Seamanship, Sailing and Motorisation
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IDAF/ WP / 18 March 1987 SEAMANSHIP, SAILING AND MOTORISATION AO! DAtI IDA/NORWAY IDAF/WP/16 March 1967 SEAMANSHIP, SAILING AND M O TO R I S A T IO N 0.5. Davy Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales enA-Frique del'Ouest DIPA Programme -For Integrated Developmen oF Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa- IDAF GCP/RAF/ 192/DEN GCP/RAF/ 198/DEN GOP/RAE! 197/NOR. Integrated Development ìn Rural Fishing Villages, Shenge Region,Sierra Leone SI L / 82 / 015 With financial assistance from Denmarkr3fld Norwy, and in collaboration with the Peoples Republic of Benin, the Fisheries Department of FAD is implementing in West î-fria a programme of email scale fisheries development, commonly called the lOAF Project. This programme is based upon an integrated approach involving production,processing and marketing o-P fish, and related activities; it aleo involves. in particular, an active and full participation of the target fishing communities. This report is a working paper and the conclusi. one end recommendations are those considered appropriate at the time of preparetìcn, Th working papers have not necessarily been cleared for publication by the government( s) concerned nor by FAO. They may be modified in the light o-F further knowledge gained at subsequent stages o-P the Project and issued later in other series. The. designations employed and the presentation cf material do not imply he expression af any opinion on the part of FAO or a financing agency concerning the legal. statue o-F any country or territory, city or oreo, or concerning the determination o-Fit frontiers or boundaries. lOAF Pro joni; ßctt Postale 1369 Cotoncu> P.P. du Bénin Télex 6291 F000ABB1 TéL. 338925/330624 Mr. 0.5. Davy works wIth Mac Aliter El ijott and Partners Ltd. o-F England. He was rec.ruited by FAO on hehlf of Project 51L/82/O15 and GCP/PAF/192/DEN to work +'or two period in Ehenge, Sierra Leone, in 1956. TP.BL.E OF COMTENTB Page - UACKOROUNL) 2.THE DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF AN OUTRIGGER AND SAILS ON A TRADITIONAL CANOE 2.1 ProJect Vessel 2 2.2 "iheries 2 2.3 The Une0+Sail 3 2.3,1 Mteriels and si11's avai1abl 3 2.3.2 Weather conditions 3 2.4 The Outrigger 2.4.1Out igger experience 2.42Outriggerdesign 4 2.4.3 Outrigger construotion S 2.4.4 Outrigger fitting 6 2.6 13 2.5.3Saildesign 13 2.6.2 Sailma}cir.g 2.6 The Rig 17 2.7 Sea Trials 19 2.8 Training 24 2.9 Conclusions 21+ 3. A SAIL TRAINING/SEAMANSHIP COURSE 25 3.3 Cortcepts and Aims 25 3.2 Content 26 3.3 Assessment and Results 28 4. OUTBOARD MOTOR EVALtJATION TRIALS 30 4.1 Introduction 30 4.2 The Tri1 Veeì 30 4.3 Enirre Specifiotion 31 4.4 Sea Tr'ials 31 4.6 Dhiervt ions 33 4J Reoor'imendd Modifietion 34 47 Conc1us±or+ 3 A o 5. FIELD ACTIVITIES 3 L) 5. I n t rod u ot io n 38 6.2 A o t iv i t i e 38 5.3 Con o J. u s in n s 43 5,4 Fìecornmendt ion s 43 APPENDICES Details of th Sail Trin:íng/Seemnshic Course45 Feasibility Study on the use o-F 4Stroke Petrol Outboard Motors on Canoe - 76 LIST OF FIGURES Page Jig and backbone construction 7 2. Frame dimensions 8 3 Outrigger section 9 Stem profile IO Outrigger installation 11 Leeboard 12 'ï. Sail design 14 Steps taken in sailmaking 15 Mast installation 18 Sailing trials 20 11 . Engine cost comparisons 36 12. Four corner sail 40 LIST OF TABLES. Trial results motor/saIl 21 Fuel consumption 21 Trial results sail only 22 Rig costs 23 Details and performance of 3 5 man canoe 39 Performance of the project canoe 42 Appendix Sections and Figures ppenix i Page Project sailing canoe 46 Parts of a canoe 46 Directions relativo to boat 47 Points of sailing 48 Knots, whipping and splices 3O The net and its materials 57 Measurement arid estimation 60 The compass 61 Direction findìng 63 Outboardmotors 614 Participants details 74 Appendix 2 Engine trial results 78 Fuel consumption - engine speed 80 Fuel consumption boat speed 81 Cost per nautical mile boat speed 82 Engine/Sail trialresults 83 Motor sailing with 2-stroke Yamaha 84 Motor sailing with 4stroke Yamaha 55 i BP.C<GFOUNO The FAO/UNDP Project SIL/82/O16 aims to improve the standard of living of the fishermen and fIshing commurities in the thirteen target villages within the Shenge region The project is experimenting with and encouraging the use of improved sails to reduce dependence of the fihry on fuel and engine spare part supply. Late in 1985 a sail consultant visited Shenge at the project 's