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An International Journal of Geochemistry and Palaeoenvironmental Significance of Upper Cretaceous Clay-Rich Beds from the Peri-A

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An International Journal of Geochemistry and Palaeoenvironmental Significance of Upper Cretaceous Clay-Rich Beds from the Peri-A Per. Mineral. (2000), 69, 2, 165-183 http://go.to/permin An InternationalJournal of � � PERIOD! CO di MINERALOGIA MINERALOGY, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY, established in 1930 ORE DEPOSITS, PETROLOGY, VOLCANOLOGY and applied topics on Environment, ArchaeometJ)' and Cullllral Heritage Geochemistry and palaeoenvironmental significance of Upper Cretaceous clay-rich beds from the Peri-Adriatic Apulia carbonate Platform, southern Italy FRANCESCO MORELLI1*, ROBERT CULLERS2, ROCCO LAVIAN01 and GIOVANNI MONGELLI3 1 Dipartimento Geomineralogico, Universita di Bari, via E. Orabona, 4- I-70125 Bari, Italy 2 Department of Geology, Kansas State University, Thompson Hall, Manhattan, KS, I-66506-3201, USA 3 Centro di Geodinamica, Universita degli Studi della Basilicata, via Anzio, I-85100 Potenza, Italy Submitted, JanUCII)' 2000- Accepted, May 2000 ABSTRACT. - Clay-rich beds of Late Cretaceous volcanically-derived clay beds, exclude a volcanic age (from Cenomanian to Coniacian) interbedded source for the clayey material. It is suggested that with limestone in the Apulian Carbonate Platform, the clay-rich beds represent insoluble material, southern Italy, were analysed for mineralogy, major mostly wind-borne derived, from erosion of the elements and trace elements. In addition, a number exposed carbonate platform and deposited onto of size fractions of these beds were analysed for submerged portions of the platform itself. mineralogy and chemistry, including REE. A calcareous breccia bed of Turonian age Significant mineralogical and chemical characterized by a kaolinite-rich reddish matrix was differences were recognized between the beds. The also studied. This bed formed in a warm and humid Cenomanian unit is smectite-rich and shows high climate through dissolution of the platform REE and high strength field element concentrations limestone and accumulated on land. It is probably with a negative Eu/Eu* ratio (0.42), arguing for a coeval with the karst bauxites of the Apulian fairly felsic source. The role of smectite in Carbonate Platform and its composition has been controlling most trace elements distribution is minor. used to test, in a binary mixing model, the parental The Turonian and Coniacian clay-rich beds are relation of the karst bauxite. The (Eu/Eu *) and instead illite-rich and have flat REE patterns (Sm/Nd) values support a bauxite derivation from (normalized to the PAAS), higher Eu/Eu* ratios and both intermediate composition pyroclastics and lower REE and high strength field element limestone residuum according, to the Late concentrations. The control of illite on most trace Cretaceous palaeotectonic restorations. elements distribution is also minor. During the Late Cretaceous the Apulian RIASSUNTO. - Nel presente lavoro sono state Carbonate Platform was sheltered from terrigeneous studiate le caratteristiche mineralogiche e chimiche supply by deep troughs. Chemical indicators (i.e. di alcuni livelli pelitici del Cretaceo superiore (dal Zr/Ti, (V+Ni+Cr)/Al203, Rb/K20), along with the Cenomaniano al Coniaciano) intercalati nei calcari absence of volcanic shards, lithic fragments and della Piattaforma carbonatica Apula, Italia diagenetic minerals commonly associated with meridionale. Inoltre un gruppo di fraz ioni granulometriche e stato analizzato sotto 1' aspetto mineralogico e chimico, incluso il gruppo delle terre * Conesponding author, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] rare (REE). rcullers@ksu .edu Sono state individuate fra i livelli significative mongelli @unibas.it differenze mineralogiche e chimiche. Il livello del 166 F. MORELLI, R. CULLERS, R. LAVJANO and G. MONGELLI Cenomaniano e ricco in smectite e mostra alte the opening of the Western Tethys oceanic concentrazioni di REE e di elementi ad alta forza di basin. In the Early Jurassic, due to crusta} campo assieme ad un rapporto Eu/Eu* negativo, extension, many shallow water sediments were indicativi di una sorgente abbastanza felsica. Il ruolo submerged and only some isolated carbonate della smectite nel controllo della distribuzione degli elementi in traccia e minore. I livelli argillosi del platforms (the Peri-Adriatic Platforms) Turoniano e del Coniaciano sono invece ricchi in persisted, sheltered from terrigenous influx by illite ed hanno un pattern delle terre rare piatto deep troughs. Some of these carbonate shelf (normalizzato alle PAAS), rapporti Eu/Eu* pii:1 alti e areas, like the Apulia Carbonate Platform concentrazioni piu basse di REE ed elementi ad alta (ACP), situated along the southern margin of forz a di campo. Il controllo dell' illite nella distribuzione della maggior parte degli elementi