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The Collision of the EU Legal Framework and FIFA/UEFA Regulations a Sport Legislation and Fundamental Freedoms Perspective

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The Collision of the EU Legal Framework and FIFA/UEFA Regulations a Sport Legislation and Fundamental Freedoms Perspective The Collision of the EU Legal Framework and FIFA/UEFA Regulations A Sport Legislation and Fundamental Freedoms Perspective Carlijn Boot (606972) Tilburg University Faculty of Law Department International and European Law Master International and European Public Law Tilburg, August 2012 1st Supervisor: W.N.A van Lit LLM 2nd Supervisor: mr. dr. H. Oosterom-Staples The Collision of the EU Legal Framework and FIFA/UEFA Regulations: A Sport Legislation and Fundamental Freedoms Perspective CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2 ESTABLISHED EU LEGISLATION CONCERNING SPORT AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS ................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 PERIOD 1957 - 1997 ......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT .................................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 WALRAVE AND KOCH ........................................................................................................................................ 10 2.4 THE BOSMAN CASE ........................................................................................................................................... 12 2.5 PERIOD 1997 – 2009 ...................................................................................................................................... 14 2.6 DECLARATION ON SPORT 1997 AND 2000 ........................................................................................................... 14 2.7 THE MECA-MEDINA CASE .................................................................................................................................. 17 2.8 THE WHITE PAPER ON SPORT ............................................................................................................................. 18 2.9 PERIOD 2009 ONWARDS ................................................................................................................................... 20 2.10 THE BERNARD CASE ........................................................................................................................................ 23 2.11 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 3 THE ‘EUROPEAN FOOTBALL MODEL’ .......................................................................... 27 3.1 THE FIFA AND THE UEFA.................................................................................................................................. 27 3.2 FIFA AND UEFA REGULATIONS AND EU INTERACTION ............................................................................................ 29 3.3 THE BOSMAN CASE ........................................................................................................................................... 30 3.4 FIFA REGULATION FOR THE STATUS AND TRANSFER OF PLAYERS 2001 ....................................................................... 31 3.5 COURT OF ARBITRATION FOR SPORT .................................................................................................................... 32 3.6 THE SIMUTENKOV CASE ..................................................................................................................................... 34 3.7 THE HOMEGROWN RULE AND 6+5 RULE ............................................................................................................... 35 3.8 FIFA REGULATION FOR THE STATUS AND TRANSFER OF PLAYERS 2010 ....................................................................... 36 2.9 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 4 THE COLLUSION AND FRICTIONS BETWEEN THE FIFA/UEFA REGULATIONS AND EU LEGISLATION ............................................................................................................................. 39 4.1 ‘WHEELING AND DEALING’ OF MINORS ................................................................................................................ 39 4.2 LOOPHOLES IN THE FIFA REGULATIONS ................................................................................................................ 40 4.3 SOLUTIONS? ................................................................................................................................................... 42 4.4 THE HOMEGROWN RULE AND 6+5 RULE CRITICS .................................................................................................... 43 4.5 JUSTIFICATIONS FOR THE 6+5 RULE ...................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................... 49 5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................... 55 BOOKS AND ARTICLES ............................................................................................................................................. 55 OTHER SOURCES .................................................................................................................................................... 59 JURISDICTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 62 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 63 2 Chapter 1 Introduction Things are neither clear nor clean in the world of football right now and many people recognise this reality ∼ Diego Maradona From the mid seventies there have been several cases concerning the legal position of sports players within the European Union (EU). In particular football players and their transfer and fundamental freedoms have been subject of discussion. In first instance, the position of these football players is regulated by the two most important bodies in the European football industry: the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). These bodies collaborate in establishing a framework of regulations applicable to the football players and clubs in Europe. Some judges argue, however, that these bodies establish regulations that restrict the free movement of football players and thereby infringe EU law. The EU is the second body controlling the football scene. When two powerful organisations as the FIFA and UEFA, on the one hand, and the EU, on the other, try to control the same field it seems inevitable, that this will collide. The case of Walrave and Koch, made clear that sports rules are subject to EU legislation as long as it constitutes an economic activity, (later confirmed in the Meca-Medina case1), and opened a Pandora’s box with potential conflicts between the EU and FIFA/UEFA legislation.2 The first important football case which made use of these earlier judgments is Bosman.3 The European Court of Justice’s judgement (further: The Court) in this case states that transfer fee rules, albeit non-discriminatory, ‘directly affect players’ access to the employment market in other member states and therefore constitute an unjustified obstacle to the freedom of movement of workers. UEFA and FIFA have been trying to get around EU antidiscrimination law ever since, with the ‘6+5 rule’ as FIFA’s most recent attempt.4 This rule implies that at the beginning of each match, each club must field at least six players eligible to play for the national team of the country of the club.5 Although FIFA has been careful to draft the 6+5 rule without reference to the nationality of the players, it is still an ongoing discussion 1 CFI 30 September 2004, case T-313/02, Meca-Medina v. Commission, [2004] ECR II-3291, paragraph 42; ECJ 18 July 2006, case C-519/04 Meca-Medina v. Commission, [2006] ECR I-6991, paragraph 31. 2 ECJ 12 December 1974, case 36/74, Walrave & Koch v. Association Union Cycliste Internationale, [1974] ECR 1405, paragraph 9. 3 ECJ 15 December 1995, case 415/93, Bosman, [1995] ECR I-4921, paragraph 103. 4 L.V. Briggs, ’UEFA v The European Community: Attempts of the governing body of European soccer to circumvent EU freedom of movement and antidiscrimination labour law’, Chicago Journal of international Law 2005-6, p.448. 5 FIFA, FIFA, Yes in principle to 6+5 rule, 5 February 2008, www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/news/newsid=684707/index.html. 3 whether or not it will be interpreted by the Court as being a form of indirect discrimination or obstacle hampering the exercise of free movement rights. Another aspect of the FIFA football regulations are the loopholes used by players, clubs and agents to achieve goals. These goals may include attracting and sign new players, conclude transfers and obtaining young players.
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