You Shout out Loud That Christmas Is on 25Th Even If You Are an Atheist”

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ata uflmn fterqieet o h ereo Mse fArts Master of therequirements forof thedegree fulfillment partial of ” Youon 25 is Christmas loudthat out shout h oxsec fthe old the newand calendar styles in Moldova The coexistence of Department of Sociology andSocial Anthropology Sociology of Department vni you atheist” an are even if Central European University Budapest, Hungary Olga Cojocaru Submitted to 2013 By

Andreas Dafinger Vlad Naumescu,

Supervisors: th

CEU eTD Collection convenience, these two timescapes. will touniformize thereis growing forand thesake of between difference the traditions, (religious) certain by exerted pressure normative persistent the of backdrop the against influences secularist of insertion rel the of evolution postsocialist the and problematized be can tradition of force pressing the which through past. soviet and statehood (2) and pro Moldova the in of disengagement aspirations church European growing the (1) with related significantly is calendar discursive of variety stance. the into looks th with contraposition in endeavor holiday duplicated this about have Moldovans exploratory representations This interweave. to seem factors e might one phenomenon the secular. essentially or religious either practice, this to justifications various assign and dissent Church firm the despite calendar style new the to according Christmas celebrate to Abstract ationship between church and modern state. betweenmodern churchationship and Lately

I argue in this thesis that the temporal dislocation of Christmas according to the Gregorian Gregorian the to according Christmas of dislocation temporal the that thesis this in argue I

growing number of people in Moldova in people of number growing The Christmas date is showcased as a temporal point normatively imbued normatively point temporal a as showcased is date Christmas The ntitle - oain ci Romanian “duplicated Christmas” “duplicated ies s fr o cnetto o te Moldovan the of contestation of form a as tizens

This thesis concludes also that, considering the firm firm the considering that, also concludes thesis This i

liturgical and civil/social time tends to be blurred blurred be to tends time civil/social and liturgical , - in which social, cultural, economic and politic and economic cultural, social, which in

an overwhelmingly religiou overwhelmingly an

This research inquires into inquires research This s country s e ecclesiastical ecclesiastical e

–

began began CEU eTD Collection Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my supervisors for their sustained eff sustained their for supervisors my thank to like would I this thesis might be about all that too. that thisall thesis about mightbe Stefano. Santo piazza in coffees black Sunday and Terre Cinque cloudle blond featuring poem imaginary long a includes th to chance this use to want I anxieties.Also my with kindly so dealing for and ideas erratic ank dearly my sister Natalia Cojocaru Cojocaru Natalia sister my dearly ank ii

for “everything”. This totalizing gratitude gratitude totalizing This “everything”. for s blue ts, orts to make sense of my of sense make to orts - eyed oranges, trips to trips oranges, eyed

At a very deep level, deep very a At CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusions ” 3: CHAPTER 2: CHAPTER background 1:Theoretical CHAPTER Introduction Acknowledgements Abstract Contents You shout out Christmas loud that is on 25 3.3 Social 3.3 Social articulations stance Ecclesiastical 3.2 The remarks 3.1 Methological Holiday and2.2 Alternating 2.1 1.2 Tradition (non)secularism and 1.1 Temporality calendrical and time 3.2.3 The ” The 3.2.3 3.2.2 3.2.1 Christmas Tree The 2.1.3 Saga Clandestine 2.1.2 2.1.1 Reform time Standardizationof 1.1.4 Calendars1.1.3 as symbolictimetopographies time Calendrical 1.1.2 time of Qualities 1.1.1 O

verlapping Time Trajectories: diachronic a perspective

...... Th t The

...... e Unshakable Canonical Tradition: the Defenders of theOld e Unshakable Canonical Tradition: theDefenders of

...... wo Metropolitanes C hurch of hurch of C ...... alendar in the and 1924 R eligiousity the1989 and

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...... ntellectuals”: Saint Theodora from Theodora ntellectuals”: Sihla Saint

Social Time: Social ......

