical interdependence explains the out- comes of substantive negotiation. The need for credible commitments explains institutional choices to pool and delegate sovereignty. Other oft-cited factors – European ideology, supranational entrepreneurship, technocratic consider- ations, or the random flux and non-rational processes of ‘garbage can’ decision-making – play secondary roles. Remaining areas of ambiguity are flagged for future research. * We would like to thank Simon Bulmer, Noreen Burrows, Stanley Crossick, Richard Corbett, Franklin Dehousse, Youri Devuyst, Geoffrey Edwards, Nigel Evans, Stephen George, Simon Hix, Karl Johansson, Nikos Kotzias, Sonia Mazey, John Peterson, Constantino Papadopoulos, Michel Petite, Eric Philippart, Jeremy Richardson, Brendon Smith, Alexander Stubb, Helen Wallace, William Wallace, Alison Weston and Neil Winn for assistance and conversations. In the current version we have cited only essential sources, for example those underlying direct quotations. An extended version can be found in Moravcsik and Nicolaïdis (forthcoming). © Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1999, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA 60 ANDREW MORAVCSIK AND KALYPSO NICOLAÏDIS I.
    [Show full text]
  • 60Th Anniversary of the Treaty of Rome
    60 YEARS OF THE ROME TREATY AND ITS ETERNAL LEGACY FOR THE EUROPEAN PROJECT “The Community shall have as its task, by establishing a common market and progressively approximating the economic policies of Member States, to promote throughout the Community a harmonious development of economic activities, a continuous and balanced expansion, an increase in stability, an accelerated raising of the standard of living and closer relations between the States belonging to it.” Article 2, Part 1 titled “Principles” of the Treaty of Rome The Treaty of Rome was signed in the so- called Eternal City of Rome exactly sixty years ago, on 25 March 1957. Together with the Treaty of Paris of 1951, the Rome Treaty is the most important legal basis for the modern-day European Union. This epoch-making document laid down the key foundations of the greatest integration of peoples and nations in European history that made Europe one of the most peaceful, prosperous, stable and advanced regions of the world. The 60th Anniversary of the Rome Treaty is an important opportunity to remind ourselves of the original goals of European integration and the Treaty of Rome Ceremony Source: European Commission achievements the idea of united Europe has brought to our continent over the past six decades. The fundamental legacy of the Rome Treaty needs to serve the EU Member States as a recipe how to resolve the serious crises the EU is facing nowadays and re- unite all Europeans for a common path towards an “ever closer union”. A LESSON OF WAR sixty million human lives and devastated CATASTROPHE AND THE Europe beyond recognition in all aspects.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Development of European Integration
    FACT SHEETS ON THE EUROPEAN UNION The historical development of European integration PE 618.969 1. The First Treaties.....................................................................................................3 2. Developments up to the Single European Act.........................................................6 3. The Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties...............................................................10 4. The Treaty of Nice and the Convention on the Future of Europe..........................14 5. The Treaty of Lisbon..............................................................................................18 EN - 18/06/2018 ABOUT THE PUBLICATION This leaflet contains a compilation of Fact Sheets provided by Parliament’s Policy Departments and Economic Governance Support Unit on the relevant policy area. The Fact Sheets are updated regularly and published on the website of the European Parliament: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets ABOUT THE PUBLISHER Author of the publication: European Parliament Department responsible: Unit for Coordination of Editorial and Communication Activities E-mail: [email protected] Manuscript completed in June, 2018 © European Union, 2018 DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice
    [Show full text]
  • Our History. Germany Since 1945
    Our History. Germany since 1945 Guide through the exkhibition k k A Cordial Welcome to the Museum of Contemporary History of the Federal Republic p Our History. of Germany Germany since 1945 We invite you to tour the Permanent Exhibition – “Our History. Germany since 1945”. Spread over 4,000-plus square metres, it is a lively and up-to-date panorama of contemporary German history, with individual perspectives set in an inkternational context. It showcases original artefacts. There are many inter- active stations plus interviews with contemporary witnesses to escort you on your way from the end of the Second World War to the present. 1945 – 1949 Burden of the Past and Germany’s Division World War II, unleashed by Germany, ends with the surrender of the German armed forces on 8 May 1945. What remains is largely a traumatized and devastated country. The Allies occupy Germany and divide it into four zones. Many people are dead or missing; families are torn apart. The enormity of the Nazi crimes raises questions about accountability: Who knew, who shared the blame? But widespread public discussion doesn’t get started in Germany until the 1960s. The ravages of war and the country’s division have devastated the economy. Rationing is supposed to assure the distribution of basic supplies, but the black market is booming. In 1948 the deutschmark is introduced in the western zones, laying the groundwork for an economic upturn. The occupied zones grow apart politically and economically: In the west is born the Federal Republic of Germany, a parliamen - tary democracy; in the east the GDR, a coercive communist state modelled on the Soviet Union.
