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Studies on the Optimum Double-Skin Curtain Wall Design for High-Rise Buildings in the Mediterranean Climate

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Studies on the Optimum Double-Skin Curtain Wall Design for High-Rise Buildings in the Mediterranean Climate Journal Pre-proof Studies on the optimum double-skin curtain wall design for high-rise buildings in the Mediterranean climate Tanya Saroglou , Theodoros Theodosiou , Baruch Givoni , Isaac A. Meir PII: S0378-7788(19)32308-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109641 Reference: ENB 109641 To appear in: Energy & Buildings Received date: 26 July 2019 Revised date: 2 October 2019 Accepted date: 24 November 2019 Please cite this article as: Tanya Saroglou , Theodoros Theodosiou , Baruch Givoni , Isaac A. Meir , Studies on the optimum double-skin curtain wall design for high-rise buildings in the Mediterranean climate, Energy & Buildings (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109641 This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. © 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V. Studies on the optimum double-skin curtain wall design for high-rise buildings in the Mediterranean climate a b c d Tanya Saroglou , Theodoros Theodosiou , Baruch Givoni , Isaac A. Meir a Kreitman School for Advanced Graduate Studies, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel b Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece c Desert Architecture and Urban Planning, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel d Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Abstract: The fast growing numbers of high-rise buildings around the world, a product of expanding urbanization and population growth, dictate the implementation of design strategies towards the reduction of their high energy loads. This study focuses on an office high-rise building in the Mediterranean climate of Tel Aviv and the reduction of high cooling loads relevant to this climate. In this process, the design of the building envelope becomes the most important constituent between indoor and outdoor environment, by dictating the required use of energy for achieving thermal comfort. A double skin façade (DSF) layer is proposed as a more advanced envelope design compared to the single skin curtain walls (controlled ventilation, acoustic insulation etc.). A previous study based on thermal simulations in Tel Aviv, revealed that a ventilated DSF design with the LowE glazing as the exterior layer of the DSF reduced cooling loads by 15% on average, in comparison with a typical DSF design in temperate climates where the LowE glazing is on the interior layer of the DSF, and by an average of 50% from the option of single skin envelope with LowE glazing. This study draws from the conclusions of previous data, and tests the energy efficiency of different DSF cavities in the Mediterranean climate. Results revealed that by increasing the cavity width from 0.2m to 0.5m, cooling loads decrease significantly, while there are also substantial reductions, from 0.5m to 1.0m, and from 1.0m to 2.0m DSF cavity width. Keywords: Building envelope; Double Skin Façade cavity; Energy efficiency; EnergyPlus; High-rise; Low-energy; Mediterranean climate 1. Introduction With the increase of tall buildings around the world, it becomes essential to start assembling a design tool-kit aimed at lowering their environmental impact [1,2]. High-rise buildings are much more energy intensive than all other construction [3–5]. However, like all other buildings they need to comply with strict energy codes around the world [6–8], and therefore studies on their energy efficiency become critical. This paper forms the third publication of a research program on design strategies towards low energy high-rise buildings[9,10]. The studies are based on thermal simulations using EnergyPlus, and the focus is on lowering the heating and cooling loads of this building typology towards low-carbon high-rise buildings. The design parameters used are: climatic conditions (Mediterranean climate), building height (high- rise), building envelope (thermal properties of materials and design of the building envelope), building use (internal heat gains). The design of the building envelope becomes the most important constituent between indoor and outdoor environment, by defining the required use of energy for achieving thermal comfort [11]. This relationship is relevant to the specific climatic conditions of the building’s location, and in the case of high-rise buildings it is also relevant to the height of the building, as the environmental variables alter in relation to height, i.e., dry bulb temperature drops, while wind speed increases [12,13]. In addition, the introduction of curtain wall facades from the mid- twentieth century onwards, and increased use of glazing on the façade from then on, in combination with the availability of mechanical means for heating and cooling