DOCSLIB.ORG

10 Abstract This Study Examines the Social World of Reconciliation And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
10 Abstract This Study Examines the Social World of Reconciliation And The monkey's sworn oath : Cultures of engagement for reconciliation and healing in the aftermath of the civil war in Mozambique Igreja, V. Citation Igreja, V. (2007, June 5). The monkey's sworn oath : Cultures of engagement for reconciliation and healing in the aftermath of the civil war in Mozambique. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12089 Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12089 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Abstract This study examines the social world of reconciliation and healing in the aftermath of the protracted Mozambican civil war. Using a multidisciplinary approach (sociology, history, legal and medical anthropology, and international law) this research explores how reconciliation and healing unfold contributing to the repair of a devastated social world. It examines the war survivors’ judgments regarding the potential roles of various forms of transitional justice in redressing the abuses and crimes of the past, the contributions of the agricultural cycle and customary justice to reconciliation, and those of healing practices in addressing ill-health problems. The overall goal is to elucidate how the various social practices invested in reconciliation and healing contribute to rebuilding the shattered social world, to peace and to social stability. The study demonstrates that amidst the indescribable and appalling human disruption and material destruction coupled with the officially orchestrated post-war cultures of denial, war survivors in Gorongosa have laboured to create and maintain peace and social stability by breaking the cycles of injustice and unaccountability, reconciling with former enemies and healing the wounds of war. The study starts out from a comprehensive revision of other studies in that it addresses the existing scholarly literature on transitional justice and its contribution to reconciliation and on the healing of war-related suffering among individuals, families and communities. This revision leads to the formulation of questions for empirical investigation of the transitional justice process in Mozambique as it unfolds at grassroots level. A careful analysis of the local dynamics of war demonstrates a clear collapse of the notions of “war front” and “home front”. The extreme abuses and crimes perpetrated by soldiers against civilian individuals and families living within the war zones went far beyond the limits of what is endurable. The reverse dynamic, that is the process of reconstituting the social world, indicates the presence of both pernicious long-term legacies and an extraordinary capacity in the communities to overcome their plight. This capacity is referred to here as cultures of engagement. It is empirically observable in the processes of reconciliation and healing. Cultures of engagement consist in war survivors being actively involved in accessing and utilizing the available endogenous resources for the purpose of reconciling alienated people and healing the wounds of war. These 10 endogenous resources are embodied both in the geographic environment that gives rise to a specific type of economy and in the socio-cultural, politico-legal practices that constitute reservoirs of social capital. The key features of these resources indicate how people in Gorongosa live in an ecological system of mutual relationships and interdependencies, which can represent either a constraint or the potential for full usage of these available resources. It is this striking combination of availability and accessibility of resources with the contingencies - such as establishment of relationships, family and community participation - attached to their exploration that creates the possibility of a functioning society. Viewed from this perspective, the Gorongosa case stretches to the limit contemporary understandings of the human capacity for reconciliation and healing in the aftermath of brutal civil wars. In conclusion, theoretical and practical implications are drawn from these results. 11 PART I Getting Acquainted with the Topics Chapter 1: Introduction This doctoral thesis is about the disturbances and vicissitudes of a post-war society and the processes of repairing its devastated social world. It addresses the strategies deployed by the survivors of war violence to overcome their post-war plight amidst shattered families and communities in central Mozambique. To serve as a point of entry to the main topic, a short story is presented here. It is a story about different types of animals trying to make sense of a disturbance in their social world. 