RWANDA BUREAU of STANDARDS Newsletter Quarterly Newsletter Issue 13 October - December 2011

www.rwanda-standards.org RWANDA BUREAU OF STANDARDS Newsletter Quarterly Newsletter Issue 13 October - December 2011

Downstreaming the Petroleum Industry Rwanda Water Standards Revised Imports Inspection in Rwanda

P.O Box 7099 Kigali-Rwanda Tel:+250 586 1003 Fax: +250 583 305 Website:www.rwanda-standards.org contentsEDITOR’S LETTER foreword 3 By the Director General fortified food standards Towards Improved and Harmonized 4 Fortified Food Standards in the EAC

water standards 6 Rwanda Water Standards Revised petroleum industry RBS in the Process of Developing Petrol 8 Station and Motor Vehicle Roadworthi- ness Inspection Standards!

imports inspection A Way to Standard Compliant and Safe 10 Products on the Market

energy drinks 13 Importance and Side Effects rice sector RBS commits to continual growth of rice 16 sector in Rwanda 08 quality marks Equivalence of Quality Marks in East BUSINESSMAG • ISSUE JULY 2011 18 African Community (EAC) rbs mycotoxin laboratory Facilitates control of mycotoxins, moulds 20 and oxidation in animal feeds Fuel test reports Quality Assurance and Reliability of Test Dispenser 24 Reports from Microbiology Laboratory Measurement in Chemistry Verification 26 Laboratories Chemistry Laboratory Glassware 28 fuel verification RBS to start verification of fuel dispensers 28 twice a year since 2011-2012 organic polLutants Rwanda’s Response on Persistent Organic 32 Pollutants volume laboratory RBS Volume Laboratory -Solving Conflict 34 between Petroleum Depot Operators and Petroleum Transporters.

02 32 Dear Readers, stations andthiswillbeready by test oftesting andevaluation clude codefor road worthiness are- available inthecountry. In facilities for test roadworthiness desperately needs, now that Standards whichthecountry Inspection hicle Roadworthiness developing Motor started Ve collaboration withstakeholders thesameperiod, RBSin 2012. In should beready for use by June tion ofpetroleum productsand - andtransporta leum Depots stations, Petrothose for Service standards specificationsinclude ers hasbeenon-course. The - in collaborationwithstakehold standardsPetroleum Industry safety ofthesaidproducts. order to and upgrade thequality of Water in Standards inRwanda Community,East African review Fortified Food Standards inthe of inharmonization participated were reviewed. The Bureau also were harmonized and25RS Standards35 EastAfrican (EAS) by theBoard ofDirectors. Other public review before approval developed andare awaiting Standards (RS)wereRwanda tion ofpublicsafety standards. - development andharmoniza products competitiveness and standardsness, quality for ofStandardsaspects aware ing thequarter, we focused on 2011.Dur October-December achievements for thequarter information onstandardization of Standards you brings useful Bureau Newsletter ofRwanda The Issue13oftheQuarterly productive thanthepastyear. trust thatitwilleven bemore Development ofDownstreamDevelopment thequarter,During 21 Happy New Year 2012!I FOREWORD - - - - Quality Management System Management Quality Auditing (ISO19011:2002)and tem (ISO22004:2005),Internal Food Sys- Safety Management of 22000:2005), Documentation SystemManagement (FSMS,ISO cation; covering Food Safety - products andsystem certifi offered in training to industry we markets, and international productsonregional Rwanda the pursuitofcompetiveness of ance andcompetitiveness. In paramount to standards compli- sumer protection. of accuracy, fairtradeand con- tocontribute theimprovement beginning 2012andshould tois expected beimplemented was reviewed andadopted. It (calibration andverification) strategy for metrology services to standard requirements. The to checkformarket compliance of sampledproductsonthe lance operationsandtesting - surveil the relevance ofmarket mation onsafety measures and chain. and are traceableinthefood which are to animals harmful including tests for mycotoxins animal feeds testing services standards aswell asoffering inpromotionSector ofquality with Rice worked RBS Inspectors businessenvironment.friendly tation to ensure effective and information andcustomer facili- how to access tion inRwanda, inspec- in theprocess ofimports this issue, we highlightallbasics continue to play avitalrole. In ing businessandstandards will continual improvement indo stream Petroleum Industry. asforthe sameperiod - Down Training is ofthestakeholders This issuealsoprovides infor iscommitted to Our country - - role standards willcontinuetoplay avital improvement indoingbusinessand Our country iscommittedtocontinual Director General Dr. MarkCyubahiro Bagabe technology. public safety andtransfer of with respectto doingbusiness, the benefitsofstandardization issue andupdate yourself on Education (INES-Ruhengeri). ofHigher Institute Ruhengeri (INATEK)of Kibungo andthe ture, Technology andEducation Polytechnic, ofAgricul Institute - Umutara ofRwanda, University Learning; theNational of Higher in fourconducted institutions the needofstandards were standards. Public lectures on had beentrainedinhygiene schools inthenationalexams dents from four bestsecondary Prior to thecompetition,stu- amongothers.school materials were awarded withlaptops and dards competitioninschools 2011 andwinnersofthestan- in Rubavu on18thNovember brated the World Standards Day (QMS, ISO9001:2008).RBScele Please enjoy reading this -

3 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 4 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 Why food harmonizing standards? with support from East,Central with support nize standards for fortified foods agreedCommunity to harmo Partner States intheEastAfrican claims.and nutrition fied productanduseofhealth clauses onhow- to packtheforti of theaddednutrients, provide minimum andmaximumlevels the otherstandards, stipulate Standards thatover andabove imperative to develop Regional the region, ithasbecome these fortified foods within food commoditiesincluding curb malnutrition. curb to seen asamajorintervention Vitamin E,iron, Iodineorzinc, is Vitamin B6,niacin, Vitamin C, Vitamin A,folic acid, Vitamin B12, vehicles) withmicronutrients viz: stuffs (herein referred to as food flour, wheatflour, sugar... common foods stuffs viz:maize associated withmostofour is themicronutrients deficiency the majorforms ofmalnutrition tated Among by malnutrition. orprecipi- disease causedby; reduce theglobalburden of To address these issuesthe With theincreased tradeof Fortification ofthese food strategy to isakey Nutrition - Food Standards Towards Improved andHarmonized Fortified East African Community (EAC) peculiar almosttoallPartnerStates. micronutrient levelsinallfiveDraftStandards The meetingsdiscussedpertinentaspectsof attended by delegates from Community. The meetingswere procedures oftheEastAfrican June 2011inArushaandthe mittee 2010and heldinMay Standardsof EastAfrican Com- of the14thand15thmeetings accordance withthedecisions (ECSA)in Africa and Southern Discussed Standards l l l l l discussed andconsensusmade: The following Standards Draft were EastAfrican l l l l l Specification Benefits DEAS 42-2011,Fortifiedediblesalt— DEAS 41-2011,Fortifiedsugar— Specification Specification DEAS 40-201,Fortifiededibleoilsandfats— products Specification DEAS 39-2011,Fortifiedmilledmaize(corn) Specification DEAS 38-2011,Fortifiedwheatflour—

from development partners. andobservers Secretariat; nity HealthCommu Africa - Southern resentatives ofEastCentral and sectors,public andprivate rep representatives ofboththe nia andUganda;included Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanza- the EAC five States of Partner

