IDAF/ WP / 18 March 1987

SEAMANSHIP, SAILING AND MOTORISATION

AO! DAtI IDA/NORWAY

IDAF/WP/16 March 1967

SEAMANSHIP, SAILING AND

M O TO R I S A T IO N

0.5. Davy

Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales enA-Frique del'Ouest DIPA

Programme -For Integrated Developmen oF Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa- IDAF

GCP/RAF/ 192/DEN GCP/RAF/ 198/DEN GOP/RAE! 197/NOR.

Integrated Development ìn Rural Fishing Villages, Shenge Region,Sierra Leone SI L / 82 / 015 With financial assistance from Denmarkr3fld Norwy, and in collaboration with the Peoples Republic of Benin, the Fisheries Department of FAD is implementing in West î-fria a programme of email scale fisheries development, commonly called the lOAF Project. This programme is based upon an integrated approach involving production,processing and marketing o-P fish, and related activities; it aleo involves. in particular, an active and full participation of the target fishing communities.

This report is a working paper and the conclusi. one end recommendations are those considered appropriate at the time of preparetìcn, Th working papers have not necessarily been cleared for publication by the government( s) concerned nor by FAO. They may be modified in the light o-F further knowledge gained at subsequent stages o-P the Project and issued later in other series.

The. designations employed and the presentation cf material do not imply he expression af any opinion on the part of FAO or a financing agency concerning the legal. statue o-F any country or territory, city or oreo, or concerning the determination o-Fit frontiers or boundaries.

lOAF Pro joni; ßctt Postale 1369 Cotoncu> P.P. du Bénin Télex 6291 F000ABB1 TéL. 338925/330624

Mr. 0.5. Davy works wIth Mac Aliter El ijott and Partners Ltd. o-F England. He was rec.ruited by FAO on hehlf of Project 51L/82/O15 and GCP/PAF/192/DEN to work +'or two period in Ehenge, Sierra Leone, in 1956. TP.BL.E OF COMTENTB

Page

- UACKOROUNL)

2.THE DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF AN OUTRIGGER AND SAILS ON A TRADITIONAL CANOE

2.1 ProJect Vessel 2 2.2 "iheries 2 2.3 The Une0+Sail 3 2.3,1 Mteriels and si11's avai1abl 3 2.3.2 Weather conditions 3 2.4 The Outrigger 2.4.1Out igger experience 2.42Outriggerdesign 4 2.4.3 Outrigger construotion S 2.4.4 Outrigger fitting 6 2.6 13 2.5.3Saildesign 13 2.6.2 Sailma}cir.g 2.6 The Rig 17 2.7 Sea Trials 19 2.8 Training 24 2.9 Conclusions 21+

3. A SAIL TRAINING/SEAMANSHIP COURSE 25

3.3 Cortcepts and Aims 25 3.2 Content 26 3.3 Assessment and Results 28

4. OUTBOARD MOTOR EVALtJATION TRIALS 30

4.1 Introduction 30 4.2 The Tri1 Veeì 30 4.3 Enirre Specifiotion 31 4.4 Sea Tr'ials 31 4.6 Dhiervt ions 33 4J Reoor'imendd Modifietion 34 47 Conc1us±or+ 3 A

o 5. FIELD ACTIVITIES 3 L)

5. I n t rod u ot io n 38 6.2 A o t iv i t i e 38 5.3 Con o J. u s in n s 43 5,4 Fìecornmendt ion s 43 APPENDICES Details of th Sail Trin:íng/Seemnshic Course45 Feasibility Study on the use o-F 4Stroke Petrol

Outboard Motors on Canoe - 76 LIST OF FIGURES Page

Jig and backbone construction 7 2. Frame dimensions 8

3 Outrigger section 9 Stem profile IO Outrigger installation 11 Leeboard 12 'ï. Sail design 14 Steps taken in sailmaking 15 Mast installation 18 Sailing trials 20

11 . Engine cost comparisons 36 12. Four corner sail 40 LIST OF TABLES.

Trial results motor/saIl 21 Fuel consumption 21 Trial results sail only 22 Rig costs 23 Details and performance of 3 5 man canoe 39 Performance of the project canoe 42 Appendix Sections and Figures

ppenix i Page

Project sailing canoe 46 Parts of a canoe 46 Directions relativo to boat 47 Points of sailing 48 Knots, whipping and splices 3O The net and its materials 57 Measurement arid estimation 60 The compass 61 Direction findìng 63 Outboardmotors 614 Participants details 74

Appendix 2

Engine trial results 78 Fuel consumption - engine speed 80 Fuel consumption boat speed 81 Cost per nautical mile boat speed 82 Engine/Sail trialresults 83 Motor sailing with 2-stroke Yamaha 84 Motor sailing with 4stroke Yamaha 55 i BP.Ccanoes as wi1 as traditional small craft (the repart has been issued as IDAF/WP/1OJ

In 19J6, a follow-up consultancy (of one man-iuonthj was requested ta modify a traditionally built 3 - S men planed canoe for use with sail and en outrigger. The canoe was built specifically far the project by a local hoatbuilder, end the completed craft is to b used for demonstrating and promoting the use of improved sails, as well as project fishing activities. Thu first section of this report is the result of that concul.tancy. A final consuitency was completed in late 19S6. During a two monthperiod a training programme was run to show village fishermen the Improved vessel and offshore fishery as weil as training them in the necessary skills. Also, a more fuel efficient 4-stroke outboard eng:i re was compared with a conventional 2-stroke. Such on engine could he suitable for use in the offshore fishery. This report contains a record of the two month consuitonoy.

The sail training/seamanship programme successfully demonstrated and promoted the outrigger and improved sails as well as teaching fishermen new concepts and skills. In addition the fishermen employed by the project have reached a standard which will enable them to carry out future training programmes. Itisrecommended that these future programmes hecarried out in the villages rather than at the project site. This would alleviate some of the problems encountered. Additional training could be given int:he form o-E courses covering other areas such as outboard maintenance and short meetings/discussions to cover specific problems.

The 4strke engine evaluated produces fuel savingsof the order of 25% to 35% when compared to e more conventional 2- stroke engine of the came power. the additional cost of this engine can be justified if it is operated for over 200 hours per year and although more complex, suitable modifications could he made to ensure it acceptability. Any introduction should, of course, he backed up by training and a good supply of spare parts.

The 3S men canoe developed represents a considerable improvement in terms of performance and seaworthiness over tradìtional canoes. Such improved craft are well suited to exploiting the offshore fish stocke. To encourage this fishery it is recommended that the six fishermen trained and employed by the project are helped to form the backbone 0f a new offshore Fleet. 2. THE DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF AN OUTRIGGER AND SAILS ON A TRADITIONAL CANOE.

2.1 Project Vesel

As a mit of the first consultoncy ( IDAF/wr/1o) the project requested that o 10 metre standard 3 mon canoe, of the type in use in the region, be built. The canoe was built at Katta (a village in the project oree) wìth only slight modifications end bss the foi lowing main dimensions!

Length overall 13 00 me t: re s Seam 3Ü metres Depth (Deck to Keel) 0.75 metres P r o p u i e i o n 9.9 hp. Yamaho4--stroke petrol outboard engine

The anoe w cuilt by loa1 boot biJe using lrootncl tools and building methode primarily tu demonstrate that any improvements which were successful con be used by all other traditional craftf there ore approximately SO canoes of this size and type operating in the project erce) . This canoe was used as the base far development of an outrigger and sailing rig.

2 Fisheries

The 3 5 men canoes in the project area are generally used for the following types of fishing

Local Neme Yelifufu net

Description: Small encircling net

Area Yawn Bay,Shechro River.

Local Name Lago chain.

Oscription: Bottom set net (trernme.i type)

Area Estuaries

Local Name Hand line

De script ion Hook and lins

Area : Rocky areas) offshore 2.3 The Use of Boil

The use of sails for cui1iarv or pr:Lmcrv propuLsion is a coqoept whìch looks increes i ngl y favoureb le in an era where Fue I isscarceordcan costas much as Le EL) (US Dol lar 9. 2E) per gallon.

Simple seil are a.ready in use hut the technology is primitiuc . Very iiht maten ali s used end the sì e ae not durable.. Bailing to windward,arid operation cf fishing gear undot Seil are unknown 2.3.1 Meterils and skills veiiobln

Ail the material s r cessary for sai i and rig cntruct.i on are available either in Freetown or locally. Cloth suitable for ccii making con be purchased although the cost is variable - Fpe of several sires is available et the project. Bush poles nod bamboo ran be obtiried, although seme travelling is involved.

A tailor in Shënge was. instructed in seilmoking techniques during the first consultancy in October 1955, The teilen had made other sails suheequently and was cecil y able to make a sei iunder the guidance of the consultent,

The use of coils is noi: new in the area. Many smel canoes set triangular or square sells to propel them downwind. Those skills could be improved along with sailing equipment, so that fishermen ore chie tc u sails for' propulsion other then downwind.

The first consuitency had demonstrated th use of a le board, soiling to windward, end operation o-F f:ishin gear' unae'r soil

2.3.2 Weather conditions

The rainy season generally e>ctend's from May to November. July and August have the highest rainfall, The wird during the reins is less predictable than during the dry season, varying from long periods of' calm to violentnighttine storms. Throughout the year, lend and sac breeze s prevali inshore. This pattern is disrupted by cloud rover during the rains. The prevailing wind -For most o-Fthe veer i.e N.W. 8-lO knots. 2A The outrigger

Outriggers ore commonly used by emal i fishing croft in many regions of the world; nd províd greeter stability on canoe type era-Ft An outrigger creates o larger more stable platform from which fishing operations con he cox'ried out, allows icor-cosed speed under soil and a better working environment for fishermen.

T'be pro-ject hes been investigating the procticolitios c-F using en outrigger on e canoe fitted with soil.

2.4. '1 Outrigger experience Several designs o-F outriggerhovebeen tried by the priject Initiai trials were carried out using a length o-F4 6 inch ( ilS mm) plastic pipe osa-Flt, This provided some additional stability hut required crew agility to balance, or it: become submerged easiiy when on the leeward side. A eme li dug--out canoe about 3 metres long was oiu considered es on outrigger. This woe rejected as being impractical.

The project then constructed a'V sect ion outrigger from

0.6 inch C'12.5 mm) th ic-ti boar-dc nailed together es reeommendd in the first conuitancy. This was -Fitted to o 7 metre dug-o ut canoe. The ruit werO encouraging and gave good soiling performance hut the outrigger had insufficient buoyancy for fishermen to operate gear 'From th riletform -

Using this experience, the consultant woe able to decide on the type end size o-F outrigger required -f or the newly built yelifu-Fu canoe. 42 Outrigger design

The primary considerations in designing the new outrigger era as follows

- Sufficient buoyancy to prevent burying end to support a crew member standing on the pontoon Deep 'V' eotíon to minimise dragrfldto increase resistane to lewy.

Strong construction to withstand beaching and strong wind conditions

- The hoards available at the project were approximately 12 inch 6 inch x 0.6 inch and 0.7E inch (300 mmx160mm x12.6 mm r 20 mm) -

The final design -For the outrigger hod the -following dimensions Length Overall 3.86 metres Seam 0.32 metres Dept h 0.32 metres D i spi ocemen t 0.17 cubic metres. The P\J tion of the dosi go i s con t inuous throughout the length of the outrigger. This fecilitotes simple eons truction of fromes which ere el! the e orne chope, vorying only in size

The timber ovoileble -for construction known brolly es Brurnetone (Nouclee diderrickiì) This is very duroble end hc o high resi stoner to merino borers.-

Beckbonc ron-strurtion isinthe form of e seporote tog end keel. borninoted from the boerds evelioble. Uprights for the outrigger paies ors foc tenedthrough the hullplankIng on either side. This ollows rigid ottochrnent andsubsequentadjustment i-f necessary.

The length of the outrigger in relation to the mein hull Is en importent considorot ion A long outrigger will give the croft high directiano. stability, making it difficult to manoeuvre. High dr-ag end weight are else di.codvantges of an ecessîvelv long outrigger. A ratio o-F hull length ta outrigger length o-f about 2 2.5 works well.

The constant mid-section chope c-P the outrigger oliows Its length to be altered at the design stage - Thus this design oso be modified end used on canoes of various sizes.

2,4.3 Outrigger construction(Figureei-- 6)

The work bench at the proect hoethuilding site provided a good jig onwhich to build the pontoon. The shape on which alb the frames ere based was permanently marked on the.. bench along with the frame heights1 which give the outrigger its shape. The frames were quickly constructed From 3 inch O 26 inch (75 mm x 20 mm) timber. The frames were easily set up on the bench, which was solid;the. jig con be used for futureoutrigger construction.