1.1. “Swear, monkeys, swear!” Justice in the animal kingdom In a tiny village, the different creatures were peacefully living together until one day a serious problem erupted. The village was composed of trees, flowers, bees and other animals. One day, the bees went away on a far-off and complicated mission. On their return home they found something strange in the tops of their home trees: the honey was missing from their hives. Someone had stolen their property. They felt outraged; but instead of retaliating by biting every habitant in the nation, they thought, "There is still hope". The bees kept cool and on the following day they flew to the local court to report their case. After a preliminary enquiry, the judges indicted the monkeys with stealing the honey from the beehives in the tops of the trees. On the day of the trial, one judge raised his voice to speak. There was complete silence, "You may all sit down", he said. The female judge standing in the far corner of the gathering echoed her colleague's voice, "garane pance", and the word went back to the central space of the gathering. The reverent silence prevailed. The judge said, "We are here today because the honey was stolen from the bees. To steal is wrong. The monkeys stole the honey from the beehives, and it is our responsibility to right wrong. Who among you dares to present evidence to the contrary beyond reasonable doubt?" Then it was the defendants’ turn to speak. One elder monkey stood up and said, "In the name of all monkeys like me who are present at this judgment, I swear that we did not steal the honey from the beehives". There was a tense silence, but the judges were not impressed. They kept listening very carefully. "You may proceed with your defence in the attempt to honour your descendant", one of them said. The elder monkey proceeded, "We have four legs, and two of these we use equally as hands. And we can easily climb trees; 12 that is true. We can run and jump from one tree to another, and we like honey; that is true as well. But I swear, I repeat, I swear: we did not steal the honey from the beehives". After hours of questioning and hearing the defendants, the judges kept insisting, “Swear, monkeys, swear; swear so that this problem can be brought to an end”. The audience started to become very concerned about whether or not it was really going to be possible to convict the monkeys based on the evidence that had been presented. Some members of the community members felt that there was serious doubt. When the bees left on a mission, they did not usually leave their beehives unprotected but left their children behind to guard them. This time had been different. They had mobilized all bees together, because their mission was very complicated. At the time of the theft there were no bees around, so no one had actually witnessed the monkeys climbing the trees to steal the honey from the hives. The evidence presented against the monkeys was too weak to stand up in a serious court. With the exception of the judges, who were not uttering their fomenting thoughts to anyone, everyone in the village was pondering over whether a possible condemnation and punishment of the monkeys might not bring confusion into the village. For the first time in the history of this village, the judges had the great responsibility to be careful not to condemn the innocent and let the wrongdoers go free. The judges had to seriously consider the credibility of the justice system for restoring social harmony in the village. About one thing the judges were clear: “To steal is wrong, and our laws condemn it”. Apparently everyone in the village agreed upon this rule. Yet the question was whether the monkeys had really committed the offence, and here there was no general agreement. Since the monkeys were doing upoca (persistently denying), the judges were in a very difficult position. The question that was seething in the judges' minds was: "What is the best way to reach a verdict contrary to the monkeys’ testimony while at the same time inspiring silence in everyone?" While they were ruminating and staring towards different corners of their village in search of an answer, one judge said to the others, “Sometimes bringing about justice is not like cultivating the land”. Another judge added, “Yes, that is true; my grandfather used to say that ‘the banana tree dies because of the bananas it delivers’”. One judge asked what the allegory of the bananas had to do with finding a solution to the case of the bees and the monkeys. The other answered, “We have to be careful in this case, because the same animals that we are trying to help could turn against us and even kill us”. The judges gained illumination from this rapid conversation and they realized that the initial question had not been well formulated. There was a word that needed to be replaced or transmuted in order to facilitate the reasoning that would lead to a fair 13 sentence. It was the word "best". They replaced it with the word, "pragmatic", and the question was reformulated as "what is the most pragmatic way to shake the system while at the same time inspiring silence in everyone?" By "inspiring silence" they meant, "forging a consensus".