- Fortified Food Standards Rwanda :Progress of inharmonization Benefits from 22ndto 23rd September held sector andtheprivate importers of Standard, agencies, regulatory Bureauthat wasattended by Rwanda ing nationalconsultationmeeting cal Committee meeting,and organiz - andintheRegion atlarge.in Rwanda controlling micronutrient deficiencies fortified foods helpinpreventing and to health; lic healthwithminimalrisk the food suppy andto provide apub as to improve of quality thenutritional including traceelements)inafood so andMinerals micronutrients (Vitamins deliberately increasing thecontent Ready-to-Use Foods (RUFs) Fortified Blended Foods (FBFs) elements) inafoodsoastoimprove thenutritionalquality content micronutrients(VitaminsandMineralsincludingtrace Food fortificationisthepracticeofdeliberately increasingthe Prior attending theRegional Techni- Food of isthepractice fortification nutritional deficiencies.nutritional They are generally usedin WFP foodIn assistance programs to prevent andaddress FBFs are designed to provide protein supplements. When andwhere used? also sometimesused. food distributed by WFP butis Wheat Soya Blend(WSB) powder. Corn Soya Blend(CSB) isthemainblended Special formulations may contain vegetable oilormilk withmicronutrients (vitaminsandminerals).fortified precooked andmilledcereals, soya, andbeans, pulses Fortified Blended (FBFs)areFoods blendsofpartially severe food insecurity of developing dueto malnutrition 59 months) which are at highrisk and otherfood for children (6to be usedinadditionto breast milk moderate RUFsare malnutrition. to for prevention ortreatment of the beginning ofa WFP intervention operations orat inemergency Mostly When andwhere used? sugarandwhey.dextrin, malt milk, skimmed vegetable fat, dry distributed by WFP may contain children.malnourished RUFs needs ofyoung andmoderate better suited to meetthenutritional FoodsReady-to-Use (RUFs)are - will be forwarded to will beforwarded theEastAfrican comments comments andcollected for widerpublicreview webportal standards Community onEastAfrican all Partner States. Standardsfive Draft peculiaralmost to ofmicronutrient levels in all aspects bers ofthePrivate Sector. and Science Technology andmem- of Institute ofHealth,Kigali Ministry Bureaufrom ofStandards, Rwanda ber 2011includedrepresentatives –4thNovemheld on31stOctober - andthatinKenya in Kampala-Uganda the standards meeting harmonization formulated. positionwas consensus ofRwanda Hotel, a 2011 atRainbow inKigali, It was decidedto postdiscussed It The meetingsdiscussedpertinent delegationattending The Rwanda High Energy Biscuits(HEBs) plus Zinc, Iron,Calcium, Potassium. Thiamine,Niacin, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid, Folic acid added: Micronutrients Vitamins A,C,B12,D, B6, E, K, Fat min6% Protein min18% Energy min380Kcal Nutritional value 100g: per complement thegeneral ration. programs. Also, to provide micronutrients extra to FeedingSupplementary andChildHealth andMother A-retinol Vitamin B1,B2,B6,B12bC,D,E, Niacine, Vitamin Iron, Iodine, Folic Acid, Pantothenic Acid, andvitaminsas:Calcium,Minerals Magnesium, andAmmonium, Bicarbonates,Sodium Salt, fructose, Corn Syrup, milkpowder, Skimmed Sugar,Shortening, Soy flour, Invert Syrup, High Wheat flour,Hydrogenate Vegetable Ingredients: a quicksolutionto improve thelevel ofnutrition. facilities are scarce. Easyto distribute andprovide thefirst days when In cooking ofemergency When andwhere used? vitamin andminerals. grams ofprotein per100grams, in fortified with aminimumof10grams andmaxof 15 Wheat-based biscuitswhichprovide 450kcal New areas ofharmonization Considerations ofthetest meth- • to Ready usetherapeuticfoods • Standards for Premixes. • foods. Complementary • labelingandNutrition Nutritional • promote food further fortification; developed inthefollowing areas to ing agreed thatstandards shouldbe considerations. To thisend, themeet aswell asenvironmentalimportance with respectto thenature ofhealth to priotize theharmonization sary Community,African itwasneces- inEast requiring harmonization for further consideration. for further Standards TechnicalSubcommittee Due to large numberofstandards of vitaminsB. ods andtheirvalidation.egtesting and healthclaims -

5 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 6 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 OCT-DEC 2011 within the Community arewithin theCommunity removed. are exchangedgoods andservices whichare encounteredbarriers when standards inorder to ensure trade beharmonized withtheEACfurther dards needto bedeveloped andwill of standards intheregion, stan- new ress inconcludingtheharmonization in water processing. as well companiesdealing asprivate institutions, institutions highlearning fromtuted public by water experts standards developed from scratch. advances whilefive otherswere new thepacewithtechnologicalto keep standards were to subjected revision standards. Two ofthediscussed and Safety discussedseven water onEnvironment, Health mittee (TC) conditions includingaconvenient mineral water sources withrequired to natural useselected industrialists the agreement was to motivate Committee discussedthisissueand cals to adjustthepH. The Technical turers ofmineralwaters usechemi- in containerized mineral water pH value versus useofchemicals subjects ofdiscussion Crucial I Revised Rwanda WaterStandards It was noted that dueto slow progIt - The Technical Committee isconsti- It wasnoticedthatsomemanufac- It quarters, the quarters, Technical Com- November 2011atRBShead- n itsmeetingheldon15th

comply withtheappropriate rules ofwater andmustused inpackaging propriate may opaquematerials be that several includingap materials ofwaterspackaging Use oftransparent materials for 3.1.1 page3) 1:2009Clause DEAS13Rev (Ref: water. erized mineralwater” butDrinking will nolongerbecalled “Contain- pHadjustment,theirproductmake for thosewhoCO3, etc. Otherwise NaOHandNaH- ing chemicalslike pH andavoid thepHadjustmentus- solutions 2. PDS***:2011:Specificationfor hypochlorite bleachingagents—Sodium national Draft standards • 2. RS1:2004,Containerized mineral water —Specification 1. RS435:2009,Potable water— Specification Standards Revised • 4) CD/RW/…/2011Wastewater treatment data required —General 3) CD/RW/…/2011Wastewater treatment— principles Safety 2) CD/RW/…/2011Wastewater treatment principles construction —General 1) CD/RW/…/2011Wastewater treatment— Vocabulary Proposed New for Drafts harmonization • The Technical Committee noted Discussed Standards - Note: water. mineral ofpackaging unsuitability plastic managementissuesandtheir phased outindifferent for countries are materials beingate) packaging (Polyethylenethat PET terephthal- wasnoted alsoproducts ornot.It side to choosetransparent packaging faces. The choicewillbeonclient’s and regulations for food sur contact wax paper. such asfoil, film,metalpaperand or wrappingandcovering material as cans, bottles, boxes, cartons, cases isanying material containerssuch - As perdefinition,thepackag - region. harmonize water standards inthe will beorganized induecourseto Standards TechnicalCommittee A regional meetingofEastAfrican consideration.Directors for further toand forwarded theRBSBoard of wider publicreview comments forposted onRBSwebportal The discussedstandards willbe Way forward cleaning. disinfection; itshouldallow easy by water, or handling, servicing prevents any beit deterioration, ceramic andstainlesssteel which suchas material be madeofinert requirements andwith thenecessary may beusedandshouldcomply bottling facilities, thelatter included, mineral water from itssource to the voir usedintheprocessing ofnatural However, any vehicle, pipingorreser Packaging atthesource ispreferred. dard provides for thesameasfollows: is prohibited”, Stan- Rwanda theDraft any otherprocess before packaging orforbulk containersfor packaging ofnaturalmineralwaters intransport ters inits clause 3.1.3asfollows: “The ofnaturalmineralwa- the transport While Codex STAN 108-1981prevents A.3.4.page 8) DEAS13Rev12009Clause(See eral water facilities to packaging ofcontainerizedtraction min- Distance from thepoint ofex - - NaOH andNaHCO3,etc. pH adjustmentusingchemicalslike cluding aconvenient pHandavoid the sources withrequiredconditionsin- to useselectednaturalmineralwater ment was tomotivate industrialists tee discussedthisissueandtheagree- adjust thepH.TheTechnical Commit- ers ofmineralwater usechemicalsto It was noticedthatsomemanufactur-

7 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 OCT-DEC 2011 8 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 OCT-DEC 2011 products depots, methods of test, stations, PetroleumKerosene, Service standards suchasGasoline, Diesel, downstream petroleum industry treat aimedto discusstherequired (MINICOM). and Industry The re of Trade andtheMinistry (EWSA) ity, Water andSanitationAuthority Bureau- ofStandards (RBS),Electric (RURA),Rwanda Authority Regulation Utilitytechnical stafffrom Rwanda was organized andwasattended by dards. thequarter, During aretreat stan- inspection roadworthiness stations andmotor vehicleservice the ongoingprocess ofdeveloping ourlastissue, about weIn talked Station andMotorVehicleRoadworthinessInspectionStandards! Rwanda BureauofStandardsintheProcessDevelopingPetrol Petroleum Industry: Downstreaming the - installations whichcovers thesiting, consumer stationsand service pumps/dispensers, work pipe at ing ofunderground storage tanks, modification, decommission and - 1:Theinstallations, –Part industry Standards: Downstreampetroleum to twogeneral andmostimportantly tification oftherequired standards in At theretreat, focus wasputto iden- institutions represented thecountry. participating the above-mentioned mid September 2011 whereby all was convened inNairobi, in Kenya level andameeting (EAC) munity being revised Com atEastAfrican - etc. The above productstandards are

building regulation whereby no mechanisms to enforce thenational standards. This standard sets clearly are already covered by otherspecific storage vessels becausetheselatter as LiquefiedPetroleum (LPG) Gas ized underground storage tanksuch not includeinstallationofpressur the consumerinstallationsbutdoes alsocoversand theirderivatives. It dispensing ofpetroleum products stations for handling, storage and operation ofequipmentatservice ceeding 60000Liters, installationand notex tanks ofindividualcapacity stations withunderground storage ofservice design andconstruction - - “ leum productsandtheirderivatives. ofpetrostorage anddistribution usedfor normally the handling,types the installationofequipment ofthe design ofpetroleum bulkdepots, and standard covers the siting, layout, aboveground-bulk installationsThis inbution ofpetroleumproducts 2:Storage –Part distri- and try 20 Downstreampetroleumindus the surrounding environment, etc. ture ofoilwithwater whichcanharm tion oftheseparator to prevent mix equipments to beavailable, construc- and safety distances, minimum fire building materials, layout tankfirm station; drainagesystem, forecourt, for thegenerallayout oftheservice clearrequirements makes further It one, incaseoffirenext explosion. to minimize ofignition therisk ofthe stations alongthesameroad inorder consecutive two service between residential areas.alsosetsdistance It in stationshallbeconstructed service