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...... Christmas inbetween A even if you an are atheist” even if ...... ftermath T ...... urning urning iii ......

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...... 40 37 30 28 25 24 24 23 23 23 19 17 15 13 13 13 10

9 7 6 5 4 4 1 ii

CEU eTD Collection 4 3 2 public, church,o charityin thename in atheists: crossing attending offering themselves declared who those byeven routine a as maintained are practices religious The 2005). Report ReligiousFreedom 1 eccles the for As approved. not was calendar the in holiday permanent a as Christmas style new the introduce to proposal Liberals' the Parliament, in debate day.intense working an Yet after another with it substitute for off day a December 25 make to decided government Moldovan the 2012 In either. alliance ruling the of leaders the among issue this regarding agreement offic well of nucleus a holidays, style there dormant lies issue the Then answered. being really without aimlessly circulates question the but sides, taking Are born? should when Moldova: in discourse public the dominates confusion of aura an near, draw holidays winter the once December, Each year. every with increases on observance Christmas mai and media) by created problem false a it (declaring confusion this of existence the denies holidays.major other and Christmas, Easter for twodates are there why furthermore st people many clear; very not is distinction (Gregorian) style new calendar the behind days 13 lags which calendar liturgical style old the sub uses Patriarchate Church Moscow Orthodox Moldovan The secular. essentially or religious this either to practice, justifications various assign and calendar style new the to according Christmas celebrate to Introduction The highest rank a clergy man can detain in an ecclesiastic Eastern Orthodox institution, after the after institution, Orthodox Eastern inecclesiastic an detain can man clergy a rank highest The stylists new The 31 Year'scalendar, December that New is style”) on (“new While Gregorian according to the marked Eve is customarily oe hn 0 ecn o h pplto nmnly belo nominally population the of percent 90 than More ial implementation of the new style calendar in the religious life in Moldova. inthe religious lifein style calendar thenew of implementation ial While the official church is loyal to the Patriarchate of Moscow and officially observes the old the observes officially and Moscow of Patriarchatethe to loyal is church official the While Lately atcl tne ls ya te ertr o odvn Metropolitanate Moldovan of secretary the year last stance, iastical we

wrong or wrong a st of the year untilDecember thenext theyear approaches. st of

growing nu growing

hl te atr n i gnrly sd o cvc upss I patc, this practice, In purposes. civic for used generally is one latter the while they

7 ? mber of people in Moldova in people of mber 3 January, the number of people who swing from one calendar to another another to calendar one from swing who people of number the January,

The debate intensifies in mid December with various voices arguing and and arguing voices various with December mid in intensifies debate The

- educated people, intellectuals and public figures advocate for the the for advocate figures public and intellectuals people, educated ill cannot explain the differences between the calendars, or calendars, the between differences the explain cannot ill ngs to one of two Orthodox denominations (International (International denominations Orthodox two of one to ngs 1

an overwhelmingly religious country religious overwhelmingly an e eert Crsms We ws Jesus was When Christmas? celebrate we

f the dead etc. dead the f state employees with the condition to to condition the with employees state

Ostensibly, no thereis confirmed through a a through confirmed patriarch. While the Churchthe While