Two pieces of 2 inch O76 inch (.50 mm -, 20 mm) timber were laminated aver I:he freines to -Form th hog - The stem was cut from

a piece of 1 inch (26 mm) materiel( Appendì 1) figure /) - The 0.5 inchC 12.5 mm) planks were fitted from thegorhosrd up and were. nailed end glued to the hog ond fromes. Finally1 a Iceriof 0.5 inch x2 inch (12.6 x 50 mis)timber was fitted over the -Full length of the. craft - Although glue was u-cod for this initiai construction future era-Ft could be fastened with nails alone.

The construction work was carried out by Project boatbuilders under the consultent c direction, Construction period was 10 deys owing ta time used instructing project staff in techniques a-F planning and careful -Fitting of frames and planks to the jig.

Initial pointing and caulking were carried out with the hull still on the jig. After turning the hull over', the sheer woe cut the inside. was psinted and filled with polystyrene buoyancy

bbock . This polystyrene is not seedily ilehle to fishermen so would not be included in future construction - The outrigger supports were fastened thrcugh the hull. planking, and the dock pbanked and coulked. When repeated, construction time could he r educed. The outrigger weigh ed approximately I O lbs, (60 vgs) wh:ìch was slightly over' the expected weight since the timhr ueed ws

heavier than exoected . f Brumstone at 760 kg/cu .m.)

R simple pump was made and fitted in addition to drain hole. R leehoard was made, using a simple lanyard for positioning, on the le gunwheie

2.4.4 Outrigger fitting

Two 3.6 metre bush poLes were obtained and prepared for use as outrigger poles. Hardwood thumb cleats ware screwed to the gunwale to position the poles, which were lashed to. the longitudinal stringer.

Later. bamboo poles were fitted spanning the po1es. thus forming a slot into which the ee board could be fitted. FRl FR2 700 700 FR3 700 FR4 350 FR5 ¡ 700 kbnft T SemJ JIG AND BACKBONE (dimen ions n mm.) CONSTRUCTION. /1 j \\ 50, I / / i 260 f¡ / ¡ / \ ç 226 f lì / / / ¿ e- 15o / 276 LJ140 L 24 FR AME 1. 5ASE 14 L UNE. FRAMES 23&4. FRAMEciirnnsori m mm-) DMENS1ONS. FRAMES. TRAN SUM) Deck, 1/2mn6 in 1125mmx150ïwm)/: // Outrigger supports ,1 1îrp t+in ¡ , /1 / (25mm1OOmm} ; j 3 ,ì :rare ron 314 mx ;.ifl i 20 mm 7

Ho /4inflii2 (20mrnx7mr) HiiU plank ¡nq, 1/2 mx 6m M2 mmx 150mm }

Figure 4.

STEM PROFILE (25unn timber) (dimensions in mm.) a gur

UU1Rft3GERNSTALA1UN Harcwood cleafs

rItaao.1 canoe ------/i5m Bushpoes 2 Orn apart.

):N

Bamboo potes - -

3i5m OUrigger 6mm POtYPrOPYeIÌPrope ashrìgs Figure b

--Bamboo pote

Leeboard.-\ \ '' Lanyard.

L E E BO A R Q Sail

The previous consui.tancy to Shenge identified a skilled tailorin thìe village who uas instructed in basic sailmaking tech- niques. inc tailor bao retninea tuis knowledge and was able to ma

A nylon materia:L of about 6 oz, ¡sp. yard was purchased in Freetown. This proved to be quite stable arid easy to machine, although it was expensive. Other cloth suitable for sail making, such as cotton, is sometimes available but is generally expensive and lesu durable than synthetic material Saliniaking materials suci:1 as machine twine, hand sewing twìne, needles, arid small tools, were purchased by the consuitant

2.5.1. Sail desigp

it was decided to continue witn the development of the Delta

sail rig used at Shenge in the 1985 consultancy - The rig has been shown in detailed experiments to be efficient on a.11 point of sailing and its construction is simple. A large sail can he et on a relati vely short mast whi. ch does not require standing rigging.

Handi Ing of' the nail is uncompi I catch arid project s i;aff have gained experience in the techniques required The sail area was selected following experience of the delta sail in use since the 1985 consul taricy. The na il designed for the new canoe had an area of 14 square metres.

From experience, the Shenge of the Delta sai.i shown in Figure 7has goodail-round performance. A table of sail dimensions was drawn up ailoing various sails of the same shape to be made. r e7 Lifl

Sail D mens ions NI a st .t A r e a L a o g t h (sq.rn) (m) (rn) (in) (rn) (in (1 in) ( a ) 8 2.9 4.5 4.7 1.6 0. 2 6 03:3 3 . 2 10 3.3 5.J 5.3 1.8 0.30 0.30 3. 6 12 3.6 5.6 5.9 2.0 o 32 oî 2 4 . 0 14 3.9 6.0 6.3 2. 0.35 o . 4 c 4 .:3 16 4.1 6.4 6.7 22 0.37 O I 7 4 , S

t The depth inside the boat from gunrale to mast stepshould be added to thernat Length. 15 -

25.2. Sailniaking

A project staff member withsailmakingexperience was instruc- ted throughout the sail design and sailmaking process.

Care was taken that the staff member and the tailor had learnt, and understood the techniques involved. With this train:Lng, t.e project. is able to design and construct delta type sails for fishing craft asnecessary

Figure 8 The steps taken in sailmaking

8) Mark Out sï1 shape using prgs 8fldtw.i ue.

b) (ìu(. Ithsadjusting overlaps br seans and curved edges

vr(çnq dokh.

S( thip.------

r) False sram cioth

d) c:1rtìs gether -16

CuL ou Sj Ii }IOP(

--Sa1 shp

f ) Iit

g ) 'LiÌ;i I s iI

bIi-, Ptthíy

h ) R C) p i n g fsii ii 2.6 The Rig

A hush peie for the meet end bemboo for the spore ware located and cut with the ìd of project stoff. Th mast w cut sorne distance from the rood whilst bomboc con he found neor the road about 10 miles from theproject.

Th dimensions of the spore ore es fol lows

Most Lengt h LS metres

D i e meter 100 mm - BB mm.

Bamboo : Length 725 metres Diem e t e r 00 mm > 40 mm.

The mast was borked, ploned and o]3.cwd to dry for the maximum time oreileble ( chaut 10 dvs) - Thumb cleats were fjttci et the heed for halyard ett:echments end e rebote cut et the base of t he ma st(Figure 9)

A hardwood meet step wee mode end +i

Lashing hole were dril led in thesupport and the mast fitted ogeìnst it. This method s pre-f'erable to m&.tng a hole ìn the support since it does not we&

Project tff are ireedy familiar with the fobricetion cf hardwood deed eyes -Por halyards end sheets. Tretruction wee given in the lacing of the soil to the spars end the correct tensioning of the edges of the soil.

At: the halyard end ehet attachment points, lengths of spUt bemho werelohd along the spore. This provided strengthening in high lod orees. Th sheet was ied round the rft outrigger pois and to aherdwood cleat fitted tothe gunwale. i. g u r c9

CU o

2: C)

-J -J

'-Jiz 'i

lì

E

CAJ o CL

\_ ii \ U.,-- o /i (n i

E C) 1 \ ,.,.... 2? Sea Trials

The craft was first ìld in moderate afternoon sea br conditions with a crew of four. lt w found that the craft sailedweilon oil points c-P sailing and uoily weil on both tacks. The craft was very stab1e and the pontoon had sufficient buoyancy to allow a crew mmber to tond an it. After this initia! trial it was decided to raise the pontoon about 50 min and to move the mast position about 600 mis. forward. 1h latter modification inak steering easier in stronger wInd conditions. Usinginstruments torecord wind speed and direction, and boatspeed, performanue triais were carried out. All these trials were carried out under the same conditions, a5 - B knot truewind speed (beaufort 2)Leeway varied up to omaimurn of 'IO degrees butwas generally less than S drgrses. Trialswerealso carried out with soil, end engineattwo settings, 50%power and 00% power usingthe 99 hp,4-stroke Yamaha outboard. The fuelconsumption figure-soregivenIn Appendix 3. o tachometer wasavailable so throttle settingwas used as marked for 60% orfullpower. The croft was motor-soiledon saveral pointsof sailing The resu:Lts are shown inFigure 10 and Thbies 1 - 4: -In this motor sailing mode, marked increase inmaximum speed was recorded.Fui i power under engine alone produced a speed of S knot s, -Ful i power under engine/sail combination produced 'ID knots (true wind speed 2 Knots) 20

Figure 10 Sailing trials Trials Results

Ia state :-calm.

12 True wind speed :- 6B knots. Wind direction -north west Current:- less than iknot.

11

10- // / ' AIL100% ENGINE POWER.

9- ENOtNE BOAT ONLY SPEED /27// (10 0°ì power) 8 /- ;/ (KNOTS) SAIL+50% ENCNE P0WEP

E N iI N E ONLY (Ï/° per) \\\\N\\ SAIL ONLY.\

T J . r T T 0 10 20 30 4-0 5060708090 100 110120 130 11+0150 160 170 i0 APPARENT WLNU ANGLE. (deg.) CLOSE HAULED------REACH RUN Tablei Trial Ilesults-- Motor/Sai i

A p p a r e n t Teck A p p a r e n t i o a. t. L e e w a y E u g i n e Wind Angie Wind SpeedSpeed Angle Power (degrees) (knots) (knots)(degrees)

20 S 10.0 7.3 50'x

S 10.0 7.0 N 50 45 S 9.0 8.0 E 50 90 P 6.0 8.0 G, 5O 90 P 6.0 7.2 L 50?

100 P 6.0 7.5 1 50 50 s 9.0 10.0 G 50 60 S 9 0 9. 8 J 100

60 P 7.0 9.0 B i00 70 P 6. 0 6, 5 L 100 80 P 6 0 i O . O E i O O 90 P 7.0 9.0 l00 No sail. 6.0 i00t No aji 6.1) Table 2 Fuel Gouept ion

EngineTrials were carried out in calm conditions usingthe 9,9hp. fourt roke outboard.The followingresuit,swere obtained:

Approximate Power Output Fuel Consumption (by throttle indicator)

50 3.40 litres/hour tOO 3.85 litres/hour 22

Table 3

Trials i tilts Sail Ony.

Apparent Wind Inch Apparent Wind O U ). Angie (degrees) Speed (knot:s) Speed (knot.)

45 s 9 3,5 45 S 9 3.8 45 S 8 4.0 45 P 7 2.5 45 P 9 2.5 50 S 9 4.0 50 S 7 33 60 P 8 35 60 P 8 3.0 50 P 8 4.0 80 S 6 4.2 80 P 0 4.0 90 S 7 5.0 90 S 6 4.0 90 P 7 4.0

90 F 6 3.5 90 P 6 5.0 120 S 0 6.0 120 P 6 3.5 150 S 6 5.0 150 S 6 4.0 180 S 5 4,0 -. 23

Table

Rig Costs (Actual)

Le Sail C1oth20 sq. metres6 oz. 400.00 Sewing twine 10.00 Sailmaking labour 60.00 8 mm rope, 35 m. 48.00 6 mm rope1 25iii. 22.00 4 mm rope1 20 m. 9.00 Bamboo12 x 7.5 metres 10.00 Planed hoards, 9 x 0.5 inch,6 inch 700.00 (12.5 aimx 150 mm). Putty 20.00 Paint 50,00

i 329. 00

Equivalent to £17?

Notes:

I. Sailcloth ant icipated cosi: ta fishermenapproximately Le. 200.

2. Planedboards obtained frani QTZ Project athighcost. Anticipate normal cost Le.350,

3 Therefore, Le.780 more realistic cost.

4. Current Exchange rates (May 1986); iUS $ = 5.4 Leone £i 7.5 Leone 26 Training

Training for oraject sto-F-F' includ:ing fisheL'men, a Peace Corps Volunteer nd baatbu idei's was carrie)C out. by the consultant in the following areas

Sail ares nalcuìaticn

Sailmekirg techniques Rigging and lashing techniques

9ailing techniques for t:hndcìtc s ail

In addil:ion drawings and dimensions detailing the design and construction o-V the outrigger and delta sail were in-Pt at the project

Project eta-F-V wail be able to pee s on this knowledge to fishermen in the target area.

The additional training activìt ice envisaged -For fishermen in the region were not practica]. -for a number of reasons, namely seasonal reìigios activities, and the need to identify, by

selling demonstrations, suitable candidates for training -

A syllabus For 1'uture training of fishermenby theproject has been elaborated.

2.9

The addition of en outrigger to the standard 3 - 5 conos makes it a more versatile craft in terms o-ffishing nd sailing performance. The 'V' section outrigger has law drag and high resistance to leeway, the craft is easily paddled in the traditional manner and benefits -Prom improved stability. The delta rig is easily constructed and combines good allround performance with ease of use.; in normal weather candit ions the project vessel can operate without the use a-F an en Inc -

Potential fuel savings, using improved sails, are large. Motor sailing combines these savings with highei" speeds and reduced dependence on wind strength.