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ENGLISH Made in Mozambique, at the Bank, Citizenship, Democracy, Politics & Elections
    REPÚBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO HUMANO Instituto de Educação Aberta e à Distância ENGLISH Made in Mozambique, At the bank, Citizenship, Democracy, Politics & Elections MÓDULO 2 PROGRAMA DO ENSINO SECUNDSECUNDÁRIOÁRIO À DISTÂNCIA, II CICLO (PESD2) Índice Lesson 1 9 Mozambican Products ....................................................................................................... 9 Mozambican Products .............................................................................................. 9 Summary.......................................................................................................................... 10 Exercises .......................................................................................................................... 10 Evaluation ........................................................................................................................ 11 Lesson 2 13 Passive Voice................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 13 Form ....................................................................................................................... 13 Summary.......................................................................................................................... 15 Exercises .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom of the Press 2009
    Freedom of the Press 2009 FURTHER DECLINES IN GLOBAL MEDIA INDEPENDENCE Selected data from Freedom House’s annual survey of press freedom Acknowledgments Freedom of the Press 2009 could not have been completed without the contributions of numerous Freedom House staff and consultants. The following section, entitled “The Survey Team,” contains a detailed list of writers without whose efforts this project would not have been possible. Karin Deutsch Karlekar, a senior researcher at Freedom House, served as managing editor of this year’s survey. Extensive research, editorial, and administrative assistance was provided by Denelle Burns, as well as by Sarah Cook, Tyler Roylance, Elizabeth Floyd, Joanna Perry, Joshua Siegel, Charles Liebling, and Aidan Gould. Overall guidance for the project was provided by Arch Puddington, director of research, and by Christopher Walker, director of studies. We are grateful for the insights provided by those who served on this year’s review team, including Freedom House staff members Arch Puddington, Christopher Walker, Karin Deutsch Karlekar, Sarah Cook, and Tyler Roylance. In addition, the ratings and narratives were reviewed by a number of Freedom House staff based in our overseas offices. This report also reflects the findings of the Freedom House study Freedom in the World 2009: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties. Statistics on internet usage were taken from www.internetworldstats.com. This project was made possible by the contributions of the Asia Vision Foundation, F. M. Kirby, Free Voice, Freedom Forum, The Hurford Foundation, John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, Lilly Endowment Inc., The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, the National Endowment for Democracy, The Nicholas B.
    [Show full text]
  • Navigating Civic Space in a Time of COVID-19: Mozambique Country Report
    Navigating Civic Space in a Time of COVID-19: Mozambique Country Report Crescêncio Pereira and Salvador Forquilha Institute for Social and Economic Studies, Mozambique January 2021 Introduction The first case of COVID-19, officially recorded in the statistics of health authorities in Mozambique, was diagnosed on March 22nd 2020, a few days after the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic. Considered as an imported case, due to the fact that the patient contracted the virus abroad, it was involved in a certain controversy because it had to do with a renowned politician and it was not officially communicated1. On March 30th 2020, in the context of the Government of Mozambique's efforts to prevent the rapid spread of the disease, the President of the Republic, in his address to the Nation, declared, for the first time in the history of the young Mozambican democracy, the State of Emergency (SE) for reasons of public calamity (Decree 11/2020). With effect from 1st April 2020 and lasting 30 days, the document decreeing the SE contained a set of measures that imposed limits, not only on the entry and exit of people, but also on the free movement of people and goods within national territory. In addition, the document prohibited “the holding of public and private events such as religious services, cultural, recreational, sporting, political, associative, tourist and any other activity, with the exception of urgent State or social issues ... in all cases, preventive measures issued by the Ministry of Health must be adopted ”(Decree 11/2020). The declaration of the SE brought with it elements that constitute a threat to the civic space, which, in recent years, particularly from the end of the first and beginning of the second term of President Guebuza, (from 2008 onwards) had already been showing signs of closure.
