THE ISLAND AND MAINLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF RESIDENT ROCKY-SHORE FISHES IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Gilligan, Matthew Reid Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 09:46:34 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282060 INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. 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Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 18 Bedford Row, London WC1R 4EJ, England THE ISLAND AND MAINLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF RESIDENT ROCKY-SHORE FISHES IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA by Matthew Reid Gilligan A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 8 0 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Matthew Reid Gilligan entitled THE ISLAND AND MAINLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF RESIDENT ROCKY-SHORE FISHES IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy . Date i/rt/gQ Date 3-/ f <?/ Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director Date STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or re­ production of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the in­ terests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank The University of Arizona Foundation for use of the research vessel La Sirena, Felipe Maldonado for his patience and expertise as captain, and Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Duecy who generously shared their accommodations and facilities in Mexico during my research. I also wish to thank Drs. E. A. Stull, R. C. Brusca, J. R. Hendrickson, and J. H. Brown for helpful advice. P. Cook, G. Hansen, S. Kessler, C. Lehner, D. Lindquist, Y. Maluf, R. McCourt, N. Moffatt, M. Molles, E. Snyder-Conn, N. Yensen, and especially C. A. Flanagan and L. T. Findley contributed materially through discussion and field work to this research. I am especially indebted to Dr. D. A. Thomson whose advice and criticism were most helpful, and to my wife Heidi without whose support this research could not have been done. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS viii ABSTRACT ' „ .. x 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ..... 9 Methods Measuring Species Diversity 19 Methods Measuring Similarity or Overlap 22 Numerical Cluster Analysis Methods 25 3. RESULTS 28 Test of Sampling Effectiveness 30 Collection Variables 31 Biogeographic Cluster Analysis of Collections .... 33 Island-Mainland Analyses . Mt Community Composition of Islands and Mainlands in the Upper, Central, and Lower Gulf ^9 Studies and Collections in the San Carlos/lsla San Pedro Nolasco Area 53 Species-Area Correlations 57 Species Turnover Within and Between Island and Main­ land Sites ..... ...... 59 Latitudinal and Island Body-size Trends ....... 6l k. DISCUSSION 71 Physical Environments of Islands and Mainlands .... 75 Biological Environments of Islands and Mainlands ... 77 Regional Biogeography of the Gulf 80 Species-Area Considerations 80 Island and Mainland Differences 82 Trends in Body Size 84 Species Turnover between Sites and Species Composition on Islands and Mainlands 85 Competition and Predation 88 The MacArthur-Wilson Model 89 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS—-Continued Page The Lottery Hypothesis .. 92 Intermediate Disturbance, Refuges, Rescue and Inter­ ference Effects .................. 93 Propagule Dispersal to and Colonization of Islands and Mainlands 95 APPENDIX A: FISH COLLECTION LOCALITY DATA 101 APPENDIX B: ROCKY-SHORE FISHES 105 APPENDIX C: FISH COLLECTION RAW ABUNDANCE DATA 110 APPENDIX D: SPECIES SUMMARY Ilk APPENDIX E: VISUAL CENSUS DATA . 119 APPENDIX F: RANK AND MEAN ABUNDANCE SUMMARY 122 LIST OF REFERENCES 127 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Physical data of mainland areas sampled in the Gulf of California l*f 2. Physical data of islands sampled in the Gulf of California 15 3. Sampling date, subsurface reef area, and species counts for small islands and rocks in the San Carlos area in the Gulf of California 18 4. Characteristics of the 68 rocky-shore Gulf fishes analyzed in this study with respect to: residency; biogeographic affinity; egg type; food habits 29 5. Pearson's correlation coefficient between 12 collection variables for 50 collections of fishes in the Gulf of California 32 6. Significant differences in sample variables between the 7 upper (U), 36 central (C) and 7 lower (L) Gulf collec­ tion sites 4-3 7. Comparison of four mainland tidepool collections with four island shore collections in the upper Gulf .... k6 8. Means and t-tests of physical and diversity measures for 20 island and 16 mainland sites in the central Gulf of California k8 9. Rank and relative abundance of the 15 most common species in island and mainland collections in the central Gulf of California 51 10. Rank and mean abundance of the most abundant reef fish species in island and mainland collections in the lower . Gulf of California 52 11. Means and t-tests of physical and diversity measures for collections at Isla San Pedro Nolasco and the adjacent Sonoran coastline in the central Gulf of California . • 56 vi vii LIST OF TABLES—Continued Table . Page 12. Mean number of species and mean species turnover within and between the point, middle, and bay segments of the Punta Doble peninsula 58 13. Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance of species turnover within and between 20 island and 16 mainland collections in the central Gulf of California 63 1*+. Regression analysis of biomass diversity change with numerical diversity for 28 island, 22 mainland and all collections 69 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Location of ichthyocide collections of rocky-shore fishes in the Gulf of California 10 2. Protected rocky shoreline (collection #37, Isla San Pedro Martir) typical of areas sampled on islands and the mainland coastlines in the Gulf of California 11 3. Nearshore (shoreline) depth profile and collecting tech­ nique typical of collections made on rocky reefs in the Gulf of California 12 k. Small nearshore islands near San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico in the Gulf of California where species counts were made . 17 5. Rocky shoreline study areas of the Punta Doble peninsula near Puerto San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico in the Gulf of California '20 6. Method of tabulation and formulae for Simple Matching and Jaccard measures of similarity .23 7. Dendrograph of sites (collections) in the Gulf of California using the Simple Matching Coefficient 27 8.