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CEU eTD Collection the into and holiday duplicated this about have Moldovans representations discursive of variety the politic and economic cultural, social, discontinuous culturally temporality. of t meant undertaking fact. social micro this in reflected figuratively projects be to appear political national and dilemmas identity unresolved 2006), (Huntington country “cleft” of Georgia, (Russia, use to seems in proportions comparable (still) of debate similar a etc.), Serbia Ukraine, is calendar style old the where knowledge) current my (to country in debate which onspecificvalues each typical a position is grounded interests. and traits of the renders issue calendar The society. the of rest the from support gain to and structures superior bottom, the from starts movement the when case contrary a have we Now resistance. opposed people always almost and political solely or ecclesiastic society, they be of stratasuperior the fromhave them emerged of all but reform, calendar of history in Christmas. of date the regarding debate public thevery by suggested is only) 2003). 1985, (1982, it put would Zeruvabel appa an suggests This globalization. and transition de migration, massive its tois understand unusualsocial for calls effort an and dissent Church official the despitecalendar, new the to transition the therefore percent); 80 than (more Barometer f Public the to According life. of pace festiveslow a and large at leisureliness by characterized is interval between in the while January) 14 to December 24 (from styles both comprising longer, last festivities Dece 25 on service religious had churches of number limited 7 on parishes the declaration1520 thatall media local theChristmas held service This research inquires into the phenomenon one might entitle entitle might one phenomenon the into inquires research This t hard is It timekeeping Gregorian The rom May 2011) the Orthodox Church is the most trustworthy public institution in Moldova institution in public trustworthy themost Church therom Orthodox is May 2011) o assess the amplitude of the debate in the Moldovan public space. Yet in no other other no Yetin space. public Moldovan the in debate the of amplitude the assess o o explore the social the explore o - euaiain ps socialism post secularization, – factors seem to interweave. This exploratory endeavor looks into looks endeavor exploratory This interweave.to seem factors

n h faeok f h mjr hne ocrig nowadays: occurring changes major the of framework the in - liturgical underpinnings of this phenomenon through the lens lens the through phenomenon this of underpinnings liturgical

This disorder in the traditional perception of time (and not not (and time of perception traditional the in disorder This rent erosion of collective rhythms and schedules, asschedules, and rhythms collective of erosion rent 2

rm h aeae epe iig o mat the impact to aiming people average the from - - cu

typifies the confusions brought about by by about brought confusions the typifies ltural underpinnings. Moreover, there is no other similar research similar other no is Moreover,there br I te enie te winter the meantime, the In mber. “duplicated Christmas” “duplicated

take place. Moldova'sstatusplace. take There are numerousca are There

January. In only 2012 a

, in which in ses CEU eTD Collection invested deliberately is ithow year, the rhythmof ritual the in integrated and domesticated is date new the how pursue to also t desirable,nowevents is of sequence another that interviews: my fromLikewise, transpired1994:272)it informants. my of off (by Church the from and holiday) permanent decipher: political certain serve to instrumentalized be can it ways the and identity group the for calendars the of role standard the as modernity structures. th when moment present the to 1990s the after revival religious a towards holidays religious the of calendar purge and time secularize to attempts soviet the to Moldova interwar of temporality orthodox followi The present. to up 1924 in reform calendrical the with starting Moldova, of history recent the in views temporal different of imposition stateho (2) and pro Moldova the in of disengagement aspirations church European growing the (1) with related significantly is calendar address the following question: extensiveinterviews have. mightThrough dislocation temporal this implications significant hat New Year's New hat interested instance.wasthereforeforI it precede not Eveshould and followChristmas e advancement of capitalist understanding of time laps over the already established syncretic time syncretic established already the over laps time of understanding capitalist of advancement e od and sovietod and past. hs oia apae t b sfue wt maigu teaiain I ae re hrb to hereby tried have I thematizations meaningful with suffused be to appeared holiday This successive the from derived tension the lies thesis present the of core theoretical the At the that thesis this in argue I Further on, what happens with the old date and and the happensolddate with what on,what is this theecclesiasticalstancein regard? Further and motivates decision the tocelebrate onprompts Christmas newdate? the What

projects. the longing for identity, the longing for social recognition both from the State (by making it a it making (by State the from both recognition social identity,for for longing longing the the and the waythe and h tertcl hpe ilsrts the illustrates chapter theoretical The - referential of time of referential

ie hne a sae udrtnig ad hie o sqecs hne (Tilly change sequences of choices and understandings shared as changes Time the