    [Show full text]
  • Partisan Identification in Africa
    The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town PARTISAN . IDENTIFICATION IN AFRICA: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY IN MOZAMBIQUE A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of Cape Town, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Studies. JOÃO C.G. PEREIRA University of Cape Town Table of Contents DECLARATION VII DEDICATION VIII ABSTRACT IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XI ACRONYMS XIV CHAPTER I: BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Purpose of this study 4 1.3. Research Question 5 1.4. Significance of the Study 6 1.5. The Outline of this thesis 7 CHAPTER II: THE APPROACH UNDERLYING THE RESEARCH 8 2.1. Introduction 8 2.2. The Sociological Approach 8 2.3. The socio-psychological approach: a stable characteristic or an effect of short-term forces 16 2.4. The rational choice approach 23 2.5. The values choice approach 28 2.6. The cognitive awareness approach 30 2.7. Summary University of Cape Town 35 CHAPTER III: A MODEL OF PARTISAN IDENTIFICATION 37 3.1. Introduction 37 3.2. Social cleavages 37 3.3. Cultural Values 47 3.4. Economic evaluations 55 3.5.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS)
    UNCLASSIFIED MOZAMBIQUE - iqu AK F Mo za mb e PHOTO CAPTION GOES HERE COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION STRATEGY (CDCS) DECEMBER 2020 – DECEMBER 2025 Approved for Public Release 1 Unclassified ACRONYMS ACLED Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project ADIN Agency for Integrated Development of the North ADPP Development of People for People (Ajuda de Desenvolvimento de Povo para Povo) ANAC National Administration for Conservation Areas ARV Antiretroviral AQUA National Agency for Environmental Quality Control BHA Bureau of Humanitarian Assistance CDCS Country Development Cooperation Strategy CEFM Chil, early and Forced Marriage CHEMO Consortium composed of World Vision and Food for the Hungry CISM Manhiça Health Research Centre (Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça) CLA Collaborating, Learning, and Adapting CCN Cooperating Country Nationals CHW Community Health Worker COSACA Consortium is comprised of Oxfam, Save the Children and CARE COVID 19 Coronavirus Disease 2019 CSO Civil Society Organization CSOSI Civil Society Organization Sustainability Index CTA Confederation of Business Association of Mozambique CVE Countering Violent Extremism DEA Drug Enforcement Administration DFC Development Finance Corporation DREAMS Determined, Resilient, Empowered, AIDS-free, Mentored, and Safe FID UK Department for International Development NAB National Directorate for Environmental Assessment DO Development Objective DOAG Development Objective Agreement DoD United States Department of Defense DoS United States Department of State DRR Disaster Risk
    [Show full text]
  • Combating the Islamic State's Spread in Africa
    Combating the Islamic State’s Spread in Africa ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MOZAMBIQUE Emily Estelle and Jessica Trisko Darden FEBRUARY 2021 AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE A Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 3 I. ASSESSING THE NORTHERN MOZAMBIQUE INSURGENCY ................................. 5 II. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................... 17 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................. 24 ABOUT THE AUTHORS ................................................................................... 24 NOTES ........................................................................................................ 25 ABOUT OUR TECHNOLOGY PARTNERS ............................................................ 34 AMERICAN ENTERPRISEi INSTITUTE Executive Summary he global Salafi-jihadi movement, which includes simmering conflict among rival factions from Tal Qaeda and the Islamic State, is spreading in the country’s 15-year civil war. Failure to deal Africa. An Islamic State–linked group in northern with the IS-M problem will also cripple the Mozambique is the latest case of a Salafi-jihadi group Mozambican economy in the future. co-opting and expanding a local conflict. This insur- gency, like those in Mali and Somalia, promises to • IS-M May Target Other Countries in East-
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom of the Press 2010 Country Header Data and Narrative Reports/Bullets for Selected Countries