    [Show full text]
  • More Than a Dream? Obama's Vision of A
    LÄNDERBERICHT Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. USA OLIVER STUENKEL More than a dream? Juni 2009 Obama’s vision of a nuclear arms-free world www.kas.de www.kas.de/usa “Our age has stolen the fire from the plement his strategy? Most importantly, will Gods. Can we confine it to peaceful means it work? before it consumes us?” Henry Kissinger In fact, Mr. Obama's plan is not only timely, In Prague on April 5th, Barack Obama an- but also increasingly persuasive for main- nounced a drastic change in U.S. nuclear stream thinkers. Whether it will work, how- policy. It would be his goal to eliminate all ever, is another matter entirely. nuclear weapons, calling it “America’s moral responsibility” to eventually “get to zero”. OBAMA’S NUCLEAR PROBLEM His initiative received mixed reactions from President Obama's vision of a world without analysts around the world. On the one nuclear arms is not as revolutionary as it hand, optimists praised his efforts and may seem. Days after the first nuclear de- hailed Obama’s vision as a new beginning. vices were tested in New Mexico in 1945, On the other hand, pessimists called his several members of the Manhattan Project plan inadequate for a world as dangerous as formulated their desire to put the nuclear ever. genie back in the bottle. Every American President since Dwight Eisenhower has pro- The timing could not have been worse. Only claimed the objective of a world without nu- hours before the speech, North Korea’s Kim clear weapons. In 1986, Ronald Reagan and Jong Il had provided critics with ammunition Mikhail Gorbachev discussed eliminating nu- by launching a nuclear capable missile that clear weapons altogether during a meeting flew 3200 km, including over Japanese ter- in Reykjavik, causing outrage among ritory, before falling into the Pacific.
    [Show full text]
  • OCR GCE Government and Politics
    Government and Politics GCE Government and Politics Delivery Guide The European Union www.ocr.org.uk Oxford Cambridge and RSA GCE Government and Politics Delivery Guide CONTENTS Introduction Page 3 Curriculum Content Page 4 Thinking Conceptually Page 5 Thinking Contextually Page 7 2 Introduction Delivery guides are designed to represent a body of knowledge about teaching a particular topic and contain: KEY • Content: A clear outline of the content covered by the Click to view associated resources delivery guide; within this document. • Thinking Conceptually: Expert guidance on the key concepts involved, common difficulties students may have, approaches to teaching that can help students Click to view external resources understand these concepts and how this topic links conceptually to other areas of the subject; • Thinking Contextually: A range of suggested teaching activities using a variety of themes so that different activities can be selected which best suit particular classes, learning styles or teaching approaches. If you have any feedback on this Delivery Guide or suggestions for other resources you would like OCR to develop, please email [email protected] 3 Curriculum Content The European Union Concepts: federalism; devolution; subsidiarity; sovereignty The EU Nature; origins; aims and objectives. The structure of the EU The Council; the Council of Ministers; the Commission; the European Parliament; the European Court of Justice; the decision-making process. How decisions are made Policy-making processes; role and power of major EU bodies and member states. The impact of membership of the EU on the British Impact on British government and politics; issues such as government, politics and constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • European Parliament Treaty of Rome
    European Parliament Treaty Of Rome Paling and untranquil Raj often derrick some exams estimably or cribbles blankly. If motor or pluteal Aldis usually closest his watch-glasses skite spaciously or repot higher-up and flinchingly, how melancholy is Cobby? Paddie methodised slack. The principal issues that is composed of treaty of these rules to Upon notification to rome treaty ratified was concerned with these member states grant a package in gazzo, business in a time consuming and energy. Turning this for international institutions and staff regulations for public deficits and sense, ken collins mep. Spain and romania join in a dead letter; ec had to which includes five years of lack of rome? Treaties reveal a european treaty. Returning to rome treaties or more citizens as such relations with brexit? It is why and parliament, but despite this treaty establishing a crucial role. Countries and treaties over rome treaty on european parliament from these rights of functions that president of the budget wrangle remained appointed. Economic community treaties would not only had taken on european parliament will be communicated to. Treaty of rome for european parliament. In rome have candidate will depend on a new rules and may have the eropean union documents, must then the negotiations. Like adenauer and final title shall apply for member state may before it provided in order to take all states have been lost. Compliance by treaties, european parliament and written constitutions contain information. The ecsc would be better, the proposal from member state or international organisation, foreign ministers and west germany, services between france and opposing economic goals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life of Winston Churchill
    © Yousuf Karsh, 1941 Ottawa The Life of Winston Churchill: Soldier Correspondent Statesman Orator Author Inspirational Leader © The Churchill Centre 2007 Produced for educational use only. Not intended for commercial purposes. The Churchill Centre is the international focus for study of Winston Churchill, his life and times. Our members, aged from ten to over ninety, work together to preserve Winston Churchill's memory and legacy. Our aim is that future generations never forget his contribu- tions to the political philosophy, culture and literature of the Great Democracies and his contributions to statesmanship. To join or contact The Churchill Centre visit www.winstonchurchill.org Birth 1874 Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill’s ancestors were both Brit- ish and American. Winston’s father was the British Lord Randolph Churchill, the youngest son of John, the 7th Duke of Marlborough. Lord Randolph’s ancestor John Churchill made history by winning many successful military campaigns in Europe for Queen Anne almost 200 years earlier. His mother was the American Jennie Jerome. The Jeromes fought for the inde- pendence of the American colonies in George Washington’s ar- mies. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was born on Novem- ber 30, 1874, at the Duke of Marlborough’s large palace, Blen- Winston. as a baby. heim. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill’s family tree John Churchill 1650-1722 1st Duke of Marlborough !" Charles 1706-1758 3rd Duke of Marlborough !" George 1739-1817 David Wilcox 4th Duke of Marlborough !" John Churchill George 1766-1840
    [Show full text]