ih e sgiiac an significance new with

G regorian regorian

- on a global scale. global a on oain iies s fr o cnetto o te Moldovan the of contestation of form a as citizens Romanian

emerged from a catholic ins catholic a from emerged temporal dislocation of Christmas according to the Gregorian Gregorian the to according Christmas of dislocation temporal ng temporal course has been considered: from the rural rural the from considered: been has course temporal ng icially adopting the new style) pervaded the narrations narrations the pervaded style) new the adopting icially 3

polie a hldy n vlnay basis. voluntary a on holiday as proclaimed d Further on, a particular emphasis is placed on placed is emphasis particular a on, Further importance of homogeneous uniform time in in time uniform homogeneous of importance titution and was gradually established wasgradually and titution

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CEU eTD Collection The altered. or adjusted, with, interfered controlled, be cannot which instance autonomous external ob the is one first The 4). (1992: Elias Norbert by indicated time on perspectives philosophical opposed two the of prism the through examined be may reform both in never yet (Zerubavel period, time profane a within or period time sacred a within located necessarily be would event or act particular any therefore periods, time different two at concomitantly place take organi social of asprinciple a segregation temporal stressed roleof the life religious of organization social the of analysis his in Durkheim life.religious of organization social 1.1 time. of thesociology and socialstudies memory with conjunction at ritual of framework the within integrated be might paper This provided. is state modern and church e postsocialist the about discussion brief a tradition, religious of body the on secularization of phenomenon increasing the of impact the examine to seek we As (Anderson). communities imagined and 1994) (Tilly Tempor time state 1982), 1985, 2003, (Zerubavel bycalendars organized astemporality towards1964),qualitative(Durkheim the life of social perception is hereby follow we route The secularization. problematized. and tradition rhythm, be domestic calendar, temporality, can as such tradition concepts involves scheme of explanatory force pressing the which through imbued normatively showcased is date Christmas The frameworks. calendar parallel two mingling background Theoretical 1: CHAPTER

Temporality time calendrical and This section looks into the particularities of temporal experience derived from the practice of of practice the from derived experience temporal of particularities the into looks section This hr ae w psiiiis hog wih h pclaiis novd y ptnil calendar potential a by involved peculiarities the which through possibilities two are There commonly is Time ality 1982/1985:

is here considered from the perspective of coexisting multiple periodicities and rhythms. and periodicities multiple coexisting of perspective the from considered here is 101 ). eadd s n fetv dvc o sprto ad re, seta t the to essential order, and separation of device effective an as regarded

from time as a compelling organizing principle of the of principle organizing compelling a as time from 4

jectivist view, according to which time is an is view,time jectivist which to according ouin f h rltosi between relationship the of volution

zation (1964: 104). Noevent (1964:104). zation can s tmoa point temporal a as The The CEU eTD Collection by Sc introduced category to temporal the third ispreferable CCT of use historical Postillbiographical a that contends 5 settings. rural in duties household and work 2005). (Heintz awake time and sleep of time lost, constraint timefor a and pleasure, timespent andtime between timeof a alternation an time represents is time Thus cult conceived intermissions. the and intervals interrupts distinct into Time it 2003:110). arranges and Zerubavel, continuum undifferentiated 1956, (Eliade different qualitatively but standpoint periods of “qualities” the between distinguish to ability 1.1.1 100) and clocks though to paid be attention more that bodies”. our in changes through and events recurrent of aid the with motio, celestial by time life and time calendrical time, clock general: in valid are believe I which broadcasting of structuring the in planes temporal intersecting diverse entail they (Adam qualities if even accordingly them alternate to and time of sense multiple the intuitively 2012). (Simpson it’ around calibrated and recalled are experiences individ beyond exists that influence exerts which terms, Durkheimian in fact’ ‘social a represents which order inherent an in materialized is It 2004). (Adam an both Comprising 77) 2004: (Adam suggested has Adam body,as the and nature cosmos, the the sourc as consciousness human the on emphasis places which theory subjectivist a entails possibility second

d the clock time, social time can be performed and constructed, repeated, regulated and reproduced reproduced and regulated repeated, constructed, and performed be can time social time, clock the d .