The design and construction method intrcducd for the outrigger in the consultancy make good use of available materials, and is a first step in demonstrating improved boot building practices although ir future construotícri the use o-F materials not normally available ìn 51cr-re Leone, such as glue and polystyrene, would he eliminated. 25

3. i 3AIL. TRAINING/SEAMANSHIP COURSE

Concepts and Aims

The sail training/eamanship course woe devised at the outset to provide more than just training. Other objectives are listed as foilow

mont rat lori oP i:he outriger and improved sail to 3-d3 men roe fishermen in the. Prot ea.

Farmotion of the Project fishermen into a teaching group thus enabling the Project to carry out further training without the need for outside assistance.

To introduce the offshore haodl:ne fishery to e wider group 0+ fishermen. By its very nature, this fishery requires greeter seamanship since the grounds are off shore. It also lends itself weH to the use of sail.

The main target groups for the training progromme were the fishermen -From villages such as

Correspondence was sent to village hifs, cooperative leaders end the secondary school. explainingthe purpose o-F the training, the type o-f applicant required and requesting a iit f possible names.

P.eoause o-Flirnìtat:ìons on boat specs -For fishing and sailing trips the number o-F partic:ipants -For each oource was limited to about ?E.

It was decided to hold three training corss each o-F two weeks duration - Five cf the fishermen involved in the Project f'ishery were to teks the course twice, and were to be the main instructors -For the final course

The training lasted from 3.00 cm to 4.30 pm every day -From

Monday to Saturday- Friday afternoons were -Free to allow Muslim participants to attend prayers in their vil legos. Ecaturday afternoons were also free.

A small payment o--Le .5/day was made to tne trainees, partly as incentive to attend and partly as crmpenaation for lost Fishing time. In addition, -Food wee provided every day after training was finished (this -Food was provided by the World Food Programme) -

A certi-Picate was awarded to successful tras noes at the end of the course. This certificate wa-s signed by the Teem Leader, Chie-f Fihries Officer and Course -Instructor. 26 -

íhe organation, planning and execution of the Programme was carried aut jointly by Project staff and the Consultant

2 Content

The training programme content was designed to build upon ano con ildete the trainee s existing epeience cf selling end seamanship. Since a certificate was to he awarded, a standard had to he maintained to ensure that the qualification i-snaninyful to any persons or organisations outside the project. Training given w split between theory in class and practical experience) handouts were given on theoretical and prartloal aspeots of the training, ond these were booked up by a lecture and practical work for each sheet. Th subjects covered sra laid out brie-Fly here. The handout are given in full ïn AppendixI a) Seamanshp Throughout thetraining, emphasis was giuento good seamanship * This was achieved by continuous instruction during everday handling oP Project fishing boats and equipment, work such as preparing the heat and fishing gear -Por a trip, anchoring the boat under various conditiens and handling the boat at sea ond on the beach. h) ilingjheory and Practice Fishermen were introduced to the Project outrigger sailing boat nd given the name and use of each part of the boat Terms decribing directions relative to the boat were al-so introduced. A description of how a boat sails on different coursesrelative to the wind was given and backed up by several essions o-F practice. The use and advantagesofthe outrigger were also explained. o) t' Safety equipment which should be carried on a small fishing boat going to sea was introduced. Students were shown life jckt and encouraged to try them out -For swimming practice. Rope Work A few useful knots wars taught their proottoal uso and the reasoning behind them were emphasised - Simple splices and whippings were aJso taught as well as the handling o+ rapes, such a-s coiling and heaving a. line.

Nov i g at ion Trainees were taught how to measure and estimate distence speed and time. Following this, the compass was intradued and instruction in imple direction finding carried out - lois was backed up by practice at sea.

Outboard Maintenance Outboard operation and every day maintenance werecovrd - Emphasis was given to correct oil/fuel mixture and routine maintenance - - 27 -

Outrigger Maintenance Demonstrations were given in the proper maintenance of the outrigger and its fixings such es the lashings and ropewor.

Fishing At least two fishing trips were completed by each trainee. This gave opportunìty for practical use of the compass and sail, a well as Introducing them to a presently under-exploited fishery. Fishing Gear Techniques andmaterialeused in fishing gear construction were introduced along with some of the equipment o-F the project. Details of conversion of local net description to Project net descriptionweregiven. 28 34 Ass ment and Results

An assessment u-F the tr'ainees prsctirl seamanship and sailing ability was made by the consultant throughout soch course.

At the end a-P each course, an oral examination was given, this method was chosen because of the inability of some of the trainees to write in English.

A pass mark cf e-30% was set and further marks awarded for practical ability. All of the 32 trainees achieved more than 60% in the xarninti.on and the majority achieved more than 70%. This was partly due to the trainees' existing experrience and also their willingness to learn new skills.

At the end o-F the six week programme, a certificate was awarded to each successful trainee. Most of the Project fishermen employed by the Project showed great skill in teaching and a good understanding o-F the subject matter. This indicates that their time with the Project has taught them a great deal in both the theory and practice of seamanship.

The outboard maintenance course resulted in lengthy discussions about the quantity o-F 2stroke oiJ, ud by local fishermen. It is common in the area for fishermen to use a fuel/oil ratio of about 10:1 for their outboards. This is in contrast to the recommended ratio cf 50: 1. It is a oommon bclíe-F that these large quantities cf oil result in better fuel economy and prolonged engine life, both of which ore incorrect. The course emphasised this error and explained the correct procedure to the trainees. This excessive use of fuel appears to he a legacy -From the use of Seguii engines. Traineeswith existing sailingexperience usingtraditional sails quickly learnt the techniques needed to handle the crab claw sail and appreciated the boat's stability and its ability ta sail to windward.

Some -Fishermen selected to take part in the course did not attend. The reasons for this can he outlined as Follows

Loss of fishing time. Some fishermen were not prepared to lese fishing income -For the purpose o-F 1eerning new skil1s

Travel. Trainees from more distant villages were occasionally late and were sometimes not inclined to make a long journey every day for two weeks,

Other business - Fishermen often had to attend to other business which prevented them from coming to Shenge. Examples included, illness, need to repair damaged houses, catching a thief, and many other every day activities. 00 The; Project only her nno boat at.present:.This limited thetimetre ser; nu1d sederi.Irig. Detailedpric.tical asSC Sornent Cr3Oh a stici. n a n sso i. n g' k i t 1 s we ne de ha rd r by this +'act The need to repair' and mointain Project vesoris usedduninp thetraining:csìnnul Iint:nered wtnthe pcgmc consultantuncertucksuchrepair andme:ttenontneinbetween course activities. thecoursewe's scoess-rul in three stretingandpromoting -the use of the eproved sail. endoutrigger.Part ìc pantswere particolarI y epres red by t he stability and seaworthine 0-E the Pro cci sail i. ng boot

the sir f:irhormon sep tosed b-ythe Project have roeched a etandar'd which will enable them to run training programmes irthe future

Al. though two w@k of training are adequate for such a programme) longer per:ìoctr or seesícos of revision wcutd help consolidate the tucinir:

The participants were able end wi iling to learn the new conceptsand skills hainE taught butcontinued field work is necessary to ensure the transfer c4 knowledge - New skills suchascJioingwerepopularand most partic.ipantlearnt there in a short time.

A future training programme should be i-un by taking and instructors tosspecific fishing village everyday dur-ingthecourse.Thiswould recaereocatingtheprogramme severaltintes hut.wouldeliminate some oftheproblems o-F attendance encountered during this course. Particular aspsct s of the programme should be eranded into individual training programmes Por erample outboard meintenance ,sait making sod rig makingskills.

A second Project sail bast should he echilisel. This would enable trainees in future programme st o get more t ime pract icing sailing skills aoci promote the wioceproad use re-F improved traditional croFt.

A programme of short meetings/disc oes-loor -For fi sherman shouldhe held in tar-get villages.lhese should c-over-c pacific areas an important esempie is the rnisunderstcrnding o-F Fuel mixture -For outboard motor's 30 -

/4. OUTBOARD MOTOR EVALUATION TRIALS

4, Inl:roriuctjrjn

Fcur'stroke petrol engaines ingenero 1 ore Known to OOvO lower fuel consumptiont hen en equi vo lent two-s rRc eni.ne Thus, when considering tethods to improve the fusi economy o smell fishing craft, the 4--stroke outboard seems t c-Ffer vIable eternetivn to the morecommonly used2--stroke outnoard The mejor' difFerence societod with e 1--s1trokc en gine:on summerised es foilow

1.ower specific fuel consumption Blower' runninp sp cod Fuel mixIng is requIred Lower power to weight rot io Mochnlcol .Ly more complex Additional inointenanne requirements

Presently there e ro a fow1--strokeouthcord engiree oveilebie - They are produced by Honda end Ycmehs Ye-echo 'eliing ihn poLentel forthl3 vre 0-r en: nc o1d O 4-stroke ouhord to the Fisheries Development Project et Ehongo A workpian for comporestive triols between this cng ne end the S 0 hp 2- st rohe engine ( al so Yemoho) vi i ob lo et the Project won drown up by FAO. This is shown to Appendix 2.

4,2 The Trjol-o Veeei

It was not possible to eveluote -the two engines using two canoes as only one wee eveilebie ot the Project. The vessel os-c.d -Por the triole was the conoc uonverted during a previous consultancy- The rocín pei'ticuiar ore given below

Type -Plenked 3---5me-n canoe with outrigger Built Kette, early 5966. Length overall 10,0 metres Beam 1,3 metres Depth 0.25 metres Weïght (hull unI.) 640 kg - Weight (fully boded) 1200 to 1300 kg. Crew numbor 3 to R Seil rig type Crob 0.1 ow uil Foil oree-lS sq.m.

The triole were corned out over e period of severe-I deys. The bed verid between '170snd 250 g, diving a loaded weightcf between 8'O end 690 kg. 3 niE sIDci i:ot ich

M e k e ïrih Type 4s trote DHO 2 ct rote Dylinders 2 2 Volume 223 cc 2L% cc Bore/stroke 59 42.4- nm 6(3x 60 mm Meximum output 6,9 hhptS3U rpm 9.3 bLp et £3030 03cr Cooling system Weter Weter Stert Ing Menue i Menue I Deer retie 2.92 Sheft Lont L cog Prope i 1er dismei:er i .76 inches 9.26 inches Prcpeller pitch 12.26 inches 2.60 inches Weight 44 kg. 36 Rg. Cieirned consumption 2.8 litre/hour 4.2 litres/hour Age of engine 6 months New Approx .hours run 66 -- 100 hour r 20 hours Approx. cost 910 $60U. The 4-strokeengine e higher geor reLic thenthe 2- strokeeswell es lower running speed.This el lows, e i orger slower turning propeller, more suited Lo ïcw speed croft, to he fitted. Thi spropellerhas o hi gherefficiency i: hm t ho genere uy fit ted to smell outboard enginor Duringthe tricir it wer found that the pitch( 122%inch) of the propeller -t-'ïtted to th4-si....;kwoe toe coei-re,Thus the engine díd not rench its ful Ispeed 1/1500 rpm) , being fully loadedet 3000 rpm.A -finer pi tch propel 1erIi inchand9.20 neh are available from '(emoLe) would o li ow the cosi ne tocun et a higher speed ra sul t ing in higher hoe tepped

The 2-st rokewould e,i so bene-fi t -from e- fi nor pi propeller, although the loss in speed :ts not so great in this; cese.

4. ¿1 See Trials Extensive triolewerecarriedoutduringOctober November at Shenge. These triole were split. into tv/O ports

Engineonlytrials - - Engine/soil triole.

Simple measuring equipmentendtechniques were ei1p i cc y r /1 throughout the triai e,These ore dssoribe"i below Engine Speed woe measured using en eieçtrc.cnicruì onter iriih e digital readout. The unii; «ve ,reading to the nearest 100 i--pm.

FulC,-raumption we s mainly ms u snrd wit h e 2611 ml flask connecteddirect lytot he engi ne . 1 het 1mo sci apsed -1cc" the con sumpt ion c-F 250mi we s recorded and i; ho -Fuel corsumpt ion calculated in litres per hour. 32

w arnrac by en anemomets and wind vane at thn mast haad

nara. \Ie!al

Untja' aii alare the vanne 1 i eapable of vary good çrforanca given reanoraLla wind etnength. On mary arc cnn tbo return from the fiahing ajoun'ia was rriada on a downwind ccvr which enabled iba vaa'eL to praaeod. der- sail alone or w. tn the angina running at a +r nation above tictover- seed to aid steering. Hie speed craintnined on Loase occasions wee wall over 6 notn and the fuel enneumption minimal

sailing rio tese st enger conditions produrd some remarkable results and an sorne cenni. one, speats in excess o-f '2 knots, ware obi.nined with toe y-et:oke angina. Jfortuneteìy the motor soiling anuite do not raflact this prerformance since thee ware obtained in vey tight: condition-r. A long er sei). ion use ir

Ui 11hLc i od o tn JF i iOn i tito OL\ the vessa). better avenal t:or-ro

The enyirin only trial e ware conducted rin calm conditions

n s C e h 2 01 CV P V e i i 1 3 of engine speeds. and ea ch run was medo corons thes:Lnd al t;hough this was alvte vrvaryliebt -

The recuits e these trial r are shown in tabular i n ci.

