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In the Name of Krishna: the Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town
In the Name of Krishna: The Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Sugata Ray IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Frederick M. Asher, Advisor April 2012 © Sugata Ray 2012 Acknowledgements They say writing a dissertation is a lonely and arduous task. But, I am fortunate to have found friends, colleagues, and mentors who have inspired me to make this laborious task far from arduous. It was Frederick M. Asher, my advisor, who inspired me to turn to places where art historians do not usually venture. The temple city of Khajuraho is not just the exquisite 11th-century temples at the site. Rather, the 11th-century temples are part of a larger visuality that extends to contemporary civic monuments in the city center, Rick suggested in the first class that I took with him. I learnt to move across time and space. To understand modern Vrindavan, one would have to look at its Mughal past; to understand temple architecture, one would have to look for rebellions in the colonial archive. Catherine B. Asher gave me the gift of the Mughal world – a world that I only barely knew before I met her. Today, I speak of the Islamicate world of colonial Vrindavan. Cathy walked me through Mughal mosques, tombs, and gardens on many cold wintry days in Minneapolis and on a hot summer day in Sasaram, Bihar. The Islamicate Krishna in my dissertation thus came into being. -
Administration of India Under the Mughul Emperors
Course: B.A History Honors Semester: B.A. 4th semester Code: 410 Topic:Administration of India under the Mughul Emperors Prepared by: Dr Sangeeta Saxena, Assistant Professor Department: History, Patna Women's College, Patna E mail: [email protected] Administration of India under the Mughul Emperors Content: 1 Central Administration of India under the Mughul emperors 2. Provincial Administration and local administration 3.. Military administration. 4. Financial Administration 5. Law and Justice. The Central Administration: Mughul emperors brought about certain fundamental changes in the administrative structure in India. Babur, the founder of the Mughul empire, assumed the title of Padshah (emperor) which was continued by his successors. It meant that the Mughul emperors did not accept the Khalifa even as their nominal overlord. Thus, the Mughul emperors were completely free from even the nominal authority of any foreign power or individual. Akbar enhanced further the power and prestige of the emperor. He declared himself the arbiter in case of difference of opinions regarding Islamic laws. The Mughul rule was also not theocratic. Except Aurangzeb no other Mughul emperor attempted to carry his administration on principles of Islam. The Mughul rule was not a police state as well. The emperors accepted two primary duties for themselves—Jahanbani (protection of the state) and Jahangiri (extension of the empire). Besides, they tried to create those conditions which were conducive to economic and cultural progress of their subjects. Another novelty of the Mughuls was that they began the policy of religious toleration. Babur and Humayun were no bigots while Akbar pursued the policy of equal respect to all religions. -
SCHEME of VALUATION Subject Code: 21 Subject: HISTORY PART-A I
1 GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA STATE PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION EXAMINATION BOARD II YEAR PUC EXAMINATION, March-2013 SCHEME OF VALUATION Subject Code: 21 Subject: HISTORY PART-A I. Answer the following questions in a word or in a sentence each. 10x1=10 1. Who is called as the Father of Renaissance? Ans. Petrarch 1 2. How many colonies did Britain establish in America? Ans. 13 1 3. Name the famous work of Rousseau. Ans. Social Contract 1 4. Who was the ruler of Russia at the time of Russian Revolution? Ans. Tsar Nicolas II 1 5. Name the capital of the French in India. Ans. Pondicherry 1 6. Who founded the ‘Brahmo Samaj’? Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Roy 1 7. Which Organization was founded by Swami Vivekananda? Ans. Ramakrishna Mission 1 8. In which year was the National Emergency declared in India? Ans. 1975 1 9. Which treaty ended the Third Anglo-Mysore war? Ans. Srirangapattana 1 10. Name the British Commissioner who shifted the capital from Mysore to Bangalore. Ans. Mark Cubbon 1 PART-B II. Answer any “TEN” of the following questions in two words or two 10x2=20 1 2 sentences each: 11. Who circumnavigated the earth for the first time? Which country did he belong to? Ans. Ferdinand Magellan– Portugal / Spain 1+1 12. Mention the three important watchwords of French Revolution. Ans. Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. 1+1 13. Name the architect of German Unification. Which policy did he follow? Ans. Bismark – Blood & Iron. 1+1 14. What Is ‘Great Leap Forward’? Who introduced it? Ans. -
Khanan: - Khan-I- Khanan Means Khan Among the Khans Or the Greatest Khan