ulte ftime Qualities of Postill believes this classification is not helpful, since there is no much difference between the first two. first betweentheno muchis difference there addition, In since helpful, not isPostill classification believesthis sociocultural man’s on emphasis particular a puts temporality of conception qualitative The of constitution The e of timewhich for bethus manipulated can specificuses. e of urally as discontinuous by inserting intervals of liminality into the flow of time. of flow the into liminality of intervals inserting by discontinuous as urally 94 508) 1994:

the Gregorian calendar emphasize a self a emphasize calendar Gregorian the

social time social olwn Gdes 18) Sanl (1988:5 Scannell (1984), Giddens Following

intersection of multiple social rhythms and cultural temporalities.even cultural and rhythms social multiple of intersection

indicates 5 . The multifaceted time is mea is time multifaceted The The results showed that time was time that showed results The

the imposition of the sociocultural will on the times of of times the on will sociocultural the of imposition the 5 Beach (1987 Beach

of time that are identical from a mathematical a from identical are that time of as woe ie ae raie ad whose and organized are lives 'whose uals - referential uniformity of time ( time of uniformity referential ) inquired into the into inquired )

Man has the capacity to grasp grasp to capacity the has Man surable in „units of clock time, clock of „units in surable - 7) has distinguished three three distinguished has 7)

not uniformly assigned, assigned, uniformly not time allocations to allocations time Birth 2012: 99 2012: the body the

advises advises Daily annel. -

CEU eTD Collection commu imagined an in other one of unaware largely be may who actors by time, calendrical clocked, same the at performed are acts activities theirdaily and them persons’ by grounding (1992:109 2004:107). (Adam society specific the transcends that framework temporal a in located temporalregularity.maintained Social coordination, synchronization temporal t and need regulation and established cultures which through institutionfirst wasthe calendar Thus,the 1956:23). (Durkheim wh regularity assure to is function calendar's the a maintained Zerubavel 1981). and (1991, measured be to ought time that contended who time Durkheim, from derivedtime, on view functional of standardization the on writer American prolific 1.1.2 purchase their 2005:183) time, (Heintz, simply manage use they donot they it. Romani Most remarked. 2004:125) Adam in (cited value exchange abstract an as used be not could time since world, the of part orthodox the in develop a capitalism why explains Goff le Jacquesindividuals. to belong not does that something of transaction a is it because theft is time in trade view,the of point (Orthodox) change, rather stability to oriented clock, the by rather tasks practical and routine by organized history, the of motor the constituting rather tradition in encapsulated irreversible, than rather reversible quantitative, home in time complexity about special resource a tobemanaged as schedules, and dayswork routinized non their needs.In specific and tasks daily the on dependent and flexible but

Calendrical time Anderson described suggestively the what he called „empty, homogeneous time” in which all which in time” homogeneous „empty, called he what the suggestively described Anderson Eviat to pertain temporality of explanations sociological systematic first The time traditional The erd o aua rte ta clnrcl htm (dm 1994:504). (Adam rhythms calendrical than rather natural to geared –

these families display a distinctive concept of "work time." Results found here also suggest a a suggest also here time.""workResultsfound of distinctive concept a display families these 11) inspected how certain ‘calendric and related time shifts’ reach into ‘the body time of of time body ‘the into reach shifts’ time related and ‘calendric certain how inspected 11) ans do not consider time as a commodity at all; it is neither for sale, nor for for nor sale, for neither is it all; at commodity a as time consider not do ans

This view is not compatible with the capitalist ideology, as Heintz has also also has Heintz as ideology, capitalist the with compatible not is view This a be dfnd s ylcl ahr tha rather cyclical as defined been has nity of the nation (1983/2006:27) Citizens have confidence that others that confidence have Citizens (1983/2006:27) nation the of nity 6 l epesn te htm o cletv activities. collective of rhythms the expressing ile

in ‘a wider politico wider in ‘a - based enterprises. 2004:75) (Adam nd the money economy could not could economy money the nd lna, ulttv rte than rather qualitative linear, n - cosmic order’.