I I I aihna) t,» t i A o i r I i- CU i FUl t

hiO It' lj ti i ,U i. 1 ,ti' iflUt n] 1i Ui r,) I) flCC1 ilL

Figure 2rhow-e fuel ccntunptrin against beatspoor.1 An catbe seen, ene 4-stroke use-s approximately 2/3% le'-s -Fuel tnt a speed of 8 Knote [f both engines era t'un eLfo Ilspoei the savingis alancento 411%, it iiiqurlire likely that the engineswould be operated in thin woy -

shows -fielcosi: per nautica nil's against boat speed. This. is calculated ala cost cf La- li/I itre -For -Fuel only anti Le,1? ..litre -Forfuel/otl. mixture. At 6 coats this np e» Li i .ni' n 2 t i t 'noir cal tir cri a n St 'fui.l spaccii'45?rcthe soi- ing ri,n rricìund 41ì% Erinsì/3e»L IT ra).s The nt'ince/soiltriais .'a,'ecarriedoutunderlarge iv constant conditions - Junjfl5 many Cf Ler'ncìors. a3 right can develops giuiringC wind speed of oncttd (3 knot-s. 'fha trials i-rarec.c'n.tctrtd initli 2 crew hut rn noir -initially trials were carried cuir to eiia3rote the 'f'unl consumption et given encina spaccio when motar' nri.lit:g ,lt wa's found that in Lbs Iright conditi on's'prcevaiJ:i.r'tg. tirirecuItscorrnspcindc-dwiththose obtrtinerd under engitta oJc't'te.-so this was unsumcrd for the ret of the- tril,lo crti-rii wtnH crcndi trions w'herotheengineis operating under gntsot,y rws:i,;r'cilç-ed end the pi-opsi.ìsr is . in Ji.ftrr1: condîti,onz du tu Lh usil 's sed ped, :h fflOtOL SIJ.Ing Fui nnsunpt Ion would not n':r y oortspond to tîe nr.1n oni rults. Jotortun;te3y no dOi. obtinble for ttose noridlt ions.

t4 The shown in Anpendix Tabico 3 .uid ti s 4 - 5 form. it should be noted thot i. i the resol t s wore obtoined in light nonditions end es o cnsenuenco, trends ore not woll cfj'd et 4or the obious rscjucti en in fue i nurpt±on et a given ped or the increestd speed cr s iver -roe! cumption As sn exemple, e fuel saving of around t5% is ochievehie when considering vessel srted of S knots in e wind of(3 knots saving would epproeuh 40% in a wind of 2 t.nts . Trie ossnl e ov.prsll performance is discu.sod uor3.ier in this soct.on. ihe. in-Pormetion thor o is b sed on rperienco gained during the training programme end few fleures ore ovei lahie

4.5 0beor'''at ions

The 4'-' et t'oRe engine. hes an automat io choke end e sa resu lt i e considerably easier to stan..t hen the 2--stroke when hot end ood Noise end Vibration Throughout. the. speed rengo, the 4--st rake engine. is qui eter' than

the 2--stroke - Vibr'otìon 5. more noticeable with the 4-strobe hut. still largely insignificant.

M a i n t enano o The meint enen,::e requi. rement s of a 2--st robe engine e r e we) iknown - The 4--stroke engine hoe' the followi ng odditionol r-equiroment e Lubricating cii top up end ohonge at SO and IDO hours respectively) - ignition timing check at 10G hours) Oheck/od,just valve olosrences et100 hours) Uhange cil fi Iter( at 100 hours) Cheok/djust auto carburettor st. 'iDO hours)

These edditicna.i maintenance requirements are very important butoreno more di-F-Fícalt then the rnainte.nonoei t'-dycorned out by fishermen. 0i'en suitable training end sCmO SimplE? modificot ions Ç sec Sect, ion 13) 'f'S 'rti"et'mCn should he copebl.o ot nies terin the new ski) Is repu ix"ed

l:)Uring the coneultancy the o],rn r'.Ieorarcoe'.'rro checked and needed no adjustment. The only other uno'intonebce eccs't'ry during 2 months was gressing c--Fthe engine. Luhrrcoting oil consumption wee negligible and no topping up wee necees cry. N problems were encountered with difficult storti "g.

Both eng.Lnss r'quir cars ad skill to undsrtbo n'O,'Som' repairs and ore equ:?iiy ope-n to ahuse h unskilled me'chanios.

H end i i n g i'he 4--s'trok engine i sI arger end hnv :1 er t hn the 2-s t t'ok: orb consequent lv is more awkward to hardie timid inste-li . Also, problems could arise with movement of the ìubrioaiinci iduring -2' ctc:ncf the eng ne.ht preert .r'ecomm'ndntternere ±ver1 en hewc tenctheengine wenn nc tt n ene

)ue te ttcoinpie;ity. tere cre n geetnrnwrhnr ofo.rtn te the 4--streke engine. An tedcniencfsuch tnen- rhoulï he benked I b i j 1 , í o n t itr u tho e esnenietedwith the top ericof the cru:1. ne such es voivnn7i1ic gp t í n c L ' i LL-. n ' T cut!end nililters should else he recUi1y eilb1e

-f; Rn sidedModificet ions

)5CS Cielí :ed tQC)i 1:ri eneery to f7ic1flt,5 theriire Itqij(jconsiderebly cese the moi tenonce cied f!r eciol cte thefishermeniite teniscouldbe /-\e exeiripleisthe toni requir 'For teppet adiustmeeL- - This will not. be conilyjeilb1e to iccternun endusingu ines w!). 1resu i tin the screw odjuster be !nc ruined- Adluetment by sci wortu neid be bette e 2 The nmi1 in- lirio -fuel filter -fItted nhctu.ld be tìp lecod with bc.mwì type fi.! L er'Thi s typeisbet te r ett i'oì»pingdi. et end wetx',whichrirea'Hmi o problem infuelindeve lnp:i n; couii t. r te s

Th oiJtOTnCtic crhurettue i n unnuìtb2.e and rie ecessoryend should be rep! ucedl::yesimple mreinul choke eerbur ttor 4. The geer shiftihou1d he move ci'From the tiller to the snin; cose. At present, the odd5 Lionel rmmchsmnicei OrO hoble to weor end would give problems afLer ot f3, The pienticp?pe]. lisefitted is hìobletobreekegeend clthough chep would not neeenssrily be A inetri pr'opelJ.ersi'imnuid be used This would stend up to clpei-oticiN by unskilled persons -

6 ¡k finer p-itch propeller should fitted to Clìew the ergtnr reuh itS- nlriismum enei-oting speed.

Clvere li itis nee orv fer ti-memonufocturer' to t ev end bri the design end construction u-F the 4--stroke eimLtOdr'J wîth re,gordto operation end metntcsiamieo.into lru with thet the 2'-ntro(cme OUtbaa'd Rl thnimgh t bichasobet cueI imitet tons im enginednlgn,the -T'eeturmsn nuentïonedinthi-ee.,tioneye doeLetrons tornwhstInOcrI IlWLJ.ii LI 1 1 11 t)r'unirbi. 4.'' Cnuiuejons lea-veluetethesuitebiJity ni' using C 4-stroke engineon nme1i re+'t.in West Africa,c2omtltit' i5OM nhecmld be incideOli several point s -

The 4-»st coke use-n bmst-enmm 26 and 3% leus -fuel nen cemored wit'ut' 2--stroke running et the SeÍie en:ne s-peed -If the-Fuel n° nsutioelmile forìerrs Leone ereocipsr ed, the soviogs ore proster dus tot he eddit ion cost o2-sroV s c 1 A morerec1itiocomporteon mey be ned's 0vconsidering ue1 consumptionst mo,'imum speed which is the wey the enginessse likelytohe run.Under these sorttion: sodwiththepreseni; props1lerthe seving is closet- to 45%. If used in cernbmnetìowith e seil.the Fuel consumotion of the 4-stroke sen be verylOw.for exmle, Jose th ltro/hor whilst stìlis.rtsining S knots in f Lncit twind. C o st The cost of the4-stroke eogir' to the f inhermrn wjud be in hn region of $910 sgsinst $600 for the 2--stroke. soinoroese ei 12% Tl-ie nnusi imsint ensues cost s hsvs been sot et.10% sod 12 5%for th2--stroke end 4--stroke respectively.The higher cost forthe 4- stroke socount s forJ uhrïcst ing oil end eddit i one Iresi otsnon-o 1fycerlycostsorecorripered,the 4- trk ongJriO isless expensive ilthe engines ore run for over 200 hoursper:eor 1hsr s qui t e Rel. ,, o i s de r t O oc r\i r - r P2_Q?PI!ìOJ Eine Type 2-stroke 4-- stroke C o s t $900 (Le .24000) $910( Lo22200) Apsyrnsnt period 2 yesre 2 yesrs Discount footer 1 .625 1 .625 /\nnusl repsyrnent et % $492 (Le. 14260) $560 ( Le -I Annusi mointensous $ tidte. 2400) $114 (Le-3120) Annusi -Fì?ced cost $672 CLe 19160) $624 (L e - 20220) FU1 Cost/HourSt6\flctS $L7 (Le. 51) $11S (Le34,6)

NoteI 1$ Le .39 Octobsr./Noii-ember 1985 Note 2: Fuel oost Le.50/gelion.tIc tejber/November 196e There-Fore: uei only Le. 11/litre. ruel/oti mir

P e r far me ri ce The 2-strokeerìgine geve better cose l.erstion end shì2hSr top sceed then tie 5----t ko Toi inc sc nor oiOdnL ei F J. t preoticel use fore vessel c-ftoe type used ín the t.r'ìsJe - In odditionselecting a different propei lier -Por the 4--stroke would res. uitinsimiler meximurn spueds- The4-strokegive shttsr thrust et low speec which 0eips in monceosring the creft-

M a i n t e n a nos he 4--stroke is conideably nose comoliceted then theL-strrde end os o consequei1ce thereere sdditins1 nicintenonse requirements se- well os more parts to f-si) - Gonverso].v, 5 4- strokeengineis generai J coger Jestingand shon)d Ocr reliablewhen mainteinedoorrect ly- 1ì th heck up in the.form of training and spar's parts,fishermen should be obIs to suri the 4-- stroke engine for- as long or longer Ukorl the 2-stroke engine-

1h 4- strokeengine hosome design features which conici couse problemsunder hevy usoge . Th-J rs the result o-Fthepr-cdust being simed primarily at e pleasure boot meikot. 2ome rif the u-erre importont o-F these feetureere :

Figure

giìte Cost Cparison

3z Irv 37 - complex automatic carburettor, special tools required for some jabs, although this Is a problem of all outboard engines. gear shift situated on the tiller. plastic propeller fitted as standard.

As discussedin Section L4.6 these problems could b eliminated by simple modifications.

