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An Intersectional Approach to Assimilation and Mental AN INTERSECTIONAL APPROACH TO ASSIMILATION AND MENTAL HEALTH AMONG MEXICAN-ORIGIN WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES A Dissertation by SAN JUANITA E GARCIA Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Zulema Valdez Co-Chair of Committee, Verna Keith Committee Members, Rogelio Sáenz Holly Foster Linda Castillo Head of Department, Jane Sell December 2014 Major Subject: Sociology Copyright 2014 San Juanita E. García ABSTRACT Anti-immigrant sentiment against Mexicans in the United States has had a dramatic influence on the lives of the Mexican-origin population (or those presumed Mexican) and on how they perceive the host society. Until now, little research has addressed the extent to which this hostility has affected their mental health. Drawing on 90 face-to-face interviews with undocumented, documented, and U.S.-born Mexican American women from Houston, Texas, I adopt an intersectional approach to examine how a negative context of reception shapes their susceptibility to depressive symptoms. There are four major findings. First, undocumented Mexican immigrant women experience a deportation threat directly. They experience: constant fear of deportation; family fragmentation; and economic uncertainty, making them susceptible to depressive symptoms. Second, the consequences of undocumented status extend beyond the undocumented population to the Mexican-origin community (or those that appear to be Mexicans) through what I call undocumented vicariousness. Therefore, both documented Mexican immigrant and Mexican American women experience a deportation threat indirectly, also making them susceptible to depressive symptoms. Third, documented Mexican immigrant women experience undocumented vicariousness if they have: mixed-status families; and/or experiential knowledge having once been undocumented immigrants themselves. Mexican American women experience undocumented vicariousness if they have: mixed-status families; a romantic partner or ii husband that is undocumented; and/or identify with the immigrant plight. The major differences between how undocumented vicariousness plays out for these two groups relates to the: lack of dating/marriage partners that are undocumented for the documented Mexican immigrant women compared to the Mexican American women; and the experiential knowledge associated with Mexican Americans not living as undocumented immigrants themselves. Fourth, a racialization process exists where immigrants, regardless of legal status, nativity and ties with the undocumented community, are perceived and treated as undocumented immigrants. This contributes towards how Mexican-origin women negotiate and understand their intersectional identities, feelings of belonging, and exclusion, particularly in today’s deportation regime and anti-immigrant climate. These findings highlight the salience of undocumented status as another marker of inequality and stratification and add to the growing interest on “illegality” and its impacts on mental health disparities by using an intersectionality approach. iii DEDICATORIA/DEDICATION Para mi madrecita querida, María Rita García, que siempre me apoyó en todas mis metas. Por fin termino el doctorado como se lo prometí. Gracias por darme las fuerzas y por ser la mejor madre. Agradezco todos sus sacrificios. Sé que desde el cielo me sigue cuidando. La extraño con todo mi corazón. En Memoria de María Rita García (1949 – 2011) Para mi hermano, Juan Miguel García, que sé que también estarías muy orgulloso de tu hermanita que por fin termina el doctorado. I hope to continue making you proud. En Memoria de Juan Miguel García (1976 – 2009) Para mi padre Juan García. Estoy muy agradecida por todos sus consejos y apoyo. Lo quiero mucho. Un día a la vez… Y aquí seguimos echándole muchas ganas, pues no hay de otra. Para las mujeres que participaron en este estudio. Les agradezco la confianza. Gracias a ustedes este estudio fue posible. Les deseo lo mejor. To all the women that participated in this study. I appreciate you confiding in me. Thanks to you this study has been possible. Wishing you the best. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I cannot believe this day has finally arrived. The day I write the acknowledgements, after completing this incredibly difficult, yet extremely rewarding endeavor, was a day that I often dreamed of. I still cannot believe it. I am grateful to have made it this far and have many people to thank. I thank the women who graciously accepted to participate in this study. If it were not for you, I would not be able to get my degree. I thank my family. This includes my immediate, adoptive, KDX familia, all my friends, especially Elizabeth Govea and her family, and Santiago Solache. I thank my dissertation committee and especially my two mentors, Zulema Valdez and Rogelio Sáenz. I am especially grateful to Zulema, who