residential areas.” constructed in station shallbe whereby noservice building regulation enforce thenational sets mechanismsto This standardclearly - - - ment (EIA)andrecommend appropri- Assess Environmental- make Impact responsible to identify, authorities manageable way sinceitrequires the inasafe,storage facility efficientand petroleuming to construct product for ahugenumberofinvestors will- processspeed uptheauthorization etc. This standard willfacilitate and oftheSeparators,tem, construction and safety distances, drainagesys- requirements,boundaries tankfirm tion ofthefacility, safety measures, from thesitingitself, thecomposi- starting leum productdepotfacility one shows thelayout ofthepetro storage bulkinstallations. This second this shallbestored inabove-ground to 150,000Liters; above i.e. capacity stored underground islessorequal dards to be themaximumcapacity the previous one. With stan- thetwo arestations becausethey covered by on consumerpremises andservice are usedfor storage anddispensing does notcover equipments thatIt - culture inallwe do. to raise standardizationour efforts inputs before approval. Let’s join will soonbeorganized to getmore meetingcomments andstakeholders will becirculated to thepublicfor Standards,pletion oftheseDraft they As perRBSprocedures, atthecom- etc. safety standards intransportation, comply withthelaws andstandards, storage, guidelinesto helpallplayers stations, bigconsumers’as service leum productsstorage facilitiessuch operators ofunderground petro forcode ofpractices theowners and sites ofpetroleumketing products, andmar installations indistribution meeting,the next suchaselectrical onotherrelatedwork standards, in Participants to theretreat agreed to andnottheinvestoractivity himself. ate sites to beusedfor thisparticular - -

9 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 OCT-DEC 2011 10 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 A WaytoStandardCompliantandSafeProductsontheMarket 3. 2. 1. Steps Imports InspectioninRwanda RWANDA? IMPORT TO HOW TO for importing. requiredand certificates documents, licenses Obtain allnecessary to Rwanda. importing required for certificates licenses andallother specifications, import and packaging marking quirements, labeling, about standards re informationGather ed. products to beimport Identify thespecific - - 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. documents duringInspection. Forms, Procedures andrequired Re- export report form: IMP/ F10 report export Re- samplereturn form: IMP/F09 Imports form: IMP/F08 Destruction F07 form: IMP/ report Outside inspection rejection form:Goods IMP/F06 Warning form: IMP/F05 F04 releasedGoods undersealform: IMP/ Sample submissionform: IMP/F03 form: IMP/F02 Samples collection form: IMP/F01 reportPhysical verification/Inspection 4. 3. 2. 1. daily activities: asmaintools in itsinstructions two procedures andfive work isusing Inspection Import 12. 11. Handling of samples and certificate ofHandling ofsamplesandcertificate instruction-(QAU/HRG/IMP/01) Handling ofrejected goodswork procedure -(QUA/IMPP/02) HandlingofCustomer Complaint procedure -(QUA/IMPP/01) ofimports inspection Quality form: IMP/F12 labelingreport Re- F11 form:Customer IMP/ complaintsreport cal engineering products, etc. - cal engineering productsandElectri Civil engineering products,- Mechani products, Chemicals, Building and products, mainlyFoodent imported quirements onlabeling for differ ofstandard re which isasummary use services Inspection RBS Imports 7. 6. 5. instruction –(QAU/RLI/IMP/05)instruction work ofimports Re-labeling (QAU/REI/IMP/04) – instruction work –export Re –(QAU/OIN/IMP/02)instruction workOutside inspection HSC/IMP/03) (QAU/ instruction- analysis work ”, “Quality”, Manual Inspection - - Samplingwhere necessary • Physical verification • Presentation note ofarrival • ofgood Arrival • procedures: ofimport Summary cess. information before pro any further to inquire for services RBS inspection requirement tomandatory contact RBS/QAU/09 of02/11/2009,itis toReferring RBSnoticeNo: 1003/ documents. of analysisandany other invoice, billof lading, certificate list, orpacking (avis d’arrivé) engineering products, etc. engineering productsandElectrical engineering products, Mechanical Chemicals, BuildingandCivil products, mainly Foodproducts, on labelingfordifferentimported a summary ofstandardrequirements “Quality InspectionManual”, whichis RBS ImportsInspectionservicesuse

- andmake Witness re-export • or to re-export importer Inform • relevant Inform authorities • /productsfound Goods not • After test result, goods/products • may Goods remain inMAGERWA • undersealwhere Release • release Normal ifnosuspects • Protection Department) withRPD(Revenuereport destroy consignment detained. complying shallberejected and released to theimporter found complyingshallbe or atimporters’ warehouses sampled awaiting test results

11 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 12 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 ➔ deemed necessary, these are: tificates may berequested when However, cer otherimportant Declaration.mity ofConformity orConforCertificate equipments are accompanied by a Technologyand Telecommunication ments andappliances, Information andelectronicsequip Electrical ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ goods: accompanying imported vices handlerequired documents ser Inspection 01/12/2004, Import Gazette NO 23 oflished in Official was released by RBS and pub NO 1/2004 thatAs per Instruction isnot somecasesdestruction In • Witness destruction • Invoice Plant Protection Convention (NPPOs) asperInternational Protection Organizations issued by NationalPlant Certificate Phyto-sanitary Standards specifications)). specifications (especially to orconformity quality which isadocumentevidencing , Certificate ofInspection by aCertificate ofAnalysis/ applicable are accompanied standards, wherecompulsory specifically thoseunder materials,..construction products,etc),sanitary chemicals (fertilizers, herbicides, cosmetics, lubricants, agro stuffs, medicines, chemicals, goods(Foodmost imported general,or manufactureitself(In issued by accredited laboratory ControlQuality Certificates Transport letter being shipped. ofitemsnumber andtypes Packing list,alistshowing the Cells). allowed (Dry

- - - - - quirements. commodities orplantquarantinere for for quarantinepurposes export of storedvarieties product pests and effective control measures against Fumigation offers oneof the most ➔

goods ofplantoranimalorigin. in quarantineclearanceofany clothing, etc). This form assists Agricultural products, used goods(e.g:of imported ofthefumigationevidence Control provides Certificate, Fumigation Certificate/Pest organisms). containers,empty vehicles, and are technically justified(e.g. measureswhere phytosanitary for otherregulated articles may alsoberequiredcertificate cotton). Aphytosanitary regulated pests(e.g. wood, have apotential for introducing or thatoftheirprocessing, such products, by theirnature have beenprocessed where plantproductsthatfor certain may alsobeusedcertificates growing medium.Phytosanitary and branches, grain, and and vegetables, cutflowers seeds for propagation, fruits plants, bulbsandtubers, or include commoditiessuchas for regulated articles. These require certificates phytosanitary shouldonly countries Importing be issuedfor thispurpose. shouldonlycertificates Phytosanitarymodel certificate. statement oftheappropriate withthecertifying conformity requirements andare in import specified phytosanitary meetregulated articles plant productsorother consignments ofplants, to indicate that(IPPC) - Or dialRBStollOr free number3250 www.rwanda-standards.org (For more information visit RBS website: Testing 2006). Act, Assurance,Quality Metrology and tion 24oftheSQMT (Standards, dards Bureau. (AS stipulated- inSec recognized by theNationalStan- printed on the product is officially requested to conform ifthemark a document which may beMark, Permit to use aStandardization ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ License are: port Permit/Imtion requires Import - - whoseimporta products Some safety andquality.ditions ensuring con- meet relevantif they necessary ofgoodsinto thecountry portation allowingpetent theim- authorities ment required andissuedby com- Permit/LicenseImport , adocu- etc issued by Ministry ofAgriculture. issued by Ministry isinsecticides…), thepermit (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, agrochemicals ingeneral Agricultural all inputslike Agriculture. of isissuedby Ministry permit Eggs andprocessed eggs, the ofAgriculture. issued by Ministry products, is thepermit Dairy Agriculture. of isissuedby Ministry permit Fish andFish products, the ofAgriculture. the Ministry isissuedbypoultry, thepermit productsand Meat Meat, Health of isissuedby Ministry permit Drugs andmedicaldevices, the Drinks SideEffects