request; the aim of the consuitancy wee to introduce improve sail technology to motorised canoes as wi1 as traditional small craft (the repart has been issued as IDAF/WP/1OJ In 19J6, a follow-up consultancy (of one man-iuonthj was requested ta modify a traditionally built 3 - S men planed canoe for use with sail and en outrigger. The canoe was built specifically far the project by a local hoatbuilder, end the completed craft is to b used for demonstrating and promoting the use of improved sails, as well as project fishing activities. Thu first section of this report is the result of that concul.tancy. A final consuitency was completed in late 19S6. During a two monthperiod a training programme was run to show village fishermen the Improved vessel and offshore fishery as weil as training them in the necessary skills. Also, a more fuel efficient 4-stroke outboard eng:i re was compared with a conventional 2-stroke. Such on engine could he suitable for use in the offshore fishery. This report contains a record of the two month consuitonoy. The sail training/seamanship programme successfully demonstrated and promoted the outrigger and improved sails as well as teaching fishermen new concepts and skills. In addition the fishermen employed by the project have reached a standard which will enable them to carry out future training programmes. Itisrecommended that these future programmes hecarried out in the villages rather than at the project site. This would alleviate some of the problems encountered. Additional training could be given int:he form o-E courses covering other areas such as outboard maintenance and short meetings/discussions to cover specific problems. The 4strke engine evaluated produces fuel savingsof the order of 25% to 35% when compared to e more conventional 2- stroke engine of the came power. the additional cost of this engine can be justified if it is operated for over 200 hours per year and although more complex, suitable modifications could he made to ensure it acceptability. Any introduction should, of course, he backed up by training and a good supply of spare parts. The 3S men canoe developed represents a considerable improvement in terms of performance and seaworthiness over tradìtional canoes. Such improved craft are well suited to exploiting the offshore fish stocke. To encourage this fishery it is recommended that the six fishermen trained and employed by the project are helped to form the backbone 0f a new offshore Fleet. 2. THE DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF AN OUTRIGGER AND SAILS ON A TRADITIONAL CANOE. 2.1 Project Vesel As a mit of the first consultoncy ( IDAF/wr/1o) the project requested that o 10 metre standard 3 mon canoe, of the type in use in the region, be built. The canoe was built at Katta (a village in the project oree) wìth only slight modifications end bss the foi lowing main dimensions! Length overall 13 00 me t: re s Seam 3Ü metres Depth (Deck to Keel) 0.75 metres P r o p u i e i o n 9.9 hp. Yamaho4--stroke petrol outboard engine The anoe w cuilt by loa1 boot biJe using lrootncl tools and building methode primarily tu demonstrate that any improvements which were successful con be used by all other traditional craftf there ore approximately SO canoes of this size and type operating in the project erce) . This canoe was used as the base far development of an outrigger and sailing rig. 2 Fisheries The 3 5 men canoes in the project area are generally used for the following types of fishing Local Neme Yelifufu net Description: Small encircling net Area Yawn Bay,Shechro River. Local Name Lago chain. Oscription: Bottom set net (trernme.i type) Area Estuaries Local Name Hand line De script ion Hook and lins Area : Rocky areas) offshore 2.3 The Use of Boil The use of sails for cui1iarv or pr:Lmcrv propuLsion is a coqoept whìch looks increes i ngl y favoureb le in an era where Fue I isscarceordcan costas much as Le EL) (US Dol lar 9. 2E) per gallon. Simple seil are a.ready in use hut the technology is primitiuc . Very iiht maten ali s used end the sì e ae not durable.. Bailing to windward,arid operation cf fishing gear undot Seil are unknown 2.3.1 Meterils and skills veiiobln Ail the material s r cessary for sai i and rig cntruct.i on are available either in Freetown or locally. Cloth suitable for ccii making con be purchased although the cost is variable - Fpe of several sires is available et the project. Bush poles nod bamboo ran be obtiried, although seme travelling is involved. A tailor in Shënge was.