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CEU eTD Collection community a is time celebrating that awareness The 2003:47) (Zerubavel, our in socialization role mnemonic major a plays calendar addition, In memory. group a prospectively and retrospectively ( calendar the through fashioned being is theyear, thecollective it that is indicating identity of topography the temporal within purpose ( memory social su the containing as them view to being them tackle calendars,withof anthropologically one (e. unifiers as or system) calendrical Jewish functions symbolic the on reflected (1985) Zerubavel 2005:268). Paxson by quoted (Bourdieu battles” ideological doubt, a without and exegesis, telling deeply and elaborate, action, ritual symbolism, “lived with packed is calendar The 2005:267). pow and function of days,topography the a layout rank they and “grade calendars time, of dates” “critical recurrent some introducing by time 1989). (Connerton memory habitual of this rhythmicity intheform is embodied prescribes and related and ins which topography temporal memories.Secondly, a practices entails it normative of set a comprises which time of support material a as envisioned 1992:6). 1.1.3 more socio but in astronomic terms 2007). Taylor 2003; (Asad secularism this from apart torn seemsMoldovan society of feature as held been has time empty homogeneous The together. them binds that linkage temporal imagined the or time” empty homogeneous, of clocking frame. coincidence,calendrical the The isessentialdate „theconnect similar a within they as activities same the perform and perimeter confined but large same the in move

Calendars as symbolic time as topographies Calendars One of the major characteristics major the of One (Elias escapereflection they that takenfor granted and naturalized so instruments are Calendars n h peet paper, present the In specific ibid ) Daig pn onro, h rsae ter udmna commemorative fundamental their restates she Connerton, upon Drawing .).

loci of conventions, norms and conducts. By dint of convention and repetition, repetition, and convention of conducts.dint and By conventions, norms of loci

h clna a te oa cnet f u epaaoy cee is scheme, explanatory our of concept nodal the as calendar the - culturally charged. culturally

of any calendar is that it interrupts the continuous flow of of flow continuous the interrupts it that is calendar any of ib id g.: the Gregorian calendar). calendar). Gregorian the g.:

f aedr wih c ete a a sgeaos eg: the (e.g.: segregators as as either act which calendars of ., 269). Calendars reproduce social orders and map both both map and orders social reproduce Calendars 269). ., respect as well. The calendrical issue is not perceivedonlynot is issue calendrical The well. as respect 7 (Zerubavel [1981] 1985:86) [1981] (Zerubavel

tills a certain rhythm upon everydayness upon rhythm certain a tills Paxson lays out three ways to ways three out lays Paxson . An organizing principle organizing An . ion