Overall, the 4-strak engine appears a viable alternative to the 2-stroke, although its long term reliability needs to h y e r' ± fled

Fuel savings of the order of 30% are possible end thc reduction in fuel costs would he very real for a vessel fishinç over 200 hours annually. S. FIELD ACTIVITIES S.' Inteoduction The FAO/UNDP Project SIL/82/D1S a t Shonge has,for thpast twoyears.been involved ìn experimentally developingimproved fishinggeer methodsend vessels An investigation intothe potentialof the offshore handìine fishery isrunconcurrently with vessel and sail improvenjents suited to this fisheri. During this consultncyfield icrwas carried out io some o-F the target villages.This involved demonstrating the Project 3-5 raen canoeparticipating in fishingactivities, and assessi the improvement s made en the traditi anal canoes 5.2 Activitis At the village of Tissona a 3-5 man canoe andtraditional sailweremeasured -For comparison wi th the Projectcanoe This canoe was ai so takenon sa i .Ii.np; tri al a by the conauit,a nt

and instruments were used to measure i ta nentormanue. The detal I s and results are shown. in Table 5. The canoe set a traditional 3 spar,4 corneredsi.l made frompieces of light nylon cloth.The mast is stepped through a thwart onto the keel.Adjustment was possible allowing Ittobe tiltedtowindward,The one pert halyard was made up ontothe windward gunwale, thus supporting the mast. Thecanoeperformed well in thelightwindencountered, particularlywhen sailìng downwind.it was iposeihlto ìi clnserthan 50 degrees to the wind and at this anglethecanoe made 5--20 degrees of leeway since no leeboard wee used.Another limitat!on on sailing to windward is the heeling force crested on tois point nf soiling producau dangaroulyorge heclingaUlL3 The crewwerevery ski lied et operat Ing th canoe under normalconditionsand the vessel was adequatefor the-Fishing undertaken, but hes a number e-f' obvious li mi.tat.iond The inherentinstability of the canoe makes itunsùiteble far use in heavy seasstrong wind or far o-F-Fa bore -The area mast of the fishermen opex-ete in is very shallow and seldom more than a mile or so -From the shore, Althoughlight wind performance is quite good due tolarge sailarea,theboat hcnmes danerous in windover 8- i O knots ene the crew resort to paddles. o) Progressupwindis only ocssible withpaddlessincethe windwardperformance cf the boat is almost non--existent. and the rig has to be dismantled to change tack - d) Content care tkeep the ca ncc balanced is necessary.This can make seil hand i Ing and ge r hand I Ing difficult - 39 -

Table 5

Traditional 3--5 Man Canoe details and performances

Length OveraLl 8.24 metres Waterline length 6.40 metres Beam L09 metres Depth 058 metres Displacement (hull only) 370 kg Displacement; (net rig3-crew) 725 kg Sai] 4.6 m x 4.1 m. 18.8 sq.m

Mast 4.7 metres

Spars 3 metres and 6 metres.

Prforance Apparent Wind Apparent Wind Boat Speed Leeway AnSIei Speed (knots') Direction (de (knots) (degrees)

Z) 45 2.50 15 5 45 2.75 15 fi 50. 2.76 15 4 65 3.00 10 3.5 70 2.50 5 Figure 12 L. lILA c( e) significant lway is made whenever sail ing across or towards the wind. This is. sometimes as much as 20 degrees.

Many o-F theseI imitati nos could be overcome with the use c-f an outrigger and a leeboard With this in rnind a traditional 4- corner il was ti-led ori the Project sailing canoe. This allowed the traditional canoe fishermen t see the effect of these improvements. Borne performance figures were obtained but these are not comprehensive C g-ce Th1 6) The traditionsi sail w unfortunately larger than the crab claw sail so direct ooparisor htween the two rigs is riot possible at this stags. However, the figures do indicate that the traditional rig has reasonable performance whencompared to thecrab claw sei i buti s not such a good a i i round pa rforme r

AtKette,visits were made fordemonstration purposes and fora fishing trip wi t he 3--0 men canne flee t These iesse is leave Kette in the iste afternoon in e group, for sa+'ety reasons. Dependingcn the wind direction they either set their sails end saildirectlyout ìnto Yawn Bay. Alternatively, theypeddle upwind for half a mile or so and then ccii out into the Bay

Drift nets are set by peddle after about one to one and a half hours o-F sailing. These are hauled after about one to one and ahal-f hours as darkness -Fail s.

The fleet then returns to paddle upwind. ThIs windward ability of the Project canoe created interest and comment hut pest experience has shown that fisher-men are very reluctant to make the simple improvement o-f using a ieeho!ird The canoes have the seme limitations as the veel at Tirana and have to group together For safet y. Table ô : Performance of the project canoe

Length overal 10.0metres Beam .3metres Depth 0. 7metres

Displacement (hull oniy 6x40 kgs Displacement (net, ri. crew) I '

Sail corner, t.radi tionsi Area 18.8 sq. e.

Perform a nc e

Apparent Wind:: Apparent Wind Boat Speed Lewway Aule. Speed (knots) :fUrection (dog. (knots) : (degrees)

7 45 io

6 50 3.0 10

t) 50 2.75 10

60 3.25 5 - 43 53 Conclusnne The Proecte 3-S man canoes a considerable improvement on 1 r a d i t i o n al n a n o e e i n t e orn e o f p e r f Q r n a n ce a n d seaworthiness. But aswouldhe.expected, there is considerablereluctanceamongst trad:Lmonalfishermente adoptthe id of outrigger leoboard dimprcvedsai Thisis mainly due to th±r bei.inf that suchimprovomunte would dietnob their fishIng activities and their familiarity withni acoertence o-F their own canoeslSrnit:atiene The offshore handline fi shcrv is ltttiexplol ted at: present mainlybecause,thelocal, craft areunsuitableforsuch lengthy trips. The cost of gear and the skill level required -For thisfishery are low but considerablemprc-vementsto traditionalcraft arc needed to enabi.e them to exploitit investment oso be justified by the high value cf the catch, 2. The leap in technology required -For widespread acoeptanne cF the new fiehery and the improved craf tis too great tobo achievedin once step.But ceradual development of gearand techniques will result. in -fishermen reai.ising thepotential. ofthe development proposed by the Project.As an example, fishermen employed by the P.00,jCct are after one to one and n halfyears,skilled at ofFshore handlining inthe new craft end would,given eco-ese to t'eir own ora-Fi, adopt the new techniques. 6.4 Recommendations

i , \n expert with skills in hoatbuildinc, sailing, outboard operation and fish:ing, shc,ud be empiryced foi- a period o-F6 months to one year. This expert would carry out the exten i on week Inc cl vedin t he rit roduct ion o-F new technology and would be able ta assist fi sherman in making and using th improvement s propose-i by the Project -

The six fishermen employed andt rained by the Project should be encouraged to form the backbone o-ft fleet cexplo5.tìng the

o-E-Feh':re fishery - Fhis encour-egement could take the -Form -F long term lons, with easy tcrm, on bott; engines end gear. Alternatively, Lbs vessels could be ini tially operated as Project vessels arid heci, subject to theírperormance, handed ovar to the fishermen-

L-F the esqert post is not t'j lIed.thefishermen will osad essietanoc tomodifythe new vessels - The national hoatbuuidec shouldbe requested to return brie-Flytothe Projecttoassistin training a person toconstruct and install suitablo outriggers fai--the new canoes. Ir addition, assistancemay he required to help thefishermen construct the improved sai i. Ing rigs-

4 - Comnerativeperformancet: rial s should be carried out on two ident t osIbeats,one c-ar ryi ng ot radi t lone isai) and t he other carrying a selectIon o-fsit:ernetive xige including the crh cia-w. A nw i1 withbut 25% mori or'e hou1 b riiode for ua on deys with very 1iht wind candit ions. 45

APPENDSX 'I

n s h p /Training course Tinie table

9. (10nm o 12. 01) wino 30 pin to 4 . 30 pm.

W.ek One: Monday I at r c.isicton to ccr;e Term i Jul ogy i n t. rodLiet. i (sit Cl ass content, to outrigger Time shedulc. Y rit. rc.xluct i cm to project Puy food. gear maid fishing gear

Ti da y A. Outi'i gg(-'r danonstrat ion ì.Safety gear; awipiining nd 'oì lì ng pr nc tjCO i.Oat rigger domormstrat ,on Ji.Safety ir;unmming. and se 'i Ii ng pract ice.

We}mìc'sda' A.Sa iti ng pn act,i Cs'? A. t:sani.l5IiC(TS ti -Xnot arid up t R.Sss:ì Nag gear.

'1 1t. iitiLt V A. Meimm Trim t;, t. í.mat; inri A. Opnn and ;imms R.Fihi ng B. Snapper fihirigai. Iday.

P'rday A. 1 mit 1 3s n it. Im rs F

11. m:;ur'omnm1 t, , Ii mini 1:i an mLId ;cmmi'm'mmn;

A. Srm pflor'('i dzi lI(sl Idi3'Y. A.Finhimmg

R.fi 1. mutOn R. 0pmm arid nmmpans

Wtd.5't Monda y A. 501 1ag prmn'Ii ro A.Krìol.s Andsp) iee 9 .1uot sand tp Ii ros R ,Sai 'L Ing prar:t. i.e

Tu si A. Out ' ria i ritt iu:e A.Oot.ri gen Mai rit.rim 000 9.Oir :boar 'Imin its t, rice 13 . Outboard mua i n Liarlos?

W:duis.'da A . Ccsrisjsrtaqjam(; ii cm' A .Operi

Li. Fi dt i rig a I i day Fi rhi ng

Thus nchiy A.F'iidtirsg nl I dms Fi ahi rig U.(mi risa prat t. i co El.Operi

A.and ii. }is'v

Sa urda' A.anti U . I Tem t 'h Fad 46

Snil ing Tcroino1ogy

c

)HkT. / - -1À'_/ /\ n FrOc -7__7 // r T ---

- /

CorQjL -

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1'- CN Q13 NVT'4J / ' N h)V ccç;, / / / / )/1 ÇcL i Ï -

S fe j y

SA TV QU1 PMN FOH 'iOUH CANOF * W1it safety epinwt; you shou) d tahe with your canoe

Extra paddle 7 Lifejacket or fi (tet 3uLIer 8. Flash light Woter 9Spare rope 4. Auchor lU.Sag ( h. Ah:r rope iL. Club ( ) 6.Knife

How to Use s Li feja:kn ace t he jìt over your head Ti e the neck straps t ight i y. Iith strapsi. ight ly I. When entc-ri ng the water, always ho i d ube neck down cl ose y 5. leuoustrat ton o Ie j( c tdr }I .iump off boat into water and float Qeionstrste.

How t he L i fed actet works.

Iho I ,;arLz?t ssde so t ha t.i f you ate uncoosc i eusi t w t i I Oe YOU afi'st wi t,h your head out of the wat:er o you do not drown.

2. T t would be strai,.t*rrt tigbt.i}y to you so that: t.does notsi i poff you. s, Whipping and Splicas

kto at a 'l'bere avebeen aJ erge number of knot ctov sadthroughoutbit1r history,Even with todayt si nprnvet euipmantite irtport:aat to hnor' a few basic knoto in order to eff c enti y work the fishing gear. The .kotset wo describe here are ones that should beearited twriugb After learning the knot,try using iti n its correct app1 icati On on n boot.. Try forudog i ti n the dark or behind your back gooct way to he cor tain t hayou know how to stake alcool:,i so work w i t h apartner using con hand. each.

À * 'L

s' N

Voor ii, stneedi s a knot near the end of a rope t nreent i trunning back Uirnugh a b och or holeor si. i pp reg out. of your iìod.Try aekir;g a njrun Io overhand knot fi rs t (see figure)-

jçhA vx).

Iti s the s im.' es t and a stop in mcv i cg towards other kot.s suches t U ui o - jt'io S t nr Ias i maki ng an o & i J'd hi ri etbut t tkO i endaround totie other s de (see l'i gure )and i oto the icop that way Tlo.o knot will make a i arger stopper'1 hr'.n the over.huno hoot

T1t 0E Sar or Reef Knot: Thereefknot or squere knot isondine joie?t ropesofthesnie thickness,qhee the knot wiLl. be beerie ei net sontbi.ei. tiewie thisbent when we reef the enlio reduce the sei i eceehwi thewi ed is too st rong. Tone ke e reef hoot tw i et the meek; i. ng oncletogether oneway (see figure A) end then the other wo)ç see ti gore h) nodpull. tight OU CeÏ mV r i. ght OVOleft Crie left.oserr i hht" i te leerning,buti ti.e better to weich the twist i ng cci i onorsigothe oppos i ce wer the SecOnd t'i ice..On not meke e graceytfl(Yt WhiCh tends t c slip end is difficu I t to ont in,

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}Ir1Í Uitch uid n Jound Toni

11f you take a rope nrokxnd n spec or I:o k e on'o. t Indiis ahelfhi tab ( seefigure A) I f you cont. mue amuïe to cusp I ctoÌyencirclethe spar,i tis a round turn (see figure ii)

/ / i i II i I' / 7 / /1 ) / ç ç 'j. ( / / / / /

Sheet Bend Knot

The sheet ten(I is Fc jOifl J)heut. ,onei n wkii ch tn Sel'J-iintfH.lc'ngt.hsof rope are joined together. Ttus knot: cee be used for joining kot.of dì. fierentthicknessesor of the same nictenint, io ferm R eomïwn bend turn hack e loop on the end of osa rope. Pche the end ofth a otherrope up through i t (see figure oser) around the backofi t ( figure B) end titen across the fr ont ned underk tsel. f tigureC) ))r'aw the knot tight by hoIdiugthe ei des of ttict i.ghti. n one bend and k'ull.l gi be s munig pcu t U tc oh k rie- u tc » h nan 52

/ '1/ - t /-/---

u J / ¡ 11f theopoorof di f fe;ot t h i het h der of the t onis the one Inni.i oto n ioop,nod the i h ieï ore i e t&en orourd i t f therei s eI:, i e di ireneo i ot he thi ekees of i. be000eu , t hen the olr o e beetbend (see fi D) It.i e ríechei n the nonce y es t he s j nd I10 sheet bondhut nnouthI engt.h oiT the thinner C( p. -, t I ufo ou u cO i lt f o Ioro t