History E Austrian entrepreneur ensured hisRed an Mateschitz, ofDietrich business savvy product namedPower Horse, before the neered by the S. SpitzCompany anda Pepsi discontinuedthe productin1999. interests outsidejustenergy but drinks), US beverage company (one thathad first energy introduced drink by amajor thecaffeine.”and twice ness. The initialsloganwas, “All thesugar billing itasameansto promote- wakeful centered onthedrink’s caffeine content, strategythe United marketing States. Its ishing lostenergy.” promoted asanenergy for drink “replen- the recovery;” 1980s, intheearly itwas forin 1929asahospitaldrink “aiding zade Energy was originally introduced Luco release theUK, oftheLipovitan. In 1960s,as farbacktheearly withthe due to a variety ofstimulantsandvitamins. due to avariety contain butratherincreased energy release derived from thesugarandcaffeine they ments usuallydonotemphasize energy Energy In Europe,In energy were drinks pio 1995,PepsiCoIn the launchedJosta, Cola 1985,Jolt wasintroduced inIn In Japan, theenergy dates Japan, atleast drink In Importanceand Learnabout “boost energy.”“boost These advertise thattheyproducers advertise nergy are drinks beverages whose - - - 13 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 14 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 Ingredients introduced by Frucor Beverages rent leadingenergy productwas drinks of approximately 47%. shareintroduction in1997,withamarket in theUnited its after States ofAmerica Lipovitan. Bullisthedominantbrand Red Daeng, itselfbasedon Krating drink Bullbasedonthe developed Red Thai bestseller.and aworldwide Mateschitz Bull productbecamefarbetter known, Energy SideEffects Drink drinking energy drinks. However,drinking the long sideeffects term fromno adverse, short moderation, mostpeoplewillhaveIn more thantherecommended serving. labelaboutconsuming ofwarning type therefore, mostbrandscontain some energy containsupplementsand drinks to understandthat isimportant drinks. It result from consumingtoo many energy consequencescouldwhat harmful discuss important rages on,itisvery ents inEnergy Drinks? caffeine. EnergyMonster contains120mgof Drink contains 35mgofcaffeine, whereas a ounce=23.35 grams) Classic ofCoca-Cola amount ofcaffeine as cola. 12ounces(1 containaboutthreedrinks timesthe that isfound incoffee andtea. Energy mate).or yerba Caffeine isthestimulant is caffeine (often intheform ofguarana mon ingredient inmostenergy drinks cially sweetened ‘diet’ versions. Acom- of sugar,- andmany brandsoffer artifi containhighlevels biloba.Some ginkgo carnitine, creatine, glucuronolactone, and forms ofginseng, inositol, maltodextrin, mate,yerba açaí,and taurine, plusvarious dients are water, carbonated guarana, commonlyusedingreand herbs. Other xanthines (includingcaffeine), Bvitamins, In New Zealand New andAustralia,In thecur As thesafety ofanenergy debate drink Are there sideeffects from theingredi- Energy generallycontainmethyl drinks - - - Breast shrink • Dizziness, irritability, nausea, • effects; Caffeine canproduce thefollowing side of thiswhenreading energy labels. drink soconsumersshouldbeawareextract guarana, green andcoffee tea extract, without it.Caffeine canbedisguisedas effects, butthelistwouldn’t becomplete ingredient itsside andmostpeopleknow This isthemostcommonenergy drink Caffeine favorite energy drink. ingesting too muchofthemthrough your tential side effects thatcouldresult from energy ingredients drink andlistthepo Let ushave alookatthemostcommon aredrinks notfullyunderstood asofyet. sideeffectsterm from consumingenergy Headacheandsevere fatiguefrom • Allergic reactionscaninclude;rash, • drinks havedrinks beendocumented. Some Taurine feeling. whichlater resultspikes ina “crash like” The sugarinenergy causesinsulin drinks diabetes.the rapidincreasetwo oftype epidemicandare to theobesity linked will callit “glucose”. sugardrinks High healthier, like “natural canejuice” orthey their versionto ofsugarseem make or canesugar. usecreative Some names syrupand/ the form corn ofhighfructose Sugar some oftheabove sideeffects. willprobablyin a24hourperiod result in 500milligramstween to 1000milligrams and according to aperson’s tolerance. Be frombecause itvaries personto person No sideeffects from Taurine inenergy energy areMost drinks highinsugar is hard to pinpointasafeIt dose withdrawal. shakiness, troubleshakiness, sleeping, vomiting. (mouth, face, lips, ortongue), diarrhea, tightness inthechest,swelling ofthe hives, itching, breathing difficulty, jitters.nervousness, age infemales.

- - countries ( France, Denmark, and Norway) L -Theanine originally banned energy drinks because This amino acid is derived from green of their taurine content, but have since tea and many energy drinks and shots accepted that taurine consumption is have begun putting “green tea extract” safe based on the evidence to date. in their products. It produces a differ- B Vitamins ent type of alertness than caffeine and • More than 35mg of Niacin (B3) can there hasn’t been any scientific evidence cause flushing of the skin. Intake of of it causing adverse side effects. Some 3000mg or more can result in liver have reported feeling light-headed when toxicity. consuming a dose of more than 300mg • More than 100mg of B6 can cause of L-Theanine. sensory nerve problems (burning Its important to note that with some of sensation) or skin lesions. the energy drink side effects many ingre- Inositol dients can have similar negative effects, No known side effects have been re- so with much of the information being ported, but ingesting large quantities has anecdotal from patient’s records, it is hard been linked to diarrhea. Large doses have to say which ingredient actually caused been used to treat certain psychiatric the problems if the patient was ingest- disorders. ing several combinations of these at one Ginseng time. Overall, the evidence supports the • Some studies have linked it to safety of energy drinks within the context sleeplessness, while others refute it. of moderation and knowing your body • Other possible symptoms include; i.e. allergies, tolerance etc. However, it nausea, diarrhea, headaches, nose is still not known any long-term energy bleed, high blood pressure, low blood drink side effects that could result, if any, pressure, and breast pain. because energy drinks have not been Glucuronolactone around long enough to draw any conclu- While no side effects have been report- sions from their long-term effect on the ed, there is still debate on its safety which human body. has lead Canada, England, Germany, and Drinking responsibly and use energy France from allowing it in non-prescrip- drinks when you need a boost of energy tion products. and not use them as a replacement for Artificial Sweeteners water, then you most likely will avoid If you like the sugar-free energy drinks energy drink side effects. Rwanda Bureau variety there is ongoing debate over their of Standards regularly monitors products safety. on market through market surveillance Ginkgo Biloba operations. It is in this regard that market • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, surveillance was conducted in Septem- dizziness, heart palpitations, and ber, 2011 on energy drinks available on restlessness. local market to assess their quality and • Can interact with other medication safety. Four brands including Red Bull, such as blood thinners and anti- Power Plus, Shark Energy, and Lion Power depressants. were sampled and submitted to Rwanda L -Carnitine Bureau of Standards testing laboratories. • Vomiting, nausea, headache, diarrhea, After laboratory tests, results showed the stuffy nose, restlessness and sleeping products sampled complied to standards

difficulty. requirements. 13 JAN 2012 RBS NEWSLETTER • ISSUE 15 16 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 OCT-DEC 2011 “ Rwanda RBS CommitsTo

and energy saving.” combination thatisfast should considerthe the factory owner are available. Normally factory, various designs of productionthe Depending onthecapacity Continual GrowthOf Rice SectorIn requirements for eachcomp dards, thefollowing are thespecific R – Rice RS27:2007Milled • RSCODEX STAN 1–1985Rev.4- • RSCAC/ RCP1-69(Rev-2003) • tions: standards beforetheiropera- starting to have three important ing factory mill- industry. RBSadviseseachrice to catch infoodthe opportunities investing asoneof sector intherice ofnow understood theimportance tors intheagribusiness fieldhave In addition to the ab In Specification ofprepackagedlabeling food 2005 General forthe standards hygiene General principlesoffood sectors in Rwanda. Opera- inRwanda. sectors one ofthefastgrowing isconsideredice sector as

ove stan-

onent

installationmust The electricity • There shouldbeenough • The floorinthemillingroom • There should beseparate stores • There shouldbeseparate • millingplantshouldbe The rice • 1. PREMISES millingfactory: of therice be done properly: andcables be doneproperly: rodents and ofinsects to prevent entry ventilation andnetsonwindows the machines accommodate thevibrationsof should bereinforced enoughto polishwastesrice, husksandrice for theincomingpaddy, milled staff offices and sanitary facilities staff officesandsanitary for thefactory,compartments blocks or bricks usingburnt constructed

There shouldbepalettes inthe • Water shouldbechanneled • There shouldbearoom where • themillingroom Both and • those whohandlethefood should All thestaffmembersespecially thejob.before start they a specialtrainingshouldbegiven respective positions. For operators, level ofeducationto fittheir will berequired to have acertain staff.sional andsupport The two shallhave bothprofesThe factory - 3. STAFF energy saving. the combinationthatisfastand owner shouldconsider the factory ous designs are available. Normally - vari of productionthefactory, Note: onthecapacity Depending Weighing scale(calibrated by • Gradingmachine(thefactory • Paddy andpolishseparators • andpolishing Dehusking • :to remove De-stoner stones • combination ofthefollowing: isaThe recommended machinery 2. MACHINERY hygiene locations for of thesake to thespecific in thefactory exposure well protected from outside other belongings. theiroutfitsand keep workers to prevent congestion stores shouldbelarge enough withthefloor contact bags from gettinginto direct stores to prevent paddy/rice RBS) rice) the above standard for milled the three grades asspecifiedin should beableto produce all machines and otherforeign matters

