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T.Y.B.A. Historypaper - Iv Medievalindia (1000 – 1707 A.D.) © University of Mumbai 31 T.Y.B.A. HISTORYPAPER - IV MEDIEVALINDIA (1000 – 1707 A.D.) © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Dr.DevanandShinde Dr.DhaneswarHarichandan Incharge Vice Chancellor Incharge Director, University of Mumbai, Institure of Distance and Open Learning, Mumbai University of Mumbai, Mumbai Programme Co-ordinator : Anil R. Bankar, Associate Professor of History andAsst. Director, IDOL, Universityof Mumbai Course Writers : Dr. Bimal Malhotra, M.A., Ph. D. Head, Department of History, Wilson College, Mumbai. : Dr. Eugene J. D’Souza, M.A., Ph.D. Principal,Asmita College ofArts & Commerce for Women, Kannamwar Nagar-2, Vikhroli (E), Mumbai-400 083. Editor : K.S. Gaikwad Asst. Professor, Dept. of History, Sheth L.U.J. & Sir M.V.College, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Marg, Andheri (E), Mumbai -400 069 Re-Edited by : Dr.AjaykumarLokhande Dept. of History, K.V.Pendharkar College, Dombivli,Dist.Thane Reprint September, 2017 T.Y.B.A History Paper- IV,Medieval India (1000-1707 A.D.) Published by : Incharge Director Institute of Distance and Open Learning , University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098. ipin Enterprises DTP Composed : Ashwini Arts GurukripaTantia Jogani Chawl, Industrial M.C. Chagla Estate, Marg, Unit Bamanwada, No. 2, VileGround Parle (E), Floor, Mumbai Sitaram - 400 Mill 099. Compound, Printed by : J.R. Boricha Marg, Mumbai - 400 011 CONTENTS Unit No. Title Page No. 1. Socio-economic and political conditions of India on the eve of Turkish Invasion. 01 2. Delhi Sultanate-Foundation and Consolidation - I 16 3. Delhi Sultanate-Foundation and Consolidation - II 27 4. Delhi Sultanate-Expansion and Decline -I 39 5. Delhi Sultanate-Expansion and Decline II 50 6. Administrative System of the Delhi Sultanate - I 63 7. Administrative System of the Delhi Sultanate -II 74 8. Rise, Growth and Decline of the Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdoms. 84 9. Administration, Economy,Societyand Culture of Vijayanagar Empire. 102 10. Mughal Empire-Foundation, Struggle and Restoration -I 118 11. Mughal Empire-Foundation, Struggle and Restoration-II 140 12. Mughal Empire-Expansion, Consolidation and Beginning of Decline-I 153 13. Mughal Empire-Expansion, Consolidation and Beginning of Decline-II 168 14. Mughal Empire-Expansion, Consolidation and Beginning of Decline-III 189 15. Administration of the Mughals-I 208 16. Administration of the Mughals-II 219 17. Rise of the Maratha Power-I 230 18. Rise of the Maratha Power-II 241 19. Economic Conditions under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals-I 250 20. Economic Conditions under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals -II 261 21. Social Conditions Under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals-I 271 22. Social Conditions Under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals-II 282 23. Religion during the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal period-I 293 24. Religion during the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal period-II 308 25. Culture during the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals-I 321 26. Culture during the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals-II 332 I Syllabus T.Y.B.A. History Paper – IV Medieval India (1000-1707 A.D.) (Old) 1. Socio-Economic and Political conditions of India on the eve of Turkish invasion. 2. Delhi Sultanate: (a) Foundation and Consolidation: Qutbuddin Aibak, Iltutmish, Razia and Balban (b) Expansion and Decline: Alauddin Khilji, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq’ Sayyids and Lodis 3. Administrative System of the Delhi Sultanate: (a) Administrative and Military Reforms of Alauddin Khilji (b) Firuz Shah Tughlaq and his reforms (c) Central Government and Iqta System 4. Vijayanagar and Bahamani Kingdoms: (a) Rise, growth and decline of Vijayanagara and Bahamani Kingdoms (b) Administration, economy, society and culture of the Vijayanagara Empire 5. Mughal Empire – Foundation, Struggle and Restoration (1526-1556): (a) Babur (b) Humayun © Sher Shah – conquests and administration 6. Mughal Empire – Expansion, Consolidation and Beginning of Decline: (a) Akbar, (b) Jahangir and Shah Jahan © Aurangzeb 7. Administration of the Mughals: (a) Central and Provincial (b) Mansabdari System © Revenue II 8. Rise of the Maratha Power: (a) Shivaji and foundation of the Swarajya (b) Shivaji’s Administration © Sambhaji, Rajaram and Tarabai 9. Economic and Social Conditions under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals: (a) Agriculture, Industry, Trade, Commerce and Currency (b) Caste system, position of women and Slavery © Education and literature 10. Religions and Culture during the Sultanate and Mughals: (a) Religious trends – Bhakti movement, Sufism, Din-I-Ilahi and Sikkhism (b) Art – Painting, Calligraphy, Sculpture (c) Architecture 1 1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS OF INDIA ON THE EVE OF THE TURKISH INVASION Unit Structure : 1.0 Objectives 1.1. Introduction: 1.2 Social Condition on the Eve of the Turkish Invasion 1.3 Economic Condition on the Eve of the Turkish Invasion 1.4 Political Condition on the Eve of the Turkish Invasion 1.5 Conclusion 1.6 Questions 1.0 OBJECTIVES: After studing this unit you will be able : To understand the Social condition on the eve of the Turkish invasion. To analyse the Economic Condition on the eve of the Turkish Invasion. To know the Political Condition on the eve of the Turkish Invasion. 