always pushed me to the limits. She is a great scholar, mentor, and friend, who not only has helped me academically, but has also helped me grow personally. I am thankful to Rogelio because he was the one who encouraged me to apply to Texas A&M University’s Ph.D. program. I know I have been extremely fortunate to have received amazing mentorship from these two great scholars. Both are deeply committed to mentoring and training the next generation. They have provided me support, guidance, and encouragement. It is my hope that I can also make an impact in other students’ lives. I am also grateful to Verna Keith, Holly Foster, and Linda Castillo, who served on my dissertation committee. Each has provided valuable insight to my research. v I would also like to thank several professors that have paved the way for me from Sam Houston State University. I thank Karen Douglas, Lydia Cruz Fox, and Bernice Strauss. Karen Douglas also encouraged me to apply to graduate school, and in particular to Texas A&M. I am grateful to have met Lydia Cruz Fox, the McNair Scholars Director. I’m fortunate to have participated as a McNair Scholar, SROP Fellow, and REU as an undergraduate student. These experiences assisted me in my transition from undergraduate to graduate student. I am indebted to Bernice and her family for taking me in as one of their own. I am thankful to have your support and friendship. I also want to thank my friends: Pete Nuñez, Belen Polanco, Marilyn Diaz, my sorority sisters especially my big and grandbig Crissy Mascorro and Mercedes Rodriguez. At Texas A&M University, I am grateful to the amazing friends I have made throughout my graduate training. I am especially appreciative to (in no particular order): Eugenia Conde, Evelyn Espinoza, Lorena Murga, Brittany Rico, Cristina Cruz, Linda Muñoz, Jennifer Mueller, Frank Ortega, Oscar Morales, and Calixto Melero. I am also extremely grateful to other friends that I have met from outside my department. I thank Mayra Miranda, Fabiola Rangel, Carlos Estrada, Indara Suarez, and the friends I have met though a Skype writing group. You all have made an isolating experience social. Thank you for all your advice and support. I am very lucky to call y’all my friends. I am grateful to my night owl friends who at times stayed up with me all night to work on fellowship applications, papers, and of course the dissertation. These friends also insisted we party hard too. vi I also want to thank David Embrick, Daniel Delgado, Rosalind Chou, Tony Love, Carlton Mathis, and other alumni for all their support and advice on the “job market.” I also want to thank several faculty members from the department who have encouraged me on several levels: Wendy Moore, Mark Fossett, Nancy Plankey Videla, Jane Sell, Reuben May, Joseph Jewell, Joe Feagin, Ed Murguia, Dudley Poston, Alex McIntosh, Hiroshi Ono. I must thank Bethany Edwards and Christi Ramirez too! I am also extremely grateful to have had the opportunity to write my dissertation at the University of California, Merced. I enjoyed meeting the first Ph.D. class. I wish you all the best in your graduate training. I am especially thankful to Tanya Golash- Boza, Nella Van Dyke, Paul Almeida, Irenee Beattie, and Karen Perez. Thank you for all your advice and tips as I was completing the dissertation and applying for jobs. I’m especially grateful to Zulema Valdez for offering me the opportunity to join her at UCM while I wrote the dissertation! It was a great experience for me, especially since I had never left Texas! I hope to one day return to California. I also want to thank Rosalina Nuñez Acosta for her Research Assistance. It was great working with you! I also want to thank the fellowships that have made my research and graduate program training possible. I have been extremely fortunate to have received several fellowships and grants which have made it possible for me to conduct interviews and provide incentives to the women I interviewed. I am also grateful for all the professional development and mentorship I have received because of my fellowships. I am especially indebted to the ASA Minority Fellowship Program and the Ford Foundation Fellowship Program. Both of these programs foster a unique and comforting space for scholars of vii color in the academy. I have made many of my closest friends through these programs. In particular, I want to thank Rachel Sarabia, Jerry Flores, Jesse Diaz, Brianne Davila, Laura Enriquez, Tiffany Joseph, and others who I have met through these fellowships. I’m especially grateful to Jean Shin, who is very supportive of all MFP Fellows! I look forward to staying connected with both the MFP and Ford Fellowship Programs! Finally I thank my partner David Chow. I am very lucky to have you in my life. You have kept me strong. I have learned so much from you and I look forward to many more years together. Although we are far away from each other, we make it work.
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