T f there het e hO O ïflOi300tIop Ot hO 00(1 ni &c rope ihey km eyosr-1ice is used luiti f vue ntt.o -e o toncpornry loop.then the ijne linui should be :turtced ihe bowl i no crc be eue fly ont i. edeu t hott he rope con be cuc t off For a firat at :ernpt ,take enough of the. rope a end to make a ioop '-a iarge one ta.1 esa confuni ng than a sao t one. Tw a t a amai i aye where thetopoftheloop ia to come (see f gore A onpreviouspog) A angethis so that the part that coat innen in to theoop is onthe at t t t npa t b uig Lt ad on igh rh yc ( fgor h1 ni y I. 'ughtJII (n..PIl I f'o he boot ¡-fr I Litut- s ing r the t- s .h oat. eftco I. 4 rug ha bet- t mp) t-t- u I. add' 00 tC th.te \I ig par t ) ai i t Nc t- h i ct on Pas the end down through the oe so thatt he end comes between the s ides rif theeue Ci giire D) ,net the other way - Pe enrafo Itocep the knot: i n shapeas you tht an it Pul It he a tand Ing paz t onc way whi ie . exu ght -iIi libaai i- n'it h i a h t4t t hem tha 0t ht

Ciove iJitch

Puttherupe over the spur with enough ex tending torsi.ke thelei tek, thengoaround wi, th t he end arid over the f rs tturn (seefigure A) Continue the same way around the apnr kluìn Iearning i t.zs easier to seewhtt-t s happening if you go around some way from thefi cntliait' hitch. As the rod cranesr ound the second time. take'i t.underi. ta own standingpart (figure b). t)rsw the hitch tight -d.th t'ne partsclose toether (fi gore C) -

f 't

ifItt-e clove hiicjii a to go o\ier n spar-,a bollard,or any t:ngclue where the end,-, access., b i.et'ne e cue ni.t:eh cap be macle w r t h 10005 arid dropped over. Twint a loopi nt nc n triad ìng part so that the end crimes underit( fi gore t)) . t-ki.lc.this in shape and do L'nosameabovelt (figureE) . are the two part a of the clove h itch which crinbe putover the pust or other sel iii arid- if the rope i a nadarst;run youcan drop the first half hitch on und bold the toadwhileforming t he second hat f hi t ch rind t hect puJ Ji.rìgL i g.ht

, -t

i)- A cloveh i tch ireal ly cm y good when there ia od onbothen: toarda oppoif,e sides nf the knot. it ioften used as atemporu fastening for one end of a rope, but. except for only brief holdings t t isbet tertousea round turn end twohuit'hitches. Keep standing part straightthee put: or a round turn (see figure A).\tth theeod put s half hitch around the taut standing part (figure B) nd cent jouearound i; in the seise way to ri&ce the second part of' u bitch (fi gure C) .Lot the two hai f hitches si idaalongthestendi ug part: cl oso to the round torn ( figure D)

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I

i

K d

A.

L

.P !.?ÇJ?i Most ropes ued for fi shins;n o moUe, f:'om synt bette fi tres Likeany other...... i ti s importentt o erop the ends from spreading out. i t.is possib le to do this by burning the evìdhence melting i t together. A nore permnrient. way is a length of tw net; jeU tightly ori the end ofthe rope. Thisi s c:oi ted sbí pping. 55

The best known method of whipping goes under many nomea but here are calling it a common whipping.

Startbylaying u ioop of the twine along the rope(see'I:igure A) With the long end of this twine, make tight turns around the rope until you have covered n distance the some as the rope thickness (figures Ï and C).Now put the end of the twine through the uncovered port of the orjgiiai ioop (figure D). Pull the short end of the twine untilthe joinof the two ends goes under the turns on the rope (figures E and F)

TiE1 F'k 56

An eyespi i ce i si n way of maki ng a permanent ioop in the end of aroj - Unwind the rope to about the length o' a finger, then make a loop wt:: is about the size yOU need. Arrange the 3 ends as in figure Ai.tb st runds ont op of the rope and one below. Open the rope up (f gu e h undpush the ai dcli e strand (No. 2) under one pirt of therope(fi gu C), The strand No. . goes over the part 01' the ropeNo.2. underand under the next part. (figure n) . Now turn theloopo\'oc Strand No. 3 goes under( from r ight to Ìaft )the rema i ning strand the mu i n rope. Tb i s s tart i ng procedure i s veryimportsntand a should check that you have done it cor'rectiy.Look at figure .

To continue,each of t he :strands goes over one st rund end under i next (ligure G) Repeat this 4 or 5 times to finish the splice.

Other t.yp-'s ospli ce w.e: Thc buckspl.i ce. Thisisused t o finishtheendof a rope sot huc the s t rondo wi I J. rtpread out The fronts pii ce. Thi.s i susedtojei ntwo together end to end. The Netand its Materials

'l'heearemanydifferent types ofiater:iais used t omakenetsand ropes The two mes t commonly used in Shenge n res are: The blue rope polyet:hyiene 'ite whi te rope - poIyrni de.

Whht ore t ho r;i ftcrenc;cs between the two. Po lvamide Cast mo re ex peno i \e less expensive Strength stronger weaker Fioatt, i on floats moro fLoats less Sunlight affected affect ed Elnst:icity stretches lCSS s trot ches vore

uJ es about, nets und fishing maten Keep nets out: of the sun ight. Keepnet.s ropes and twines sway from paints pot ro iand kerosene - Alwaysrepui.rnets with the same size of twi ne that. the r sade of Always stretch the rones be fore hanging the net.on the ropes Repair nets in a clean place so that st. ichs and ieavedo not caught in the meshes.

PA 2100/3 x hnlf inch x 1.50 MI) x 200 yards. : PA means themn ter a of the net ,polyamide;2100/3 means the thickness of the t:wine half i richmeans the s ze of the s trot ch mesh; .150 Mi) means the numberof meshesi n depth;200 yards means the stretched lengthf the bund) e.

Twine Si.ze Pro,ject Local 2i00/3 No. 1.5 2100/6 No1 2.5 210D/9 No.3. 210D/12 No 4. 2100/24 No. 8. 2101.t/36 No.12.

Mesh Sizes Project Local Iinch 2 very tight 1.5 Inch 2 tight 2 inch 2 slack 2.5 inch S tight 3 inch 3 fach 4 inch 4 finger 6 inch S finger - 58 -

¡sr 1 t)!L3

Jr c N

:ìiU BRJ\N

ourr

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5 - 59

/

i Cofu

r'

/2 (ßJ CO Mesaurei'ieat ajid Est i,ytnt ion

fi sherman in everyaspect of his job has toutake measurements. ha to measure the engths of l'ope, the thickness of twi ne and r'>pes He alsohasto estimate distances from shoreto fi ud his fi shng grounds und. also est irnat ion of time, what t i.me he should stop fi,s}h ig t o return home ort t i im.'.

íeiasutement:

The foot. rule 3 foot, ì inch !ow sluch is one inch? Usual lv about one j ohit of your fi uger

The ful, hom 6 feet how much is one fathom? Usuol y the di st.once between t'ho f: ogors of your outstretched ar'ms.

The met. re 3 feet, 3 incheL

The mile E08fl feet Tesnbo to Sherige straight is 20 miles.

E

See howmuch is 1 i ach See howmuch is 3i aches Measureone joint of your finger - 4easureone whole finger Mensurefr orn you r e ib ow t o y ou r w i S t Measire2 fingers Me as u re3 f ir,g Measureh owt. n i I y ou urn.

Es L i ma t i on - Est nt.e the hei gbt. of t ho wo,l ifrom floor' to cei .13 ng. Est 1mo te the width of the oom. Estìniat,e the length oft he room Kstinrjte the time of day Est ì.ninte three mi natos of t i me Es t j.mrtte the distance from Monhev lu i undt l3t3inIsland.

Guest imutiun and Estimuti on Gesa is made wì tb t'to bns i s for 'r ornent; Est i mat e i s made t uk i ngi n to account. ctou] tb i rik ing and re.! a t i ng t he thing est itnat;ed to actual exoeci noce.

Est, i mate the.1 "ngth of I he Ohtuin hua t Est hante the eagthof t.hn Yciefufe boat The Cn»ipusu

Thecompusa i s uninst i-ument used to tel ithedirectionyouare traveiJ iug tu relation to the magnetic North.

Where doesthe sun rise in the morn tug? The sun rises inïhat i s cal led EAST' Where does the sun set ìn the afternoon? The sun sets in the 'WEST' If you face East. (ihere the sun rises in the morning) take yourleft: hand and poi n ts t. rai ght.t o your i eJ7t hand s i de.The direct ion that you hand po i n Ist o is N(iRTH' I îyou tnce East take your right, hand and point to yourrighthand side.rrh. d3reet:oa you point;is 'SOUTH' Eaxu.ine the barntnet The muguet n Iways points Nort h und South, egurdiess ofwherevon s t and Thecompas has a magne t.Li tet: h i s one inn :i de ofi t,oniy i t i s srna 11 The compass 1ÌeO(iJni nys poi n t North suri South The nRoan needle a lsy.s ro t to the North no matterwhichway you turn

Exore i s"s loroto the East.,w'rthe sun rises nod then turn the bJ.aekcii ai wiLl Ithe rei part of i; he naomi Io po jut a to N (NorTh) Thedirect ion pointer rIows you E (Ess t) nulstot Went., Whe'O tilO SUfli't,apci t.heturn the,iarkdi ai ont i J the red purl of the need i.e po jut t o N (N or t h) Thedirect. t ori poi ut er' shown you S (South Turn und íar:e t0y beç«yen Norh a,nct t'O4: .iuri the black dial unti i red pn't of the neecll e points to North, t)uest i on: What dire&'k. (e) does the pointer show 40/50

Hm' adiligt: he rabers orit: he compass: N (I NE 15 E 90 SF S rHO SW = 225 270 N1 :3)5 p 3h0 -

rUE tSl ìUO U Ai,WAYS BE UWT W/Y rUOM METhL

se: Turnthe b och dial so that the pot ute r poi nmto 315degrees. Then aU gu the eec! pert of the needle t:o North (N). The direct, ion you point to is North West (NW).

Standon the ich at. Shenge -Poi ut the di rect. i on pointer toPi etui n the b lack di nito ntehe the red part. oft heneedleto pointonNorth (N)- The number IhRt you rend on thedial i s the compass course to go to P)antai n Is lend iron Shenge

BoRt, Exore i se Steer the foi. i owi ng courses onhe COfl)J)O55 W 2 minutes N 2. i notos W 2 minutes S 2 nitnutes E 2 minutes Practice wit h each studnt. Steer a cLunpflSs course, ChOITgì ng bon t.man end us i ng the boat to st ocr by compass.

liead Peck on i ng: Eight (8) mi les per hour speed What does eight. mi les per hour menu? Speed I) in-tance dì vi dad by t. i me

If you have to Iravel 16 mi es &md the speed of the boati s El ri.i les per hoer: how long wi1 i'ttake to arrive att he end of 16 miles; bow far wi JJ. you travel inihour; how :faj- will you treve)i n hoi f un hour; - how far wi J I you t. raveli n quarter- of an hour. At9. 00 ami on the morning of' 22nd September i 986,you left Shengefor Tombewhichis 20mi. les to the North. Thepampa that.youer e t ravel i ing i n su:i i s at Elm.i les an hour. WiwE timc will you erri Veat. Tombo.

You I eave Tomba at.2. 00 pm on the same Oit ernoon The speedofthe boat, is h mi J as per hour ¡lu t of ter c)OC sud a hai I hoursr t,he eng i rK fai isnod you ore dr i ft i ng for 1 hour before ejgino star-taagain. You coot. i. nue t.o Shonge. What t i me will you crei ve at Shonge- r = C)

f

6 t L)

9 / '.1 '-J Outboard Motors

Outboard rn tore aie a very vnon way of -ririg fichi ng heels. They comein many di Íferent. sizes and are clsi.fled according to howmuch power they produce. Tb i ei s sensured i e HORSI 0WER' or-' A big boat. needs a bi g engine, but. a smaLl boat wi Igo just as fast with n smaller cngi ne, for exomp e: Ii (hens canoe needs n 40 bpmot or - A Veli fufo canoe needs alO ou 15 hp. motor The drew ng ori the next. ge shows soi par ta of' the outboard motor erra what thei r names are

2 Stroke or 4--Stroke.

There are ti-o di ffet eat types of petrol eglite which are used for manly things,i nul wi i ngrrotMrcyt:les sud outboards - The two t ypes ere: 2--st roke and 4--stroke They wehi u el Ighi. Idi fforar' r ways rind so need to belookedafter different I y - 4-stroke erigi ns rueheavyandcomp I i Catad but do riot use auc hf nel 2--stroke engis-ereJ ightsadsimplehutusea lot of fue iwhen run fee t

A i i igl íz iM i t:t I' t ti- get ti n hot, ina 2-s . r ohs cugine you mixt h e o± I withr hepetrol. The amouni. of oilyeti usei s very i n-por-tan - For example: An erigi no muy need 50 partspotro I.to one print oli. i swrit t r-n50: - 1fyouhave 2 gai I oneei fee) you wi lì riced i/2titbof a gai loriofoil . Vorn should measure tui n exact y.