There should beasinkatevery • shouldhave proper The factory • 5. HYGIENE There shouldbefastaidbox in • shouldhave fire The factory • handlingrice- The workers • OF WORKERS TION 4. productionline. tory contagious diseasefrom thefac- three months to preventevery any be undergoing medicalcheckup SAFETY ANDPROTECSAFETY - factory factory enter timethey theevery must washhandsandfeet appliance. hand drying Workers liquid soapandanautomatic withentrance ofthefactory, regularly be cleanedthoroughly and water. The facilitieshave to and toilettes withrunning facilities: bathroomssanitary the factory. extinguishers hats boots, overcoats, masksand wear proper protection outfit: operators,porters, etc… should A SUBSTANDARD RICEMILL

the bags. ment before on printouts making a samplelabelto RBSfor amend - brings it isadvisedthatthefactory producers mislabeltheirproducts, thatsome Dueto thefact • foodthe labelingofprepackaged Rev.4-2005 standards General for ments RSCODEX STAN 1–1985 labeled asperstandard require Bagsfor are rice meant to be • REQUIRE- MENTS 7. LABELING time shouldbecleanedevery It • The site have to becemented, • 6. The plantmusthave acleaning • rice industry inRwanda. industry rice andsafetion ofquality productsin to ensure produc- out thecountry meant to through beconducted - operationsare andfurther dustry; sumer safety andpromote in- rice milling isongoingto protect con- of substandard machinesinrice Identification anderadication to theofficesofRAB. ported machines were seized andtrans- total, millingmachines.rice In 36 aimed atseizingsubstandard Provincetion intheEastern which outanopera- carried (RCA) Agency KWAMP Cooparative andRwanda culture Board (RAB),RSSP, PAPSTA / Agri (MINICOM),- Rwanda Industry of Tradewith theMinistry and July2011,theBureau togetherIn Recent progress DRYING SITE paddy. before spread they over the stepping in thefood the handlersto passwithout lined withchannelsto allow person. of cleaningandresponsible schedule showing thehours

17 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 OCT-DEC 2011 18 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 in EastAfricanCommunity(EAC) Quality Marks Equivalence of certification certifies thatan organization’s certifies certification a standard;management system Quality istics for thatproduct,usuallyspecifiedin use and/orinterchangeability character of requirements suchassafety, fitness for that aspecificproductmeetsdefinedset body) to demonstrate (certification party (or both) ormark by athird of acertificate involvesProduct theissuance certification products, processes, systems orpersons. attestation related tosecond orthird-party canbeafirst, definition,certification By backbones. beingoneofthe activities, Certification form assessment anumberofconformity State.Member These Standard per Bodies (NSBs),alllegallyrecognizedBodies ineach havetries theirrespective NationalStandard andsafety. fornorms security The EAC coun- our life standards dependsonquality and mount for economicdevelopment and Standards assuranceare andQuality para- production, tradeandinvestment. increased competitiveness, valueadded of life through ofthepeopleEast Africa integration inorder to improve thequality ing economic, political, socialandcultural itsmissionofwideninganddeepen- backed among theotherpillarsofEAC tradehas The creation ofcommon EAC market - - tion has been conducted through;tion hasbeenconducted - EAC, theprocess ofcertifica ofevaluation the frameofSQMT Establishment inthe and productsontheEAC Market. Through willeliminate substandardthe mark goods by standard procedures intheissuanceof The recognition up backed of thesemarks mon market. recognition ontheEAC ofthesemarks com- through standard procedures; thusmutual cess for is underway equatingthesemarks withtheEACits mark andapro Secretariat EAC treaty, eachNSBisrequired to register is affixed toeachandunderthe product indicatingquality thiscaseaspecificmark In tained. canbeob public, productcertification tion; to provide to suchevidence abroader product thusleadingto consumersatisfac- results ofthe inorder thequality to affirm ited/recognized to give credible laboratory test results from anindependent,accred- protect consumers’ rights. This may mean meet stated requirements inorder to thattheproductdoesindeed evidence need for manufacturesto provide credible consumer productproduction,there isa andincreaseDue to tradeliberisation in relevant system standards requirements. management system complieswiththe - - ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ ➜ boost advantagein: recognitionwill Mutual marks ofthequality Benefits Marks tion for ofEAC thelegalbackup schemeand lency,- EAC regulation onproductcertifica Bodies’ schemes for equiva- certification sor evaluated theEAC NationalStandards andanindependentasses- was conducted for feedbackQuestionnaire survey analysis