in the Tethys ocean, persisted throughout the traccia e minore. Cretaceous. In the Late Cretaceous (fig. 1 ), Nel Cretaceo superiore la Piattaforma carbonatica most of the Peri-Adriatic Platforms underwent Apula era protetta da apporti terrigeni attraverso exposure, in contrast with the worldwide retreat profonde depressioni. Gli indicatori chimici (per of carbonate platforms during that time esempio Zr/Ti, (V +Ni+Cr) /Al203 , Rb/K20) assieme (Schlanger, 1981 ). Platform exposure clashed all' assenza di frammenti vulcanici, frammenti litici e minerali diagenetici comunemente associati a livelli with tectonic rearrangement, from extensional argillosi derivati da materiale vulcanico, escludono to compressional, of part of the Tethyan realm una origine vulcanica per questo livello argilloso. (Eberli, 1991 ). As a consequence, the Adria Si sostiene che i livelli pelitici rappresentino il plate came into collision with Europe, and the materiale insolubile, principalmente derivato da Peri-Adriatic Platforms were included into the trasporto eolico, proveniente dall' erosione dell a piattaforma carbonatica esposta e depositatosi su foldbelts of the Alpine-Mediterranean Chain. porzioni sommerse della piattaforma stessa. The carbonate sequence records the E stato inoltre studiato un livello di breccia evolution of the palaeogeographic settings by calcarea del Turoniano caratterizzato da una matrice changes in its sedimentological, chemical and rossastra ricca in caolinite. Questo livello si e isotopic features (e.g., Jenkyns, 1988, 1995; formato in un clima caldo e umido attraverso la Ferreri et al., 1997; Carannante et al., 1997). In dissoluzione del calcare di piattaforma e si e accumulato sui terreno. E probabile che esso sia some Peri-Adriatic Platforms, clay-rich beds coevo alle bauxiti carsiche della Piattaforma are often found, and the geochemistry and carbonatica Apula e la sua composizione e stata mineralogy of these layers may provide usata per verificare, in un modello di mescolamento additional constraints on the formation of binario, la relazione parentale con la bauxite carsica. carbonate platforms. As no chemical or I valori di Eu/Eu* e Sm/Nd confermano una bauxite mineralogical studies exist on the pelitic beds di derivaz ione sia da materiale piroclastico di composizione intermedia sia dal residuo insolubile of the Late Cretaceous of the ACP, the present del calcare, in accordo con le ricostruz ioni work was undertaken to provide compositional paleotettoniche del Cretaceo superiore. features of these beds, in order to assess KEY WORDS: Clay-r ich beds, geochemistry, palaeoenvironmental changes in the ACP. carbonate platform, vv ind-borne dust, bauxite. GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS INTRODUCTION The ACP is mostly composed of a Mesozoic The stratigraphy of the Italian Peninsula carbonate succession. Its outcrops are mainly successions reflects the geodynamic evolution Cretaceous and consist almost entirely of inner of the central Mediterranean, and the Late platform limestone, which changes to a slope Permian to Cretaceous sequences record the facies in the Campanian (Luperto Sinni, 1996). history of the Tethys margin (Doglioni and The succession is divided into two parts by an Flores, 1994 ). During that time, the Italian angular unconformity, which is Turonian in age Peninsula was part of the passive margin of the and is marked by either clay or bauxite Western and Northern Adria microplate during accumulation (lannone and Laviano, 1980; Geochemist1y and palaeoenvironmental significance of Upper Cretaceous clay-rich beds... 167 Late Cretaceous - (84-Ma)-- K;;·::�l:i!lContinental areas D Marine areas (continental crust) m Carbonate platforms Oceanic crust ../:1...-.A- Subduction zones Fig. I - Late Cretaceous palaeogeography within framework of Cretaceous Tethys ocean. A: Apulia Carbonate Platform; EM: Eastern Mediterranean; PL: Piemonte-Liguria Ocean; CA: Central Atlantic (from Eberli et al., 1993, modified). Luperto Sinni and Reina, 1996; Laviano et al., during the Late Cretaceous are documented in 1998). The lower part of the succession is the western areaof the ACP (e.g. Luperto Sinni, represented by the «Calcare di Bari» Formation, 1996). which is composed of micritic and biomicritic limestone, bioclastic limestone, calcirudite and SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES calcarenite. In the Upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian, the depositional environment evolved The studied pelitic samples derive from from a shelf-lagoon low energy system to a different stratigraphic levels (fig. 2): tractive current high energy system, and then 1) Samples AC 1 and AC2 were collected again to a low energy environment followed by from a bed in the Cenomanian (Iannone and emergence of the platform. The deposition of Laviano, 1980; Luperto Sinni, 1996) of the the upper part of the succession, the micritic «Calcare di Bari» Formation. «Calcare di Altamura»
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