Qìreat i on Uow muchoil weal ci you need with 'Igai I ox-sc of pet rol at.aratioof 50:1 Von cari tell when theres ioc' much ei. ii n thepetrolsince there w.ï ii hc clouds of ht us smoke in the exitaust i n a 4--trabe eng lee,the ei ie held inside the engine irrasump This moser-iI hatou do not, need to put ni iin tire petrol instead, you should make cur st list therei s ruough cletm oilirr the 5Ufliandchange i t.when. i igets duty - - 65

teI hag thetr

The outboardmotor i. ucun i I y fixed on the hackoftheboat(the tri.aoe) Al iernot vely,il.ay he fixed on the s ido or in a wel L. WbereveE 'i ti s fixed aunt be very Strong and the correct heightabove thewater. The propel er should not be too deep in the water hut aiso shoe] cinet he too near the surface. idee I i y, thecavi t;ati onplate should be a fuw i aches be low the water. When fix i ng the outboord in p tece it i s important that the ci aips are doneuptight.so that you Wi. i I not lOS? theengine . Theoutboard abon L d be t i ed to the boa t. with s irong rope so ta. t will not. be los t i f the hoai; turns over. Hef ore h -av i ng, check t hat. you have the fol i owing things: Enough fue J. Pliers Screwdri vors ,ordinary and cr'osshead Spanners3 or 4t: o su t eng loe Spark plug spanner Spare shear p inndcotter- pin Spare spark plugs ieeler gauge. Outboird (t ion Starti ng: Puriip . rol i n t o iheerg i ni w i t.h thepurnpin the i'uel tine. Sei, the genreveto NtUThAL Pet throt t le to u tort pou i t i en( ;out ha f way If the erigi ne i s cold pu iout the dicke lever (do rioti f i.tin hOt) - Pui.l the ut orter r ope not it the engine ut arts ne the thro t te to t ckover Alwayschecttitel. water in bei ng pWflp(d through theengine, i f not itopt h eng i ne. On the 4»st.roke,checkthrit,theei I waning light goes out.

}'iovhg Off: 110 NOT put the enginefl) geor or out, of gor uoiss liT in rune ing ati t e neet. spend 1?ernernber the s Inwex- the eng:i nei n nomi ng the lens fuel youwill u e (ueu t i on: fast d( you th i ok the erigi cei s rimu i, ng ati tu l'as teu t. and owes t speeds. whenyouhave fi ei shed wi tht be engi nc ,you shoe I d runi t. i n FRIiS}1 êTER to clean the se i t. out of'i t.. Also clean it nil over withfresh water.Poi ng these tiogu wìi I make the motor I ant. mOCh J enger.

Mi,stenanccn.

Mai tenunce is the process of i cok i ng citert he engine to make sure i k wcr'ks we i.1 endi en tu b ong t 1mo - The t'oh i owi ng things should he done every month ai' two ,do rend i uig on how much you use your' engine-

I - Check the fu& terik endi tul'i i t er'C on) use petrol to do this) Pramthe (:eJbnrett.cr to enko sure di ntis not coi leoting there. Clean the fuel fi I t.er' (again, on) y use petrol)

'b'. !euiIOVe itie sour 1

&oui, r igh't- b. Grease the engine tthe rìe-ssary grease pointu -

6 Changet he gear' ei i(un'e drewieg )- hi t h the eng i ic upr'i glit ,put a ceritai ncr'under't be leg. Undo the di 'ate plug' andfi lierplug. Theoil will i'tm out- FIIup with t he correct e I andreplace 1i' d t i. ghtcn jite screu FO[t[ SFE ENG T.NR ONLY. Every week,check the leve)ofthe engineO i nod fi Iup i f necessary.Every few months this engine oil raus t:be changed.Tb is is dono when the engine is hot to al low ihr ei ito runOUi, O ï ly . The cirai n plug is at the hnck of the engt ne. P] acea tray under the engi ne and rentove thepl ugto al Jewtheoil to run out. Repince the chu in plug, removethe eng inccoverand fi Ithe eng i ne wi th thecorrectamount (one c) of 10l40 ci 11W 10 ngine o I i f the propel ter hi. ts a rock there i.s e chance that the shear pin may break. .1 tt h i s happens, the propel 1er wi li rie longer turn. ] f you Nave a Spare ooe, you can fix this ( Demons t rat, i on) I f the enginet, ups pumping cool i ng wffl:.et' . you may need to rep) ace the waterpump inpe I tor. To do this you wi. il. need someone experienced to heJp you. - (c,< - rj- \ Ç 32

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Questions for the Truinees P1iu ic-S o a t s i.Neme the di fferent. pm-ts of the boot. (Picture).. 6 2.Describe the different direct io'hi retat i on to thhoot . 4 3 Who t,i the s t. or-board side. i 4.What is the port. s ide i 5. Wh-it,i s thtransom G. Whati s the guawba le What are the thwarts i 8. What:j s the rudder' used t'or. I 9.What. is the lii 1er What. is the saì-board quarter. t Tot-ei I3

Sailing I. Name the pi'i. u oi.e sai ibout.: Mast: block Uul yard Dagger' board Sheet' Pontoon (3ef'f Out c'i gger ecf IO What is the st,arbard tack 0.5 Wheti st he port tack 0.5 What is boat lug to windward 0.5 What.i tacking (LS What iì running befare 0.5 Wjrf is a c1osreach 0,5 Whut is the use of the dagger board 2 Whati s the use of' t he pontoon Tot:ol 20

Sat ety. Name eight pi e.os of sa l'ct y equipment you abon i cl S iwnys have 07) board. I er 0.5 Water 0.5 Kni.ie 0.5 Li fo jacket 0.5 I:t ra poddi e 0.5 Anchor 0.5 Anchor rope 0.5 Wast e rug 0.5 Toi a.! 4 Oitboard Motors

'I. orne the two types o f pet. roengi ne 2 2.Which type of eng ne needsiiu the petrol i 3.flow many st.or bett leu of ei Ito 5 gs ions ei pet.ro 2 4.Whefl do you put more ei. Ji n the petra L i 5. Why si t,i poronL. to hove the correct petco /oU Z . Where Jo the oil in a 4struFo. engine i Jini os m}d you huye on the hoot. plug u panner L cr' dri ver j pliers L feelor geug what uparen shon d VO 00 the boot propeller' pins i spark plugs L toi"t ing rupe I t1arre the following parts of the engine upurk plugs choke proper ter' Ihr ott J e georeve cerburei. ter cavitation plate 7 IO. orne three things you oulddo f,othe eng ne every mon tb fron ei eon fue JfI l toc eJ rì p tugs and check gap eJ aun pet rol took chungo gear' oil grouse engine. ut. 'ease poinL K ti. Why should you clean the engine after un ing it 12. What should you check of 1er siurt ing the engine i Totul 28

K no t o i l)o the ref-pknot 2.Do the sheet bend 2. IJot.he howl toe 4 J)o the ei'e spi ice 5.Do the buch spi ce 6.Po the ru'id turn and 2 hai f hìtches 7. De the ci ove hi tab H. What ìs the uce of the f i sherman s knot 9.. What is the use of the boo Line T ti h it i he u e o fti r-ounc?t nr n nd h1 fIn tio 1.1.Throw n heavingi loe. Tatui ii 72

i Point, to the North Pointtothe Easi PointtOU7e North Sot the :opars to t rueon a course of 240 degrees What. di. rection does the compass needle always point: Set the Cospass to traveL on a CoUrse of 350 degrees Poi,nt.tOSoUth West t-i. what the mean ng of tknot.s 9. tr YOU tavOi at B hnots for 3 hourshow far will yoa t ravel lO, Why ii t importuni. to keep metal away from the couq8s To tCi. io

Nets and Ropes i. What: type ropc/netmain ng nwt.er ai coste mor-e-- poi yanhi (le or polyethylene. 1 2. E,,ptai n the fol lowing deser ipi i on of a net P.4 2101)73 half inch, 150 MD, 200 yards. 4 3.- COilII)Oj)O 2 Tot;aJ 7

Navigat i en I.If the dist ne to Tomboi s 21 mii esand you aretravel I i ng there in the Voi L fufu canoe ta speed of G knots, how niany hours w lii ttale you t ogel there ¿I -73

PRrticipmtDeai.Ie

p5 A FOOD AND ORGANISAI ION ORGANIZACION -tA:' Lti A G R IC U LW R E DES NATIONS DE LAS NACIONES ORGANIZAI ION UNIES POUR UNIDAS PARA 0E THE LAUMENTAT ON LA AGRICULTURA . ji,.:;:iL UNITED NATIONSET LAGRICULTUREY LA ALIMENTACION ;3\

INTEGRATEDDIVELO)1iENT OF RURAL FISUIEG VILLAGES S1IENGE REGION. eí.:PER/1GC/ i 50/06 ist September, l9B6

Dear

r1C Fishries Projectrequesting your help in finding three (3) fishermen who would be in t eres ted in narticipe ting in a sail traininprogrammo

We are looking for three yelefufu fishermen who would be willj Oparticipate in alO dais traLaing programme irom tll These three fishenueo would learn how to use the new Fisheries Sail l3oat as wofl as how to use the compass and knot s

The participants will be traìned in Shenge everyday, except Sunday, for 14 daye The participants will have to arrange their own housing in Shenge0 They must stay In Sherige in order to he ready for the morning classes,They will receivefood once a day and will receive an official certificate on successful completion forn the Fisheries Project,

We would like you to choose five (5) fishermen of which we can interview and select three (3) from, We will come back to to select the three finalist on

Thank you for your co-operation

Robert Lee Team Leader SIL/52/Oi5 Trainees.Seatnansh p/Se i Tra i n i ng Oarse No 29 Si1 ether t oI Oc t,ober'.1 9U$

Name Vi) tage Fishing Fishing oat Fxperi circe Ge a r'

T Rowe S h e n g e 1.5 yrs Captain Hand line Project 23 &Set.net. J Rowe Shenge 1 yearcrow l'tandi Inc Project 24 KSet.net. S Kpaka Freetown 4 years crew Trawl i ng Trawler 25 I Macfoy S hen ge 14 years captai n tiri ftnet 3-Scance 3-5 ti Sesay Ka t. t. a 3 year's captain 1')ij ft net3»Scarioe22 F La.loh Mario 20 yearscapta i n Dr-i ftnet,:3- Scai'ioe36 s 'Fewer' S ten g e 7 yen rs cap tai Hand li ne 3-- Seance26 Dril tact. C (,ont:eh Kette 4 ears captai n tiri ft nt 3-- Scanoe25 A Cont.eh Kat,t.n 25 years raptai n Dr i f t net. 3-- Sc'r.moe H [ìangura SI ten g e i - 5 yeeis (,'a Hock arid Project 26 .1 I 'rie Patti. IO yen rs. or ow tiri ft not i--catìoe 22 A bsama A Kal'uy Slietige 21 H Wili.am I.''i sauna 2 years crew Hand ii ne Dugou t 29 flch seine A !Çwitara Shenge Hand i. me 21

Sea ashi p/Sui. IT'rai ni ng Course No.2. 13th October'25th October 1.E36

S Tower Shenge 7 years capt. ni 'ri Hand I i no 3--Sunnue26 O r' j f t ne t. M Rangura S hen go it .5 year's rrew Hsni'ì i me Project. 26 J Rowe S hen ge 1 year crew Hand Ìj ne Project' 24 i Mec îey Sheuge i ear crew Hand line P'r'ojet aS S J5i.Oh Shenge 5 years crew Dr'lftnot 3' Scanne20' A Kama'r'a T i_ss ana JO yeats crew tirI Itnat :3»5-;e 18 set, net P. Seine A Simbo :;rsige 3 yost's crew Hand) i ne 3»5canoe 17 Set net M eiciu Sheiige 3 year's crew Hand i I ne Va r' inus 113 C Barley Shenge 4 year'a crew Handlirie Various 22 B. Sei ne A Kamarn Sing boIe 16 years captai ri Ori ftnet 3»-bcanoe36 Hand) i rie P Cob ri ho n ge 3 years ci es Hand i I ne 3---Sca.noe 22 tiri 'ft act. H Boston S h vn ge 2 years crew Hand li ire Vut i. ru 2(1 F t(í.ady Shenge 2J1 year's crow Hand J i rie Ver i cus 22 Set ne t. .3Duyoli S hongo 3 ye a rs crew Handline Vai leus 23 75

Smanshp/Sa i I Traini J? 27th October to Bib Noventher iJ86

J Kamben Tissana 1 year crew Ring net. Ghana, 22 ltdft.net. 3-Scanoc I Davies Shenge Uand line 21 G Dabar Shenge Hendi inc 16 A Fofemah Kaita 5 years, (:rew Pingnet Ghana, 25 I)r.i finet 3 5cane G Thompson Tissana 3 years crew Hand i inc I -3canoe23 S Gibril KaLte i year crew Drifinet 3-5canoe22 T Lewi.s Katta 2 years crew Ringnt (Fìana 23 S Jalioh Shenge Handinc 20 76

APPENDIX 2

Feasi. bu ity study on the use of 4-stroke petrol outboard motors on small size traditional fishing canoes in West ifr ìc

I Introduction

Low power '4-stroke outboard motors are presently produced by Honda (7.7 HP and 99 HP) and Yamaha (9.9 HP).