    Freedom of the Press 2010 Country Header Data and Narrative Reports/Bullets for Selected Countries Afghanistan Status: Not Free Legal Environment: 22 Political Environment: 33 Economic Environment: 21 Total Score: 76 Survey Edition 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total Score, Status 68,NF 69,NF 69,NF 71,NF 74,NF • Article 34 of the constitution allows for freedom of the press and of expression, but Article 130 stipulates that courts and Islamic jurists can rule on a case “in a way that attains justice in the best manner.” Several journalists have been arrested under this arbitrary clause. • A revised 2005 Press Law guarantees the right of citizens to obtain information and prohibits censorship. However, there are broad restrictions on any content that is “contrary to the principles of Islam or offensive to other religions and sects.” • A new media law passed in September 2008 contained a number of registration and content restrictions, but President Hamid Karzai has delayed its implementation, since the law would limit the executive’s control over state-run media. Because of the delay, many journalists do not know which law is in effect, causing them to practice self-censorship. • Media outlets are occasionally fined or warned for broadcasting “un-Islamic material,” resulting in self-censorship. In some cases during the year, journalists were arrested for such violations. • Parvez Kambaksh was sentenced to death for blasphemy in January 2008 after he distributed an article on Islam that he had downloaded from the internet. An appeals court reduced the sentence to a 20-year prison term in October, and the Supreme Court upheld this sentence in February 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Africana: a Journal of Ideas on Africa and the African Diaspora
    Africana December 2010 The Impact of Mass Media on the Posterity of African Cultures: A Mozambican Case Study Munyaradzi Mawere2 Key Terms: impact, mass media, posterity, Africa, Mozambique, culture. Abstract Culture is a central aspect of any human society. Once affected, positively or otherwise, the society’s way of living changes. Like other Southern African cultures, Mozambican culture is facing a new set of challenges, coupled with classic hindrances as it joins the global community. One of these challenges is the uncertain trajectory of mass media, particularly television, which has both positive and negative impacts on culture. This paper constitutes a philosophical examination of the impact of mass media on African cultures and adopts Mozambique as a case study. I was intrigued by this subject given the dramatic changes in the Mozambican culture as the tide of globalization in terms of mass media sweeps across the country. My philosophical argument is that for Mozambican culture to thrive these challenges must be discussed, addressed and mitigated against. Otherwise, the Mozambican culture will soon become history to its own people. The key conclusion from the paper is that the future of Mozambican culture, and by extension African cultures, will ultimately reside in its ability to address a number of theoretical, political and socio-cultural questions which confront the present and the next generation. To this end, a 2 Munyaradzi Mawere is a philosopher at Universidade Pedagogica, where he teaches Metaphysics, Epistemology and Social and Political Ethics. His research interests are Applied Ethics, Metaphysics, Culture, Society and Media, and exploring the productive potential of indigenous knowledge systems and technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Seminar on Education and Training in Journalism and Communication in Mozambique
    SEMINAR ON EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN JOURNALISM AND COMMUNICATION IN MOZAMBIQUE MAPUTO, 17-18 MAY 2001 FINAL REPORT DRAWN UP FOR THE MEDIA DEVELOPMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE PROJECT BY EDUARDO NAMBURETE AND TOMAS VIEIRA MARIO MAPUTO, MAY 2001 Foreword Journalism and communication education still represents a relatively new field of study in Mozambique as well as in Africa in general. In the case of Mozambique this can be explained in the Portuguese colonization of the country. A first effort to create conditions to educate journalists in the country both academically and vocationally started in the late seventies with short-term courses to upgrade the skills of already working journalists, however often with a very limited educational background of less than nine years of school. In the development process of these short-term training courses, a project to create a School of Journalism took shape, and once formally established, functioned under the Ministry of Information, which was abolished in 1991 when the Media Law was passed. Over the years and in the middle of harsh difficulties and with no formal statutes and official curriculum until 1990, the school educated though generations of journalists some of whom presently with the most influential positions in the country’s newspapers, radio stations and TV. In the 80es the school came to be the School of Journalism for all the five Portuguese-speaking PALOP countries in Africa (Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Cap Verde and Sao Tomé and Príncipe) as well as East Timor. In spite of weaknesses it is as such important to consider the experience available in the country for the needed revision of the curriculum as well as improvement of facilities and required equipment for the institution.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Political Participation ~ Africa Barometer 2021