things. and consumerprotection amongother promotion oftradeandinvestment metrology andtesting for the standardization, assurance, quality recognized of for theimportance Specifications andmeasures are not to imposeany ones new to trade and barriers existing non-tariff Partner States have agreed to remove all Customs UnionProtocol where theEAC 13oftheas reflected underArticle to trade barriers Removal ofnon-tariff states among EAC partner trade andaccelerate development ofbenefitsfromIncrease cross-border your company. will addgreat valueandinnovation to oftalentsthatleading to theattraction Enhancing your reputation asemployer recognized stampfor approval For isa suppliers;certification tenders, mergers andjointventures chanceswhenbidding forIncreased markets local andinternational Competitive advantageininvolving standard usually specified ina for thatproduct, characteristics interchangeability for useand/or as safety, fitness requirements such a definedsetof product meets that aspecific to demonstrate (certification body) by a third party or mark(orboth) of acertificate involves the issuance certification or persons. Product processes, systems to products, attestation related or third-party be afirst, second certification can B y definition, 19 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 20 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 Feeds and OxidationinAnimal Mycotoxins, Moulds Controlof Facilitates Laboratory Mycotoxin RBS What are mycotoxins? susceptible to mycotoxins. and breeding animalsare generallymore toxins affecting livestock production. Young regarded to bethemostsignificant myco none, fumonisin, andochratoxin generally molds, withaflatoxin, vomitoxin, zearale mycotoxins to arebeproduced known by molds produce toxins, over of 300types tively affect pigperformance. While notall metabolites thatcannega- as secondary produced by growing actively molds(fungi) Mycotoxins are chemicalcompounds - - as aflatoxin andochratoxin. Those fungi toxins thatcommonlyaffect animals, such lium, are significant producers of myco molds ofthegeneraAspergillus andPenicil- fumonisin. Storage fungi, which include which produce vomitoxin, zearalenone, and These commonlyinclude Fusarium species, grow ingrains before are they harvested. and storage fungi. Field fungi are thosethat with molds. are Molds categorized into field may beeasilycontaminatedand barley feed products. wheat, Grains suchascorn, storage, processing andduring into animal- handlingand source, post-harvest during taminated before ofthemainplant harvest and Penicillium. Feedstuffs may becon- the generaAspergillus, Claviceps, Fusarium, cotoxins found inlivestock dietsbelongto The moldsthatproduce thecommonmy- - distillers grains dueto increasing ethanol withoutextensivesampling.detect storage mycotoxins may bedifficult to affectedevenly withinastorage bin. Thus, notallgrain may storage. fact, be during In ized due to specific conditions distribution storage fungi shouldhave amore local- of grain may becontaminated. contrast, In be widelyaffected. Thus, large quantities from ageographic to locationisexpected for fieldfungi to produce mycotoxins, grain mycotoxins. When conditionsare favorable fungi, of sincethisaffects thedistribution to fieldandstorage distinguishbetween isimportant in grains even before It harvest. produces highconcentrationsofaflatoxin thefieldfungi. unlike Aspergillus flavus can grow low moisture levels, even atvery With theincrease of intheavailability to vitalorgans, suchastheliver andkidney. increased to stress, sensitivity and damage tion cancauselower resistance to diseases, to theingestionofmycotoxins. This condi- the source corn. times theconcentrationofmycotoxins as product may containasmuchthree mycotoxins, theresulting distillersgrains used for fermentation iscontaminated with the source However, corn. grain ifthecorn nents, suchasfiber, protein, andfat,thanis concentrated inotherproximate compo resulting ismore distillersgrains co-product fermentation, isconsumedduring the corn ethanol. mostofthestarch Because inthe the majorgrain productusedto produce swine dietshasalsoincreased. is Corn production, theuseofdistillersgrains in Mycotoxicosis refers to poisoningdue - 21 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 22 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 animal feeds? What are mycotoxin binders in What are moldinhibitors? poor productionperformance. Ultimately, and thismay leadto mortalities cell-wall fraction β-glucan of yeasts suchas β-glucan cell-wall fraction yeasts. studieshave Some shown thatthe includecell-wall componentsof capability ofmycotoxins. againstothertypes activity aflatoxins. However, have they limited orno these productsare efficientbindersof (HSCAS), bentonite, andzeolite. of Most hydrated sodium calciumaluminosilicates These are that include naturaladsorbents the aluminosilicates –clays andzeolites. researched mycotoxin-binding agentsare toxins. The mostcommonlyusedand substances have to bindmyco theability form ofassuranceto of customers. Avariety such casesassafety measures andassome a regular basis. stuffs cannotbechecked for mycotoxins on also may beinstanceswhenfeeds andfeed- of mycotoxin binderscanbevaluable. There molds andmycotoxins have failed, theuse When otherpreventive measures against the gutandinto thebloodcirculation. prevent themfrom through beingabsorbed substances thatbindto mycotoxins and nated feed. mycotoxins already present incontami- because moldinhibitors have noeffect on prevented, mycotoxins may still bepresent, However, even ifmoldgrowth hasbeen propionic acidsandotherorganic acids. commonly usedfor include thispurpose proliferate ingrain orfeed. Feed additives of having mycotoxin-producing molds mold growth, thereby minimizingtherisk minimize moldcontaminationandprevent Other substances with toxin-binding Other Mycotoxin bindersare routinely addedin Mycotoxin are bindersoradsorbents inhibitors areMold feed additives usedto - product Choosing theappropriate has shown inconsistent results. ing theeffects of mycotoxins islimited and inmitigat pigs documentingtheirefficacy and are biodegradable. However, research in clays,Unlike canbeaddedatlow they levels in bindingawiderangeofmycotoxines. Saccharomyces cereviceae canbeeffective What isanantioxidant? products into theenvironment. oftheseby- disposal oraccidentalleakage of clay sources canbedueto improper processes.of industrial Contamination swine diets. Dioxins are mainlyby-products source ofclay productsthatwillbeusedin the to know be considered.isimportant It ated withtheuseofnaturalclays needsto ofdioxinThe risk contaminationassoci- contain marginal levels oftraceminerals. minerals. whendiets This ismostimportant of canlimitthebioavailability tive capacity when usingclay, because itshighadsorp fectiveness. Caution alsomustbeexercised feedconditions during mixing;andcostef- to withstandvarying andability stability the handler, consumers;high andto pork mold ofinterest, andsafety to theanimal, themycotoxinadsorbing orinhibitingthe products:effectivenessor adsorbent in ered whenchoosingeithermold-inhibitor gallate to provide a high level ofinitial product combinationmay containpropyl antioxidant. For instance, anantioxidant- vantage ofthedifferent ofeach properties commercially available ad- productsto take of theseantioxidants are found normally in sole (BHA),andpropyl gallate. Combinations hydroxyani butylated - droxytoluene (BHT), hyproducts includeethoxyquin, butylated - vitamins. Antioxidants found incommercial animal feeds to prevent oxidation offator In general, thefollowingIn mustbeconsid- An antioxidant isaproductaddedto - - and antioxidants? inhibitors, mycotoxin binders, When isitadvisableto usemold inhibitors inanimaldietsthefuture. settings andmay have someuseasmold on moldgrowth ingrains underlaboratory effectantioxidants alsohave aninhibitory protection andBHAfor longereffect. These fatty-acid oxidation. fatty-acid that antioxidants delay, butcannotprevent, the shelflife ofthefeeds. shouldbenoted It the diethighlypalatable, andhelps prolong antioxidant minimizes fatoxidation, keeps thefat-soluble vitamins.like Adding an These substancescanalso destroy nutrients toxic substancesthatcancauserancidity. substances thatcancauseoff-flavors and acidscanproduceof unsaturated fatty fish meal)are commonlyused. Oxidation by-products highinunsaturated fat(eg, Antioxidants are widelyusedinareas where high levels offatare addedto thediet. areas where and when theclimate iswarm oftime.period have to bestored for arelatively longer binders may alsobeneededwhendiets the useofmoldinhibitors ormycotoxin and atemperature greater than55°F.Thus, relative thatishigherthan85% humidity 14% andwhenstorage conditionshave a to beusedfor animaldietsisgreater than ations whenthemoisture content ofgrains insitu- products becomesmore important deemed unsafe for animal. The useofthese contaminated withmycotoxins atlevels thatfeedit issuspected ingredients are toxin contaminationismore likely. to moldgrowth ingrains andwhere myco geographic areas thatare highlyconducive binders inswinedietsmay beadvisablein Antioxidants are highlyapplicablein Mycotoxin bindersshouldbeusedwhen The useofmoldinhibitors andmycotoxin - Substandard maize grains Substandard cassava 23 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 24 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 manufacturing practices inthe practices manufacturing to test to for; verifywhether manufacturers may berequired of theorganisms ortests that sources. We saw some further fromusually picked theabove and,vicinity food handlers air anddust,foods inthe ofhumansandanimals,tract and plantproducts, intestinal include: soilandwater, plants mon sources ofcontamination 12), we saw thatthecom- chain. food productionorfood supply to food hygiene atany stageof staffwith regardfood‐services edge, attitudes,of andpractices - methods andto evaluate knowl ControlCritical Points (HACCP) ence to Hazard Analysisand help to theadher determine microbiology testing functions saw thatfood andnon-food In ourlastissue(issuenumber In ourissuenumber11,we In Laboratory Microbiology from Reports of Test Reliability and Assurance Quality - collaboration withUnited Na- that the Top in Management staff.titudes ofthefood services and at practices, knowledge judgment ofthemanufacturing able to give avalidpictureand quality, reliable anduncontest offers arangeof tests thatare of allmeasuresto take to ensure it laboratory,Microbiology strives theintended purpose. RBS serve by themicrobiology laboratory offeredthat thetesting services the measuresto ensure taken and thegeneralpublicsomeof tomers, holders, stake readers, share withouresteemed cus- contaminations. possible causesofmicrobial guardindustries againstthe It isby theabove inspiration It thisissue, we toIn would like - - ment activities ofthelaboratory. ment activities manage the overall day-to-day system into andincorporated of astructuredmanagement updated withintheframework established, are operated and bration laboratories. The LQMS competence oftesting andcali- requirementsGeneral for the based onISO/IEC17025:2005— SystemsManagement (LQMS) Quality effective Laboratory management to establishmost thelaboratory’s have supported Metrology and Testing (SQMT) Standards, assurance, Quality infrastructure framework— withininitsquality (EAC) nity Commu(PTB), EastAfrican - ofGermany Metrology Institute Organization (UNIDO), National Development tions Industrial - vironmental conditions— A staff benefit. oftraininglaboratory the variety mentionedabove forpartners ofdevelopment contribution managementandthe oriented thanks to focused laboratory- in all rounds ithasparticipated in shown goodperformance analysts have ology laboratory development. - The RBSMicrobi the world, atdifferent levels of the otherlaboratories, allover to performance the laboratories the analysts, andcomparing andcompetence of accuracy monitor thecontinual further program hashelpedinboth:to control quality in theexternal national level. The participation gramme) atregional andinter Control Quality Pro(External programmesproficiency-testing and comparison laboratory ininter- all analystsparticipate the analysts. tion ofcontinualcompetence of analysts to ensure demonstra- for assessmentofcompetent in placeannuallyandacriterion controlquality program isput samples. To thiseffect, internal of undisclosed characteristics but control analysesofknown monitored by quality internal are addressedaccuracy and lysts— includingprecision and of test affect thequality results: tors thefollowing that factors Among others, itmostlymoni- the standard mentionedabove. implement therequirements of control schemeto address and hasestablishedaquality oratory of test results, lab Microbiology Accommodation anden- Further, by UNIDO, supported orana- Human factors order toIn assure thequality - - - preparation perfor andquality nization (ISO). Standard Orgathe International - testinternational methodsof ment. Largely, itusesthebest to properly applyinitsenviron- and whichitproved itsability methods thathave beenverified validated test international usesstandardreports, and ensure ofitstest thequality biology laboratory, inorder to suit and thishasensured very ment conditionsare inplace accommodation andenviron- maintenance of andmonitoring programme andprocedures for certified reference maintained certified lished andmaintained. and reagents have beenestab mance testing ofculture media ensure test results. quality the equipmentare inplaceto tenance andcalibrationof for regular monitoring, main- Programmes andprocedures equipmentinplace. to-date hasup- biology laboratory brought by itscustomers. oftest itemsand accountability maintains theintegrity, security ing documented procedures, well ascompetent staffus- and otherstorage facilities;as regularly calibrated fridges ous contamination. as possible, exclusion ofextrane facilities whichguarantee, asfar techniques and proper working personal hygiene and, useof measures areto ensure taken tions. Further, attention and ing microbiological examina- able conditionswhenconduct Documented procedures for Professionally managedand Test methods—RBSMicro Equipment— RBSmicro The well maintainedand ------received by: Complaints canalways be or preferably written. their discontent eitherverbally arethey encouragedto express services, timeliness andquality care, pertaining dissatisfaction of caseofanytimes. kind In atall care services andquality ensure customers receive due documented procedures to fore, staffwastrainedandhas ofitsbusiness. partners There regards customers asthecore complaint handling—RBS indicators. performance annual samples ineachstaff’s for test settingandreporting ing, amongothers, timelines - by enshrin testtimely reports hasensured biology laboratory customer time. The RBSMicro needed andtherefore values nizes thattimeisasprecious as dence inourtest results. control measures andconfi- reinforce further quality internal batch oftests set; tures inevery referenceof thecertified cul- before mentioned. use Regular of culture mediaandreagents testing performance and quality control quality analyses internal cultures are usedintheregular 4. Etc 3. 2. 1. Customer and service Timeliness— RBSrecog- Suggestion box RBS website Toll free phoneNo:3250 - - 25 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 Measurement in Chemistry Laboratories Chemistry Laboratory Glassware - - - - capacity to serve, you toshould serve, capacity Care oflaboratory glassware bottom flasks, etc… conical flasks, flatbottom flasks, round funnels, soxhlet tests tubes, extractors, pipettes, pycnometers, separating volumetric pipettes, volumetricflasks, kers, burettes, cylinders, measuring name andpurpose, suchasbea- plastic suchas Teflon. are notmadeofglassatall, butinert glasswares Some as Pyrex orKimax. made from aborosilicate glass, such these reasons, mostglasswares are For fromshattering shock. thermal cooled sotheglassneedsto resist tures. Chemicalsmay beheated and size appreciably over room tempera - volumes, cannotchangetheir sothey others are usedto measure specific have to and withstandsterilization glasswares Some chemical attack. isspecialandneedsto resist ratory To glassware’s laboratory keep Each pieceofglassware hasa labo Glassware usedinachemistry A volumetricpipette should theflask. to dry inside wallsandremoves theneed contaminates ontheglassware’s the solutionfrom water orother step prevents contaminationof of thesolvent to beused. This withasmallamountbe rinsed A volumetricflaskshouldalways the glass. also thecompressed aircanbreak contains oildroplets andfinedust; using airjets! The airsystem glasswarevolumes. Never dry glass andchangethecalibrated an oven! theThe heatwilldistort volumetricglassware inNever dry drain oruselint-free papertowels. glassware isto bedried, allow itto the walls, rewash theglassware. If water. beadsofwater form If on water, andthendeionized (DI) soap Wash glassware withamilddilute