the premises, resulted in significant increases in energy loads. This relationship was intensified in hot climates due to the high solar gains, and in cold climates due to the significant heat losses from the glazed building fabric [14–16]. In recent years, as part of a shift towards more energy efficient buildings, 1 façade technologies have been improving their energy performance with the introduction of better insulation, shading devices, as well as a double-skin layer [17–21]. The energy performance of a single-skin envelope vs. a double skin facade DSF has been studied around the world, with the DSF option showing an improvement between the two [22– 27]. At the same time DSFs are becoming more popular on a worldwide scale due to their aesthetic qualities, while there is limited research on their performance in relation to climate. In a previous publication, the focus was on increasing the energy efficiency of a naturally ventilated DSF in the Mediterranean climate, by drawing comparisons between different DSF design compositions (inner / outer layer). Simulations showed that the most energy efficient DSF is with the low-emissivity (low-e) coating as the outside double-skin layer, by reflecting infrared radiation (heat) before entering the DSF cavity, while the single clear glazing on the façade of the thermal zone, allows for the release of heat gains towards the exterior. This scenario is ideal for reducing high cooling loads, relevant to the hot and humid climate of Tel Aviv [10]. The focus of this study is again on Tel Aviv, a city with a vibrant skyscraper activity to date, whose Planning and Construction Committee issued the 2025 city master plan that has set new guidelines allowing further skyrise development [28]. Expanding the research on DSF energy efficiency in warm and humid climates becomes especially important due to the high levels of direct and diffuse solar radiation that penetrate a glass façade, and result in high cooling loads. In addition, most DSF research is on cold and temperate climates, while limited research exists for hot ones [26,29]. The energy efficiency of the double-skin envelope is studied in relation to the energy efficiency of high-rise building typology, with a focus on cooling. This consideration has been accentuated by simulating an office building that has high internal heat gains [9,30,31]. This study draws on the conclusions of a previous publication [10] on the most appropriate DSF glazing configuration, and investigates how different DSF cavity widths affect further the reduction of cooling loads. 2. Naturally ventilated DSFs in high-rise buildings The fast growing numbers of high-rise buildings around the world call for design strategies towards the reduction of their high-energy loads. In regards to cooling loads, natural ventilation has a great potential in advancing energy efficiency, as a passive design strategy that will lessen the use of HVAC systems. The effectiveness of natural ventilation is measured in relation to local climate and microclimate characteristics, i.e., dry bulb temperature, humidity, wind direction and wind intensities, as well as the location and shape of surrounding buildings, the building’s morphology, envelope design, and the size and location of the ventilation openings [32,33]. In addition to these variables, in the case of high-rise buildings, the natural ventilation potential is also relevant to the changing microclimate with height: dry bulb temperature decreasing, wind speed increasing [12,13]. A study conducted on the natural ventilation (NV) potential of a vertical structure located in six different cities in the U.S., representing different climatic zones (Miami, Houston, Los Angeles, New York City, Chicago, and Minneapolis), found that the changing microclimate with height in the cities with low humidity levels reduced the NV hours from ground to top, while in cities like Maimi that has a tropical climate and humidity levels are high (Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Am – tropical monsoon), minimal vertical variations in NV hours were identified. On the other hand, during winter, cities like New York (Cfa– humid subtropical), Chicago (Dfa– hot summer, continental) and Minneapolis (Dfa), display almost no NV potential, while in the summer the results suggest great opportunities for reducing cooling energy. From the six cities studied, the climate of Los Angeles (Csa– Mediterranean, dry summer), was the most ideal for using natural ventilation [34]. Nevertheless, high-rise buildings are a global phenomenon, whose construction is not limited to the presence of ideal climatic conditions. Thus, it becomes essential to study the behavior and energy saving potential of high-rise buildings by taking into consideration specific climate and microclimate conditions. The most effective way of introducing natural ventilation into high-rise construction is through a double-skin envelope.
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