Chapter 04 Akbar Class: 12th Khan-i- Khanan: - Khan-i- Khanan means Khan among the Khans or the greatest Khan. Akbar had bestowed this title upon his teacher and guardian Bairam Khan who had served him during the first four crucial years of his reign i.e. 1556-1569 A. D. Qanungo: - ‘Qanungo’ were local revenue officers who were conversant with the measurement of land, actual produce, state of cultivation and local prices etc. They were always ready to supply the government with useful information. Kirori: - Kirori were the revenue officials appointed by Akbar to collect revenue. They were responsible for the collection of a crore dams or Rs. 250,000. That is why they were called Kirors. They also checked their facts and figures supplied by the Qanungo. Bigha: - A ‘Bigha’ was a measurement of land used for fixing the state’s demand in the produce. The size and the kind of land held by a peasant was recorded in ‘bighas’. The revenue payable was fixed on the basis of average produce thereupon. Zabti: - The system of measurement and assessment of revenue based on actual size of the holding and the type of productivity was called Zabti. This system, which was first introduced by Raja Todar Mal under Sher Shah Suri was later on adopted by Akbar with some modifications. Dahsala: - 'Dahsala' was the system of revenue assessment based on figures of the last ten years. It was introduced by Akbar in 1580 A.D. It was calculated on the average produce and prices of different crops during the last ten years. -
THE NEW CAMBRIDGE HISTORY of INDIA Indian Society and The
THE NEW CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA Indian society and the making of the British Empire Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE NEW CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA General editor GORDON JOHNSON President of Wolfson College, and Director, Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge Associate editors CA. BAYLY Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History, University of Cambridge, and Fellow of St Catharine's College and JOHN F. RICHARDS Professor of History, Duke University Although the original Cambridge History of India, published between 1922. and 1937, did much to formulate a chronology for Indian history and de- scribe the administrative structures of government in India, it has inevitably been overtaken by the mass of new research published over the last fifty years. Designed to take full account of recent scholarship and changing concep- tions of South Asia's historical development, The New Cambridge History of India will be published as a series of short, self-contained volumes, each dealing with a separate theme and written by a single person. Within an overall four-part structure, thirty-one complementary volumes in uniform format will be published. As before, each will conclude with a substantial bib- liographical essay designed to lead non-specialists further into the literature. The four parts planned are as follows: I The Mughals and their contemporaries II Indian states and the transition to colonialism III The Indian Empire and the beginnings of modern society IV The evolution of contemporary South Asia A list of individual titles in preparation will be found at the end of the volume. -
Central Administration of Akbar
Central Administration of Akbar The mughal rule is distinguished by the establishment of a stable government and other social and cultural activities. The arts of life flourished. It was an age of profound change, seemingly not very apparent on the surface but it definitely shaped and molded the socio economic life of our country. Since Akbar was anxious to evolve a national culture and a national outlook, he encouraged and initiated policies in religious, political and cultural spheres which were calculated to broaden the outlook of his contemporaries and infuse in them the consciousness of belonging to one culture. Akbar prided himself unjustly upon being the author of most of his measures by saying that he was grateful to God that he had found no capable minister, otherwise people would have given the minister the credit for the emperor’s measures, yet there is ample evidence to show that Akbar benefited greatly from the council of able administrators.1 He conceded that a monarch should not himself undertake duties that may be performed by his subjects, he did not do to this for reasons of administrative efficiency, but because “the errors of others it is his part to remedy, but his own lapses, who may correct ?2 The Mughal’s were able to create the such position and functions of the emperor in the popular mind, an image which stands out clearly not only in historical and either literature of the period but also in folklore which exists even today in form of popular stories narrated in the villages of the areas that constituted the Mughal’s vast dominions when his power had not declined .The emperor was looked upon as the father of people whose function it was to protect the weak and average the persecuted. -
MUGHAL EMPIRE Mughal Administration