solution. Rinse firstwithtapsolution. Rinse - - - - ment accounts for themeniscus.- Mea thatthemeasure itisimportant flask, orvolumetric as agraduated cylinder of acontainerwithmeniscus, such in someplastics). the meniscusappearsflat (e.g., water than to thecontainer. somecases, In more strongly to attracted eachother when themoleculesofliquidare cus (e.g., inglass)isproduced mercury than to eachother. A convex menis- strongly to attracted thecontainer the moleculesofliquidare more cus (e.g., water inglass)occurswhen concave orconvex. Aconcave menis- container. The meniscuscanbeeither the top ofaliquidinresponse to its How to read aMeniscus ments inlaboratory measureMeniscus When you read ascaleontheside seenat The meniscusisthecurve replacement. glassware to for thestockroom allbrokenorcrackedReturn the laboratory. return to commonstorage area of glassware, thoroughly, rinse and containers.collection Wash the theminto markedpouring drain allchemicalsfrom glassware, iscompleted,After anexperiment theflask. to dry inside wallsandremoves theneed contaminates ontheglassware’s the solutionfrom water orother step prevents contaminationof to repeat theprocedure. This some applications, you may wish around anddiscard theliquid. For volume ofsolution,swishit yourPre-rinse flaskwithasmall thepipette.to dry inside wallsandremoves theneed chemicals ontheglassware’s solution from water orother contamination ordilutionofthe be used. This step prevents amount ofthesolutionto withasmallalways be rinsed - - the meniscus. are basedonthecenter of measuring eithercase,of themeniscus. you In themeasurementtake from thetop bottom of themeniscus. For mercury, For water andmostliquids, thisisthe even withthecenter ofthemeniscus. sure sothatthelineyou are reading is from thecenter ofthemeniscus. Inthecase of water (A) andmostliquids, themeniscus

is concave. produces Mercury aconvex Fig: Measure themeniscusateyelevel meniscus (B). 27 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 OCT-DEC 2011 28 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 2012 SINCE 2011- TWICE AYEAR DISPENSERS OF FUEL VERIFICATION RBS TOSTART 2009-2010 phase. allowable error itscalibration of limitsafter fromtifying thepumpdeviation maximum (Calibrated Prover Tank) of20litters for iden - standard that amountofproductinworking andpouring of product(PMS, AGO orBIK) by programming onfuelpump20litters sideration. waschecked That performance ofmeter were into con- performance taken unit,averificationof ing pumpmetering (June 2011). the fiscal year and/orreplacementshifting untiltheendof with complaintofover-delivery, fuelpump continuedonfuelpumps re-verification 2010.After thatdate the ended inOctober findings ofthe year 2010-2011exercise. ayearand basedontheexperience twice fication andcalibrationoffueldispensers veri- shows theneedofconducting article and/orreplacement.fuel pumpshifting This fuel pumpswithcomplaintofover-delivery, continuedon periods, there-verification verification two thatbetween observed exercise isdoneonceayear. washowever It of fueldispensingpumps. Sincethen,the verificationandcalibration (RBS) started Before any adjustmentonafueldispens- The exercise inJune2010and started Bureau ofStandardsSince 2008,Rwanda 29 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 30 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 Table I.Fuel dispensingpumpsstatus before verification andcalibration exercise, 2010-2011phase tions from maximumallowable error limitsasfollow: devia- theperformance action distributed verificationandcalibrationof2009-2010phase,after thepre-verification VerificationBefore andcalibrationexercise on754nozzles any wasconducted countrywide. adjustmentonapump Pumps witherror withinerror limits(]-2.5%,+2.5%[) Pumps witherror outoferror limits(]-2.5%,+2.5%[) Total Pumps witherror >=2.5%) Total Pumps witherror <=-2.5%) Pumps witherror >=+2.5%butcalibrated after itsdetection. Pumps witherror <=-2.5%but>-5%andcalibrated after itsdetection. Pumps witherror <=-5%butcalibrated after itsdetection. Pumps witherror >=+2.5%andrecommended to berepaired Pumps witherror <=-2.5%but>-5%andrecommended to berepaired Pumps witherror <=-5%andrecommended to berepaired Discarded Fuel Pumps FUEL PUMP STATU I:Error distributionPieChart rehabilitation ofpetrol station,etc. ofpump,delivering ofproducts, leaking ent reasons: problems, Motor unsystematic nozzles (8.3%) were notinusedueto differ that were available inthecountry, 68 From 822nozzles offueldispensingpumps Findings directly before theexercise of2010-2011. and calibrationexercise of 2009-2010and verification of allexaminedfuelpumpsafter that were outoferror limits covered 42.4 % S As shown in tableandpieabove, errors - II:Sideoferrors outofrange Chart tion andcalibrationexercise of2010-2011 pumps. be solved by repair andmaintenance offuel 2010-2011;and 2.9%were recommended to the verificationandcalibrationexercise of paired. What aboutunder-delivery? This can by ourclientandneededto bere delivery of verifiednozzles) were on over- reported of2011-2012,overperiod 85nozzles (11.3% and before thebeginning oftheexercise Unfortunately, sincetheendofverifica- 39.5% ofthoseerrors were by corrected 434 320 68 252 59 126 113 9 4 9 68 OBSERVED 57.6% 42.4% 9.0% 33.4% 7.8% 16.7% 15.0% 1.2% 0.5% 1.2% 8.3% PERCENTAGE 39.5% 2.9% - exercise andfew ofthemby repair and bycorrected verificationandcalibration shown above, many ofthoseerrors were time asapumpwasbeingused. As itwas of period able error acertain limitsafter fromfuel dispensingpumpshifted allow- of thattheperformance wasremarked It The way forward offuelpumps. under delivery also to report that itwasnottheirpractice 2012 exercise. wasnoticedto ourclient It solved before thecommencementof2011- offueldispensingpumpandwere livery only theover-of 2010-2011concerned de and calibrationexercise of2009-2010and complaints received verification between was lower sided. This wasbecauseall from deviation allowableMost error limits delivering nozzles. our clientsnever complainabouttheunder- because by re-verification only beknown - - - - RBS willcontinue to: - were recommended: From theabove figures, allpetrol stations maintenance offueldispensingpumps. - - -

verification andcalibrationperiod. status offueldispensingpumpsafter outfrequenton inspection Carry ayear since2011-2012 andpumps twice outcalibrationoffueldispensing Carry calibration offuelpumpinthecountry; regularMaintain verificationand delivering To under- have thecourageofreporting pump; verification ofdelivered products by fuel To andregular outchecking carry standards; of theirprover tanksaccording to To verificationandcalibration conduct their fueldispensingpump; To outregular maintenance of carry