–

the steady onwardthe steady er” (Paxsoner” bstance of of bstance per se

that that

CEU eTD Collection civil events.and religious of cycles maintaining for and prognostication, 6 social mere a calendar to uses theirfunctional throughout the thehistor withregard contract proclaim which voices are there Yet identity. cultural and order social It cosmos. the 1992:6). (Elias events of succession unrepeatable the of patterns repeatable represent calendar the of days numbered and months The unrepeatable. the inPostill rooted cited inbodiesand emotions”(Gingrich ”deeply is 2002). time while calendar star transmitted orally interrupted” and irregular ”fragmentary, a pursue and moral the liveoutside to seems which group ethnic Munebbih of example the forward puts and CCT” of effects the from ”insulation of cases exceptional the post a exhibit non romanticize to CCT, of spread global irreversible the overlook to time, of notion „western” the coevalness, native's the deny to tendency anthr the in shortcomings CCT.6 Postillexplicit makes of study cross comparative the with proceed to scientists social fellow the encourages He it. using of the colonized collective recollection. them"), map timescapes and inthis paper,of is calendar repository as treated a calend of function ordering prospective the out 1989:70 Connerton 2003:30; identity. pointed group Paxson who Unlike (2005:267) of narratives embody conceivedto are calendars (Zerubavel reproduced and transmitted is c commemorative memory of performance habituated the Through 2012). multi (O’Loughlin, a in living now of experience occas The calendars have provided the basis for planning agricultural, hunting, and migration cycles, for divination and and divination for cycles, migration and hunting, agricultural, planning for basis the provided have calendars The o o tgtens i smtig ht h lre scey s rdal dsoeig hog the through discovering gradually is society larger the that something is togetherness of ion Rhythms divisions recurrent standardized socially providing By has (CCT) time clock and calendar how of accounts ethnographic the reviews (2002) Postill colonial fear of misrepresenting ”the Other”. The young anthropologist further anthropologist young The Other”. ”the misrepresenting of fear colonial lifeworlds of populations that in previous centuries, or even decades, had no experience experience no had decades, even or centuries, previous in that populations of lifeworlds

is little wonder that calendars have held a sacred status and have served as a source of of source a as served have and status sacred a held have calendars that wonder little is

are intimately related with calendars in the perception of time. Lefebvre (1992/2004) Lefebvre time. of perception the in calendars with related intimately are

- faith environment of many groups with many calendars calendars many with groups many of environment faith - industrial societies, to neglect the time the neglect to societies, industrial Thus calendars serve as a link between mankind and mankind between link a as serve calendars Thus 8

ar (“calendar orders tomorrows; they organize organize they tomorrows; orders (“calendar ar

- of time, the calendars render repeatable render calendars the time, of temporal o temporal opological study of time of study opological y 6 .

rder imposed by Yemenby imposedstate rder - media bond, and to to and bond, media rmne, social eremonies, - 1, therefore 71), –

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examines examines - cultural cultural the

CEU eTD Collection times. local/vernacular upon times industrial standardized of thesuperimposition from 8 decades,it ( nofor use had 7 2003:98) (Zerubavel world catholic the of boundaries the within primitive). and modern p the of lives.universality the discussed daily (1992) Gell Alfred others, and Among landscapes national over control their extend to capitalism corporate and state the comparison banal a explained just name to Christmas, German like not is Christmas micro local the to adapted be to ought it that everywhere, same the implie He orthodoxy? (astrological) religious of terms in reckoning to measurement astronomical subordinate to chosen cultures some have why especially this of superimposition the of implications the (Postill2002) alike society civil and state market, of hand invisible the roundsdaily the regulates presently 1.1.4 ceremonies, commemorations, votes, etc.) intimate of rites finally, and close; a sense, to it bring broadest or period a inaugurate that the carnivals festivals and as such profane and in sacred simultaneously rites etc.); bells the of ringing the ablutions, prayers, (fasting, rites religious firstl time: of flow the punctuate that rites of sorts several to pointed (2004:94) Lefebvre sequence. certain a in prescribed acts and words gestures, of that rhythm, particular own its instills ritualization rhyth temporal how and rhythms social and psychological biological, of interdependence the illustrating life everyday of rhythmanalysis pioneering a operated Thus a Thus h follow to interesting be would It

fruitful research direction (and esentially indicative of the present paper's aim) is to look into the tensions d tensions the into look to is aim) paper's present the of indicative esentially (and direction research fruitful tnadzto ftime Standardization of The Gregorian calendar was used as the prevalent standard temporal reference framework only only framework reference temporal standard prevalent the as used was calendar Gregorian The It exports. cultural successful most West’s the of one is (CCT) time calendar and Clock that the

regulation, synchronization and standardization of time was an essential tool used byused tool essential an timewas of standardization and synchronizationregulation, cf . Thompson, 1967 1967 Thompson, .