M A HISTORY SEM-2 HY222 INDIAN HISTORY-2 MODULE-5 MUGHAL EMPIRE Mughal Administration Sources of information The Ain-I-Akbari of Abul Fazl Tabqat-I-Akbari of Nizam-ud-din Official handbooks or Dastur-ul-Amals Mundtakhab-ul-Tavarikh of Badauni Iqbal Namah of Muhammad Khan Foreign accounts and factory records Padshah Namah of Abdul Hamid Lahauri MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION • The history of the Mughals from 1526-1707 • Colorful and Splendid • Brought about immense Prestige • Beautification of Delhi • Development of administrative apparatus • Started purely as a military state but gradually gained the acceptance of the people • National Character under Akbar but reversed by Aurangzeeb Nature of Government • It was a military rule and was necessarily a centralised despotism • To the Muslims King was the head of government and religion • To the non-Muslims King was only their temporal head • Success of administration depended upon the personality of the King • Mughals were indebted to Shershah and the Persin rulers for administration Central Government • The King was the pivot of all administrative machinery • The power of the King depended upon the strength of the army under his command • There was no accepted law of succession • The rulers did not recognised any Khalifa as a superior overlord • The Kings except a few were hardworking in nature Central Government • Ministers are • Vakil or Prime Minister-important Vakils under Akbar were Bairam Khan and Sadullah Khan • Diva-I-Ala or Finance Minister-Muzafar Khan,Todarmal and Shah Manzur • -
Heritage of Mysore Division
HERITAGE OF MYSORE DIVISION - Mysore, Mandya, Hassan, Chickmagalur, Kodagu, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Chamarajanagar Districts. Prepared by: Dr. J.V.Gayathri, Deputy Director, Arcaheology, Museums and Heritage Department, Palace Complex, Mysore 570 001. Phone:0821-2424671. The rule of Kadambas, the Chalukyas, Gangas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagar rulers, the Bahamanis of Gulbarga and Bidar, Adilshahis of Bijapur, Mysore Wodeyars, the Keladi rulers, Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan and the rule of British Commissioners have left behind Forts, Magnificient Palaces, Temples, Mosques, Churches and beautiful works of art and architecture in Karnataka. The fauna and flora, the National parks, the animal and bird sanctuaries provide a sight of wild animals like elephants, tigers, bisons, deers, black bucks, peacocks and many species in their natural habitat. A rich variety of flora like: aromatic sandalwood, pipal and banyan trees are abundantly available in the State. The river Cauvery, Tunga, Krishna, Kapila – enrich the soil of the land and contribute to the State’s agricultural prosperity. The water falls created by the rivers are a feast to the eyes of the outlookers. Historical bakground: Karnataka is a land with rich historical past. It has many pre-historic sites and most of them are in the river valleys. The pre-historic culture of Karnataka is quite distinct from the pre- historic culture of North India, which may be compared with that existed in Africa. 1 Parts of Karnataka were subject to the rule of the Nandas, Mauryas and the Shatavahanas; Chandragupta Maurya (either Chandragupta I or Sannati Chandragupta Asoka’s grandson) is believed to have visited Sravanabelagola and spent his last years in this place. -
5. Indian History -2- Iv Semester
INDIAN HISTORY - 2 IV SEMESTER (2019 Admission) BA HISTORY Core Course HIS4 B06 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT School of Distance Education Calicut University P.O., Malappuram, Kerala, India - 673 635 19309 School of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT School of Distance Education Study Material IV SEMESTER (2019 Admission) BA HISTORY Core Course (HIS4 B06) INDIAN HISTORY - 2 Prepared by: Sri.Vivek. A. B, Assistant Professor, School of Distance Education, University of Calicut. Scrutinized by: Dr. Santhoshkumar L, Assistant Professor, Department of History, Govt. College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram. Indian History - 2 2 School of Distance Education CONTENTS INTERPRETING EARLY MODULE I MEDIEVAL INDIAN 5 HISTORY DELHI SULTANATE, VIJAYA NAGARA MODULE II EMPIRE AND BHAMANI 20 KINGDOM FORMATION OF MODULE III MUGHAL EMPIRE 116 RELIGIOUS IDEAS AND MODULE IV BHAKTHI TRADITION 200 Indian History - 2 3 School of Distance Education Indian History - 2 4 School of Distance Education MODULE I INTERPRETING EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIAN HISTORY Introduction The early medieval period spanning from c.600CE to 1300C is to be situated between the early his-torical and medieval. Historians are unanimous on the fact that this phase in India history had a distinct identity and as such differed from the preceding early historical and succeeding medieval. This in turn brings home the presence of the elements of change and continuity in Indian history. It is identified as a phase in the transition to the medieval. Perception of a unilinear and uniform pattern of historical development is challenged. Changes are identified not merely in dynastic upheavals but are also located in socio-economic, political and cultural conditions. -
Battles for Bangalore: Reterritorialising the City Janaki Nair Centre for the Study of Culture and Society Bangalore, India