Yamaha makes the following models

- F9.9AENL high thrust, low RPM (GEAR RATIO2:92),manual and electrical start, 20 inch shaft -F9.9AEMUL as abovewith 23 inch shaft - P9 9BS normai thrust hì gh RPM (gear ratio 2:08) ,manual start, 20 inch shaft.

The Yamaha 4-stroke high thrust motors are destined for heavy pleasure saiLboats in Europe and North America and are said to require careful and skilled maintenance, As the manufacturer claims a reduction in fuel consumption from 4.2¡h for the 2stroke engine to 2.8 1/h for the 4--stroke engine of the same powerit would be worthwhile to determine whether the 4-stroke engine would be suitable for small traditional fishing canoes andif modifications need to be made to the motors to allow them to be maintained by low-skilled operators.

II - Objectives

1. To evaluate the suitabi:L±ty of using a 4-stroke high thrust outboard: motor on a small sail powered traditional fishing canoe in oneof the West African countries on a basis of comparilsion triais with a 2-stroke motor of similar output.

2. If appropriate to recommend necessary improvements in thdesign/construction of the 4-stroke motors for use on fishing canoes operated by fishermen wit;h limited skill and experience inrepair and maintenance of outboard motors. III Work Pian

One complete 4-stroke outboard motor, type F9. 9AEl1L will be donated by araha anc shipped with basic spare parts to the project site. The reg i ona.1 project will purc1iase tbrough FAO HO one 2-stroke engine of similar outout and basi o spares and ai aog. wtth the ri .i t uoìDio jc i wh cn . to uppor ttrie activity to borrow (or purchase) two sail powered tradì. tionaJ. fishIng canoes of as nearly as possible the same s:Lze and shape (5 to 7 m In length) for an initial period of one month, During this per:tod a project expert or consultant with experience in small craft operation under saL] /power and experience of operation and maintenance of outboard motorsïiiicarry out extensive compa- rative triais of both canoes (one equipped with 4W-strOke motor and one with the 2-stroke corne) following the attached Evaluation

Sheet Part 1 and train the fishermen in the operation and ma:i.nte nance of motors,A full technical report will be submitted by the expert with the Evaluation Sheet enclosed to FAO HO. Next both boats will he returned to the fishermen with the motors on lease or loan for one year of operation ; the national project: to decide in consultation with fishermeal a groups the details of how this scheme is to he managed and the financial contribution of the recipient if' any.

it is suggested that if t'ne fishermen keep the boats in operation and supply the informat,ion throughout one year to enable the project to monitor the performance of the motors in accordance with the Evaluation Sheet Part II, the motors could be given to them.

Every three months the project will supply a technic:al report to FAO HQ with the Evaluation Sheet enclosed.

Towards the end of the. study Yamaha has indicated that they may wish to send an engineer to visit the project si. te to gather the operational results of' the aerformance of both motors and establish recesssry modifications in the design/construction of the 10-stroke engine for use on artI sanai fïshing craft C 1:1' appropriate)

The national project with financial assistance from the regional project in the rovis:ion of replacement spares if necessary will assist the fishermen to keep both of the outboard motors operat.i.ona.l during the entire study. - 78 -

ngthe Tri8lResults

The foi lowing trin Is were carried out during mornings when the windis generally very light and the sea calm. The fuel cost during the period of the trinis was Le.50/gallon. This gives:Fuei only Le li/litre Fuel/oil mix Le 12.5/litre

Fuel Consumption 10 . CanoeandYaiaha9.9 hp 4-stroke Rngine.

RPM Boat Speed FuelConsumption Displace- (knot.$) Litres! Litres! Leones/ ment Hour N.Mile Mile (kg)

3800 8.50 3.51 0.41 4.51 870 31300 8.25 3.54 0.43 4 . 73 890 3750 8.25 3.27 0.39 4.29 870 3650 8.20 3.27 0.39 i. 870 3400 7.50 2.94 0.39 4.29 890 3350 7.25 2.50 0.34 3,74 870 3250 700 2.10 0.30 3.30 87- 3200 6.80 2.28 0.33 3.63 890 :3000 6.25 2.01 0.32 3.52 870 3000 6.25 870 2550 5.5 870 2500 5.2 0.25 2.75 870 2000 4.0 1.05 0.26 2 88 890 2000 4.0 0.88 0.22 2.42 870 J800 3.5 0.90 0.26 2,86 890 1550 3.0 0.71 0.23 2.58 870 -79

Fuel Consumption - 10 Metre Cuoe und Yuìah9.9 Sp.2-strokeEngIne..

RPM ßat Speed ue1Cunswnpt on flispi tce (1rnot) Li t. res/ L tres! Leones / ment 8our N.Mi.le MiI.e (kg)

4650 10.00 6.30 0.63 7.87 830 '1600 i0.00 6.40 0.64 8.0 870 4550 9.75 5.81 0.59 7.37 870 4500 9.50 5.01 0.59 7.37 81 (1 4350 9.50 5.73 0.60 7.50 870 4 20() 9.25 5.76 062 7.75 810 4100 9.00 5. 14 0. 57 7. 2 870 4000 8.50 0.53 6.63 870 :3800 8.25 1.77 0.57 7.12 310 3700 8.20 4.41 t.) .63 87(1 3550 7.75 3. 63 (1 . 47 8. 87 870 3800 7_So 3.75 0.60 6.26 810 3300 7.20 3.64 0.50 6.25 870 3150 7.00 3.00 043 537 870 3000 6.00 2.71 OÀS 5.62 870 3000 6.00 2.85 0.47 5.8? 830 2500 5.00 1.72 0.34 4.25 870 2500 LB0 1.89 0.39 4,87 810 1800 3.80 1.32 Ii.34 4.25 870 du -

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LIBTE DEB RAPPORTB DIPA - L.IST OF IDAF REPORTS Docuents de trveil/Workinß pepers O Greuw, MA., Etude de prfctLbifité technique de lrnérg 195 ment d'abris pour lpécha meritirne ertisnlo u Bénin, COtonou) Projet DIPA. BBp,, DIPF/WP/. 8lcR Michud, M.J., Mission d'identifiction des commur.outés 198e 1ìttor1es de pêcheursrtisnsu Bénin. Cotorwu, Projet D1PP, 24p, OIPA/WP/2. Gulbrndsen, O.A Preliminary secount o-F attempts to introduoe 1988 iterntive typesf snli craft intoest Africa. Cotonou lOAF Project7 E1p. IDAF/WP/3. Bu lb r nd sen O. ,Un compte-rendu préliminaire sur les tentatìvts d'introduire des typesalterneti's de pctto embarcation en AFrique de l'Ouest.Cotoncu Projet BIPA. h3p.7 DIPA/WP/3. Jorion P.J.M., The influence o-F sooio-economic and cultural structures on small-scale coastal fisheries development in Benin, Cotcu, lOAF Project, 42p., IDAF/WP/4. Jorion P J. M. L' influence des structures socio-econoiniquesur 1986 le développement des pchesrtísanaiscurles côtes du Bénin. CotoncuProjet DIPA, 59p. DIPP/WP/4. Tandber',A., Preliminary assessment aV the nutritional situati on 1986 ofubitnce fisiiermen's f milies. Cotonou Projet BIPA, 31p. IOAE/WP/6. Wijk.stx'om,O. ,Recyclage des personne s pêche en gestion et 1966 comptabilité. Cotonou, Projet BIPA 26p., DIPAIWP/6.

Collart, A , veloprnertprning for smoii-scale fisheries in 1066 West Africa, practiccÏ and sooio-economio Cepects o? -Fish production and processing. Cotnou, lOAF Project, 34p., 1DAF/WF/7. Col lar, A. Planification du dóvelopernent des pêches artise-- 1966 nalec en Afrique de 'OuestProduction et traite-- ment du poisson, ses aspects matérielstechniques et socio-econorniques. Cotonou, Projet BIPA, 6?p. DIPA/WP/7.

Van derieex'en, A. J. L., 8ocio-econon:Lc aspect s of integrated 1966 fisheries development In rural fìshing villoges. Cotonou, :tOAF Projt, 29p., IDAF/WP/E.. '-aling,L. u. ,et Wijkstrom, D. ,Les disponibilités en matériel 1966 pour la pêche artisanale. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 4'7p- DIPA/WP/9. G. J. Design and trial of sai Ling rigs for artisanal 1986 fisheries of Bierra Leone. Cotonau, lOAF Project, alp., IOAFIWP/1O. Vétillert, R. Reppor't d'étudepréIiiirìeiresur L'nnernent 1986 d'unebri pourle pêche morìtimeertisnieà Cotoncu. Cotoncu,Projet DIPA,3ip.DIPA/WP/1. Vn Hoof, L., Smel1scele fish productionendmerRet:ing ir 1986 Shenge, Sierre Leone. Cotonou lOAFProject,36p. IDAFi'WP/ 'r2.

Everett, G.V. An outline of WestAfrioen sr1i-scl fi ries. 1986 Cotoìou, lOAF Project. 32p., LFJAFIWPI13. Blck-Mìcheud; J., t J.Johnson, Psrtieípetion muneutire eu 1967 projets intégrés des pêchesertisen]es. En cours depréperetion :P/wPí141 -

AnQfl. Report nf the second lOAFlicisun officers meet- 1987 ing;Freetown, Sierre Leone ( 1-4 November 1986) Cotonctu,IDAFProject, 66p.,ÏOAF/WP/18.

Anon. Compte--rendu cje Ledeuìèmeréunion desofficiers 1987 de lieison duOLPA.Cotonou, Projet DLPA, 2?p., DIPA/WP/1(i Cempbell, R Report oF the preporetor technicol meeting on 1987 propulsion in fishing cenoes inWest Afrìce Freetown, Sierra LeoneC i5-i6 November1966) Cotonou ,lOAF Project.86p IDAF/WF'/ '7 Rapports__techniquetdacumentschcisis/rlbed of technicol reportsnd docurrients DirectionNetioneleduPrjtModèle3énin,Mi.se enpiece etpien 1985 d'exécution.CotonLu, Projet PIPA, 43.+ 3 Annexes. Sheves, @T., Integratedsmeil-scalfishries projeotsprin- 1986 cïplee epproaches, enJprogreus in the context of the Benin protctypprojec t. Paper presented et the work- shop on 6mal 1--scale Fisheries Development end Menage- ment,Lomé 20 - 29November Ï956, 33p. Sheves, (3.1., Projets intégrés de pêches artieenole; approches 1966 et évolution dens le contexte du projet pillote. Docu- ment présenté àï 'cte-liar régionel sur' le développement et l'eménagement des pêches artisanales, Lomé, 20 29 Novembre1985,36p. lOAFNewsletter/Lett.re du OIPA,1,October-/Octobre 1985. lOAF Newslettsr/Lettre du PIPA, 2,Jenuery/Jenvier 1906. lOAF Neisletter/Lettre du DIPA, 3, Jure/Juin l986 lOAF- NewciI ter/Lettre du DUPA, 8ep ¡0cc 198C Pereiso F-X.Rapport sur steges de recyclage en idontifictìon 1985 des poissonsCotonau, GCP/RAF/192/DEN 24p.

Coilert, A.et M.Giudicefli Développement des pêcheiemari-- 1964 times et continentales dele pisciculture eu Cobon Rome, FAO (GCP/RAF/192JDEN) 77p Johnson, J.P., et MP..ìlkie, Pour un développement intégré é 1966 pêches artisanales du bon usege de la perticipation etdele planificetien. Cotonou Projet DIPA,15'?p.+ Annexes, Menuel de Terrain N, 1.