31 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 32 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 OCT-DEC 2011 lutants orPOPs. daily basisto Persistent Organic Pol- the environment are exposedona Throughout theworld, peopleand health andtheplanet’s environment. to harm chemicals causelong-term bioaccumulative andtoxic andsuch ganic chemicalswhichare persistent, Among thosechemicals, someare or What are POPs? I Organic Pollutants Rwanda’s ResponseonPersistent readily through thephospholipid leading to theirpropensityto pass andhighlipidsolubility solubility genation, POPs low water have very of theirhighdegree ofhalo virtue By or branchedchainframework. structureswitha chain ring typically structures. hydrolysis inaliphatic thanchlorine matic (benzene) is more ring stableto attachedto anarotion. Chlorine biological andphotolytic degrada- groups, thegreater theresistance to substitutionsand/orfunctional rine and, thegreater thenumberofchlo stabletowards hydrolysisbond isvery ten chlorinated. The carbon-chlorine are halogenated often andmostof- photolytic orchemicalmeans. POPs resistant to degradation by biological, organic compounds thatare highly As aresult, POPs chlorinated are Chemically, POPs are, by definition, the productionofmany items. chemicals indifferent ways in n dailyactivities,peopleuse - - - - POPs andhumanhealth diseases, amongothereffects. system damage, andimmunesystem or development disorders, nervous humans resulting inreproductive can adversely affect bothwildlife and Studies show thatexposure to POPs mosphere before depositionoccurs. to move longdistancesintheat are alsosemi-volatile, enablingthem tissues.bioaccumulation infatty They leadingtoand highlipidsolubility by low watercharacterised solubility tion. POPs are halogenated often and biological andchemicaldegrada - degree, resistvarying photolytic, are organic compoundsthat,to a Persistent organic pollutants(POPs) and accumulate infatdeposits. structure ofbiological membranes food in south-east food insouth-east Turkey, resulting have thatHBCpoisoningof reported Fortransport. example researchers and globallevels through long-range the locallevel, andattheregional adverse effects to humanhealth,at the potential to causesignificant been donesuggestthatPOPs have at any onetime.Studies whichhave frequently to ofchemicals amixture of environmental exposures and humans encounter abroad range so complex.As withwildlife species, such asPOPs andhumanhealthis sure ofenvironmental contaminants The relationship theexpo between - - mones inthehumanbody. [4] tal contaminantsthatmimichor overpublic concern theenvironmen- impacts. Moreover, there ismounting development, cancer, andgenetic problems related to reproduction and system, clude effects onthenervous adverse effects inhumans. These in- rans andchlordane withanumberof contaminants suchasdioxins andfu- POPs andotherPBT environmental cal disorders. Numerous studieslink andneurologi- arthritic and urinary, porphyria dences ofhepaticcirrhosis, and inotherexposure related inci- in thedeathof90%thoseaffected them andwho are theneaten by creaturesbottom-dwelling consume remain insedimentsfor years, where water.than inthelake They can at concentrationsmany timeshigher These POPs accumulate infishtissue POPs andanimals contaminating Greatfish. Lakes ins andDDT are thePOPs frequently the ecosystem. PCBs, chlordane, diox the way inwhichPBTs move through inwhichto demonstrate laboratory system oftheGreatisagood Lakes demonstrate thattheeco ernment food. Studiesby theCanadian Gov- environment through air, water and animals are exposedto PBTs inthe toxiccontaminants. As withhumans, and otherpersistent bioaccumulative Animals are from alsoatrisk POPs - - - Stockholm ConventionStockholm and Rwanda’s role A globalresponse onPOPs than thewater itself.[5] greater concentrationsofPBT POPs predators may have amilliontimes at eachlevel ofthefood chain, top tions canincrease orbiomagnify larger tissueconcentra- fish.Because chemicals. ber oftheworld’s mostdangerous the useandproductionofanum - hard to eliminateworking and restrict the POPs threat andrecommends is global effort required to address holm Convention. obligationsundertheStock Party plansorstrategiesaction to achieve ofPOPs,in terms aswell asspecific priorities NIPs alsosetoutcountry to address capacity them. regulatory sources, and andinstitutional, policy including POPs stocks, emission about POPs inagiven country, provide baselineinformation Plan (NIP).NIPsImplementation development ofaNational ments for Parties includingthe specific operational require compatible programs. has It ing commonmeasures and management ofPOPs, by encourag- is to strengthen theinternational manage POPs. intent underlying Its programs andcontrol regimes to use indeveloping comprehensive tives, andelementsfor principles their provides nationswithbasicobjec- agreementtion isaframework which Pollutants wasadopted. The Conven- Convention onPersistent Organic The Convention recognizes thata 2001,theStockholm May In - - at anyonetime ronmental exposuresandfrequentlytoamixtureofchemicals with wildlifespecies,humansencounterabroadrangeofenvi taminants suchasPOPsandhumanhealthissocomplex.As The relationshipbetween theexposureofenvironmentalcon- fighting POPs The role ofRwanda in robiphenyls (PCBS) anddioxins and out inventories pesticides, polychlo alsocarried Government ofRwanda of the framework Vision 2020.The of sustainabledevelopment within corrective measures to theprocess sion ofRwanda’s willingness to bring expres- constituted acomplementary –2025.This planin Rwanda:2007 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Conventionof theStockholm on Plan (NIP)National Implementation ry, Water established the andMines charge ofLands, Environment, Forest (POPs) 2007–2025. inRwanda: tion onPersistent Organic Pollutants Convention Plan oftheStockholm - - established theNationalImplementa related has to thisissue, Rwanda order totion. In achieve itsobjectives reduction andinvestment promo protection andmanagement,poverty in order to achieve environment through policies sector of Rwanda by theGovernment tions undertaken reinforce ac- initiatives andpriority Conventionthe Stockholm cameto of mitments madeintheframework problems from arising POPs. Com- to Community tackle International in order to inliaisonwiththe work Convention to theStockholm Party In December 2006, in December In The Ministry becamea ofRwanda The Republic - - - Research to ecologically eliminate • IdentificationandEvaluation • objectives: Standards inthese (RBS)contribute Bureau of andRwanda and Industry of Trade Ministry concerned. The and othergovernmental institutions of ministries, publicorganizations and theroles andresponsabilities establishes thelegislative framework especially thosepollutantsandit to dealwithchemicalproductstext the POPissueinnationalcon- furans. This documentsummarizes holm Convention. implementation planoftheStock assist implementationofthenational heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide to dane, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, – BHC,DDT, α–Chlordane, γ–Chlor α-BHC,β–γmination ofaldrin, of differents products for thedeter inanalysesholders andparticipates RBS collaborates withotherstake plastic bags. integrated fightagainstvectors. improvement for invarieties an (Pyrethrenoids), biologic fightand natural pesticidesofplantorigin emphasison with aparticular of alternatives to pesticides

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- 33 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 OCT-DEC 2011 34 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 OCT-DEC 2011 industry. The calibrationprocess is decisionsinthepetroleumpricing processon inthetransaction and in theequipmentthatwasbased ing thestandinglackofconfidence ercise wasinthepursuitofresolv- inRwanda. ing OilDealers The ex meters outstand- atdepotsoftwo were involved inthecalibrationof ber 2011,RBSMetrology Officers offered Novem Metrology- Unit.In systems-thus, calibrationservices ments indicated by thesemetering disagreements basedonmeasure to managetheto avail experts Bureau ofStandardsRwanda (RBS) the regulators, amongwhichthe This urged theinvolvement of systemsmetering atthedepots. able measurements given by the based ontheseeminglyunreli- ofpetroleum productstransporters withowners conflicted thatoften thepetroleumbetween depots the current challengesthatexisted in thissector. Acaseinpoint was challengesthatpersistedvarious Volume helpssolve Laboratory RBS inRwanda, leum industry resolution. Regarding thepetro pivotal role inbuyer-seller conflict ments. Measurements alsoplay assurance ofaccurate measure basedonthe tradetransactions enablesconfidenceintrade. It of aspect ment isanimportant Metrology ascienceofmeasure Operators andPetroleumTransporters. Conflict betweenPetroleumDepot RBS VolumeLaboratory-Solving - - - - - that in petroleum industry needsthat inpetroleum industry equipment. Trans-boarder tradeas content isgiven by useofaccurate where and confidenceinquantity leveltrade attheinternational equipment. Metrology facilitates through calibrationofmeasuring restoration inthemeasurements platform asitfacilitates confidence trading inRwanda importance Metrology isregarded asofgreat withtime.tend to loseaccuracy systems asthemetering periodic equipment, of measuring through calibration the measurements restoration in confidence it facilitates platform as in Rwanda trading great importance regarded asof Metrology is cal barriers to tradeandalsocal barriers that enablestheremoval oftechni- Metrology isthenseenasatool rological offered practices by RBS. that are alsoassured through met involve accurate measurements of petroleum productsdelivered ofthequantitiesin determination All theseparameters thatare used least 15litres (2%oftotal product). bycause aninaccurateat quantity of 0.5cmonthatdeepstickwill themodificationin aroad tanker; deep stickcorrespond to 750litres modified. Supposethat23cmof example iswhenadeepstickwas into consideration.Anothertaken temperature were anddensity not product atambientconditions)if ing inalossof226,5litres (1.51%of 20oC willbe14,773.5litres result cm3 asdensity, thereal volume at aged at32oCandhave 0.730g/ if 15,000litres ofpetrol were pack offiguresmeans muchinterms as, in thedestinationcountry. This Petroleum productsdelivered stick to reach aconclusionofthe is basedonlengthofthedeep thatvolume ofcapacity interms of thepetroleum productsand fields suchastemperature, density involves measurements invarious transiting from to Kenya Rwanda and tradeofPetroleum products ments. For exampletransportation to bebased onaccurate measure - - - - 35 RBSNEWSLETTER • ISSUE 13 JAN 2012 RBSStandardization STANDARDISA TIONMark MARK

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