Battles for Bangalore: Reterritorialising the City Janaki Nair Centre for the Study of Culture and Society Bangalore, India A divided city, cleaved by a swathe of parkland and administrative buildings that runs from north west to south east, was united in the single Bangalore City Corporation in 1949.1 No longer did the Bangalore Civil and Military station (referred to as the Cantonment, and the location since 1809 of British troops and their followers), have a separate administration from the old city area. And not just a geographical unity was forged, since the maps of linguistic, cultural and political traditions were redrawn. A previous move to unite the Cantonment, then under the control of the British Resident, with the rest of Princely Mysore was resisted by several cultural and economic groups that had long resided in the Station and enjoyed the perquisites of serving the colonial masters.2 A flurry of petitions protested the proposed "retrocession" of 1935 which would bring the Bangalore Cantonment under the Mysore administration; only the war delayed this move until July 1947.3 By 1949, such petitions were no deterrent to the plans of the new masters. But in the five decades since the formation of the Bangalore corporation, the city's east-west zonation continues to persist, and the uncomfortable question of "independence"4, or at least administrative freedom of the erstwhile cantonment has often been reiterated5. Most frequently, this has been in response to emerging cultural and political movements that seek to reterritorialise the city, refashioning its symbols, monuments or open spaces to evoke other memories, or histories that reflect the triumphs of the nation state, the hopes and aspirations of linguistic nationalisms or of social groups who have long lacked either economic or symbolic capital in the burgeoning city of Bangalore. -
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This course material is designed and developed by Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi, Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University (KKHSOU), Guwahati and Vidya Mitra(MHRD). BACHELOR OF ARTS (HONOURS) IN HISTORY (BAHI) BHI-09 History of India V (c.1526-1750) BLOCK – 2 CONSOLIDATION OF MUGHAL RULE UNIT-1 INCORPORATION OF RAJPUT’S AND OTHER INDIGENOUS GROUPS IN MUGHAL NOBILITY UNIT-2 MUGHAL ADMINISTRATIVE INSTITUTIONS: ZABTI, MANSAB AND JAGIR, MADAD-I-MAASH UNIT-3 EMERGENCE OF THE MARATHAS; SHIVAJI; EXPANSION UNDER THE PESHWAS UNIT 1: INCORPORATION OF RAJPUT’S AND OTHER INDIGENOUS GROUPS IN MUGHAL NOBILITY Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Ruling Class under Babur and Humayun 1.3 Development under Akbar 1.4 Composition of the Mughal Ruling Class 1.4.1 Racial and Religious groups 1.4.2 The Foreign Elements – Turanis and Iranis 1.4.3 'The Afghans 1.4.4 Indian Muslims 1.4.5 Rajput’s and Other Hindus 1.4.6 Marathas and other Deccanis 1.5 Organisation of the Ruling Class 1.6 Distribution of Revenue Resources among the Ruling Class 1.7 Life Style of the Ruling Class 1.8 Let Us Sum Up 1.9 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 1.0 OBJECTIVES This unit will discuss important features of the structure and working of the Mughal ruling class down to Aurangzeb's period. After reading this unit you will know about the origins and development of the ruling class; understand the racial composition of the ruling class; learn about its organisation; have some idea about the share of the ruling class in the revenue resources of the empire; and be acquainted with the life style of the ruling class. -
Production of Coffee in Mysore and Coorg in the Nineteenth Century1
Article Indian Historical Review Local History of a Global 41(1) 67–86 © 2014 ICHR Commodity: Production of SAGE Publications Los Angeles, London, Coffee in Mysore and Coorg New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC 1 DOI: 10.1177/0376983614521734 in the Nineteenth Century http://ihr.sagepub.com Bhaswati Bhattacharya Centre for Modern Indian Studies, Georg August University, Göttingen/International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam Abstract When was large scale production of coffee introduced in India, and what role did global capital play in the process? How did indigenous capital respond to the plantation sector? Taking a petition submitted by some European coffee planters of the Mysore Planters’ Association in December 1864 as a point of departure this article attempts at answering these questions by analysing the initial phase of the coffee industry in Mysore and Coorg in Karnataka. The petitioners claimed that the tax they paid on coffee was much higher than coffee planters elsewhere in India had to pay. The authorities concerned sought experts’ opinion on the petition, and came to the conclusion that the claims made in the petition were baseless. By comparing the role of the European and Indian enterprise in the coffee industry, the article contributes to the ongoing discourses on dual economy and the response of indigenous capital in the face of Western capital. Keywords Coffee production, India, coffee plantation, dual economy, Western capital, indigenous capital, mono-culture vs poly-culture On 3 December 1864, W. Lonsdale Esq., Secretary to the Mysore Planters’ Association wrote a letter to the Secretary to the Commissioner for the Government of the Territories of His Highness the Raja of Mysore requesting him to forward the 1 I would like to thank the anonymous referees of this journal, my colleagues of the Plants, People and Work project at the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam and Jon Curry-Machado of the Commodities of the Empire project for their comments on earlier versions of this article.