    Women'sWomen's PoliticalPolitical ParticipationParticipation AFRICA 2021 Women’s Political Participation ~ Africa Barometer 2021 © 2021 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance ISBN: 978-91-7671-397-6 International IDEA publications are independent of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council members. The electronic version of this publication is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) licence. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the publication as well as to remix and adapt it, provided it is only for non-commercial purposes, that you appropriately attribute the publication, and that you distribute it under an identical licence. For more information visit the WL Creative Commons website: SA <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/>. International IDEA Strömsborg SE–103 34 Stockholm Sweden Telephone: +46 8 698 37 00 Email: [email protected] Website: <https://www.idea.int> Design and layout: Debi Lee Editors: Colleen Lowe Morna, Susan Tolmay and Mukayi Makaya CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 ACRONYMS 3 FOREWORD 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 15 CHAPTER 2 ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 39 CHAPTER 3 POLITICAL PARTIES 71 CHAPTER 4 ELECTORAL LAWS AND MANAGEMENT 89 CHAPTER 5 MAINSTREAM AND SOCIAL MEDIA 111 CHAPTER 6 CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS 131 CHAPTER 7 EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION 151 ANNEX 1 - Mapping of Gender
    [Show full text]
  • Mozambique 1 Introduction
    Mozambique 1 Introduction The Republic of Mozambique (Mozambique) is a member of the Southern African Development Community1 and has a population of approximately 28.8 million people.2 It is a vast country with a landmass of about 799 000 m2 and a long coast- line of nearly 2.5 thousand km.3 It has many neighbours, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Both the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers flow through Mozambique to the Indian Ocean.4 The Portuguese settled the Mozambique area in the early part of the 16th century, but the colonial rule was characterised by disputed territorial claims by local chief- tains as well as Arab settlers. Slavery and forced labour were notable features of Portuguese rule. While slavery was formally abolished in 1879, forced labour con- tinued until well into the 20th century5 to provide cheap labour to South Africa’s mining industry.6 The country was administered, not only by direct Portuguese governmental rule but also via several colonial companies, the largest of which was the Mozambique Company, which ruled large areas of the country until the company’s charter ended in 1942 and the Portuguese government took over the administration of the whole territory.7 In 1951 Portugal declared Mozambique to be one of its provinces.8 The Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frelimo) began a guerrilla war of independence in 1964 and, by 1974, controlled the north of the country and was moving south.9 In April 1974, a coup in Portugal toppled the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo and
    [Show full text]
  • The Monkeys' Sworn Oath Cultures of Engagement for Reconciliation And
    The monkey's sworn oath : Cultures of engagement for reconciliation and healing in the aftermath of the civil war in Mozambique Igreja, V. Citation Igreja, V. (2007, June 5). The monkey's sworn oath : Cultures of engagement for reconciliation and healing in the aftermath of the civil war in Mozambique. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12089 Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12089 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). The Monkeys’ Sworn Oath Cultures of Engagement for Reconciliation and Healing in the Aftermath of the Civil War in Mozambique VICTOR IGREJA 1 © 2007 Victor Igreja Cover image: Justice in the kingdom of animals by Boem van Ravenswaay, 2007 2 The Monkeys’ Sworn Oath Cultures of Engagement for Reconciliation and Healing in the Aftermath of the Civil War in Mozambique Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, prof.mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 5 juni 2007 klokke 15:00 uur door Victor Igreja geboren te Chimoio (Manica) - Mozambique in 1972 3 PROMOTIECOMMISSIE Promotor: Prof.dr. J. M. Richters Co-promotors: Dr. R. Reis (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Dr. I. Lundin (Instituto Superior de Relações Internacionais, Maputo) Referent: Prof.dr. G. Hesseling (Universiteit Utrecht) Lid: Prof.dr. H. Beukers The research described in this thesis was carried out initially at the Research Group ‘Culture, Health and Illness’ of Leiden University Medical Centre and lately at the Section Medical Anthropology of the Department Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre.
    [Show full text]