1.1. INTRODUCTION: The invasion of the Turks at the turn of the eleventh century from Central Asia had far-reaching consequences on the history of India. The Turks established the politico-military control over major regions of the country and promoted the religion-Islam that they professed and introduced and nurtured the Islamic culture in all spheres. These factors led to the emergence of the Muslim community with a well-defined religion and its own socio-cultural moorings. Unlike the invaders of ancient India, the Turks and the Indian converts to Islam maintained their distinct religio-cultural identity. In order to understand the reasons behind the Turkish invasions and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, it is important to analyze the socio-economic and political conditions that prevailed in India on the eve of the Turkish invasion. 2 1.2 SOCIAL CONDITION OF INDIA ON THE EVE OF THE TURKISH INVASION 1.2.1 Division of the Society into Caste System: Since ancient times the Indian society was divided into four hierarchical castes with prescribed privileges and disabilities. The four major castes were: the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Sudras. The division of the society into castes and sub-castes had created sharp differences between different sections of the society. This in turn had weakened the society. The Brahmins and Kshatriyas commanded the highest respect in the society while the position of the Sudras and the Chandalas had become worse than before. The Smriti writers of the period ascribed exaggerated the privileges to the Brahmins. On the other hand the Sudras were condemned to rigorous social and religious disabilities. Besides the traditional four castes, there was a large section of the people called antayaja. The hunters, the weavers, the fishermen, the shoemakers and other people who engaged in such professions belonged to this section. They occupied a position lower than the Sudras. Still lower in social status were the Hadis, Doms, Chandalas etc. who performed duties such as lifting the dead cattle, cremating the dead people, scavenging etc. They were forced to live outside the cities and villages. They were treated as outcastes and untouchables. With the passage of time the caste system had become very rigid. Marriages between different castes were forbidden. According to a writer Parasara, eating a Sudra’s food, association with a Sudra, sitting alongside a Sudra, and taking lessons from a Sudra are acts which drag down even a noblest person. The position of the lower castes in the society can be imagined by the fact that even the Vaishyas were not allowed to study the religious texts. According to Al-Beruni if any one dared to study the religious texts his tongue was cut off. One of the important features of the Hindu society on the eve of the Turkish invasion was the emergence of new castes such as the Kayastha caste. Originally, people from different castes, including Brahmins and Sudras, who worked in the royal establishments, came to be known as Kayastha. With the passage of time, they crystallized into a distinct caste. As Hinduism was spreading it absorbed not only the Buddhists and Jains but also many indigenous tribes and foreigners who embraced Hinduism during this period. These groups came to be organized in new castes and sub-castes. In most of the cases they continued their own social customs and traditions in relation to marriage etc. They even continued to worship their own tribal gods and goddesses. The caste system and the proliferation of additional sub-castes with their distinct social customs and position in the caste hierarchy 3 made the Hindu society more complex and divided on the eve of the Turkish invasion. 1.2.2 Deterioration of the Position of Women: `The position of women in the Indian society had been gradually deteriorating over the years since ancient times. Women were generally considered mentally inferior. The women were regarded as objects of enjoyment by men and a means to procure children. They were required to be subservient to their husbands. The Matsya Purana gave power to the husband to beat his erring wife with a rope or a split bamboo. The women were denied education. They had no right to study the Vedas. Child marriage was a common practice. The Smriti writers laid down that girls were to be given away in marriage by their parents between the ages of six and eight or between their eighth year and attaining puberty. In general remarriage of the widows was not permitted. As women were distrusted they were kept in seclusion and their life was regulated by the male relations such as father, brother, husband and son. However, within the family, the women occupied an honourable position.
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