supreme aedi hgmn o te rgra tm odr resulted order time Gregorian the of hegemony calendric ow CCT has colonized has CCT ow

of most people, artefacts and representations across the world. It is is world.It the across representations and people,artefacts most of Zeitrechnung Zeitrechnung apud ovvaiis r xenl oiblt (oiia rts namely rites, (political sociability external or convivialities

Postill 2002). wonders He systems. timekeeping local the all on the lifeworlds of populations that in previous centuries, or even or centuries, previous in that populations of lifeworlds the 9

d that the Gregorian calendar is nonetheless not nonetheless is calendar Gregorian the that d ms are actively reproduced in daily life. Each life. daily in reproduced actively are ms erception of time (east and west, and (east time of erception n psil ti i wy it why is this possibly and 7 . -

Bernward (2000) reflects upon reflects (2000) Bernward

iecps n ryhs U.S. rhythms: and timescapes 8

J ms ae (2009) Carey ames

rm the from erived was y, CEU eTD Collection 9 in Casanova 2006). Casanovathe reversewhile 2006) (in space European within identity cultural Christian submerged and diffused, implicit, an to pointing belonging" without "believing it called has „religious Davie Grace level. collective the at practices or and traditions population alleviation European gradual the of the definition the for of secularization than rather „unchurching”individualization” term the using suggests Casanova Eur Christian the de the relativise may theWestern Europe” EE of Christianization in revival religious „the 2006:242) Dungaciu by cited (2011:11 Tomka secula modern by touched been had never if ”as Europe of part Eastern the in religiosity of level analysis Naletova's practices, and attitudes religious people's on surveys international Moldovaon emphasis particular a (with Europe USA, religious seemingly the with contrast post secular a presented (2006) Casanova and 2002) (1994, Davie and (1999) ago the world more tha sociologist PeterAmerican of the has heralded desecularization Berger Tradition1.2 (non)secularism and inter international, is “It large: at int and occupational civilization western of symbols major the of one become has it rather, institution; Christian a as longer any regarded be cannot calendar Gregorian modernizat Bolshevik of symbol a as 1918 in calendar Gregorian the to moved only and 1700, in Great the Peter by introduced Calendar, Julian the to “wedded remained b regarded The findings of the Aufbruck study (2007) show that 95% of Moldovans Romanians likelyto believers.be and are of (2007) show 95% study that Aufbruck the of findings The The Church inertia in Moldova might be accounted through a peculiar Eastern reluctance reluctance Eastern peculiar a through accounted be might Moldova in inertia Church The and "religion" aliketurned people ordinary and elites sharedEuropeanby identity "secular" The The liturgic calendar is intimately interwined with the religious life and its dynamics. While the While dynamics. its and life religious the with interwined intimately is calendar liturgic The y the non the y pa iett it a ton ad epeig su” Csnv 20) h same The 2006) (Casanova issue” perplexing and „thorny a into identity opean

er - Catholic world right from the outset as an exclusive Catholic institution. Catholic exclusive an as outset the from right world Catholic - racial” 2003:99). (Zerubavel

is also true "belonging without believing " (Hervieu " believing without "belonging true also is

Naletova (2009) suggested that in the orthodox part of of part orthodox the in that suggested (2009) Naletova and Romaniaand 10

9 ), the modernity is non is modernity the ), ion”

(Shaw 2011). (Shaw - Christian Europe in in Europe Christian - - secular.on Based Léger 2003 cited2003 Léger

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Currently n one decaden one

f religious of

Russia rity.” , the , - - CEU eTD Collection civilization. their properly civilizationis the change countries, cleft to want we of but people place the unlike one place” in that together belong and people one are „we effect, say, in They civilization. another to it 10 societies” other in magnets civilizational toward „gravitate thus and civilizations more or 2 to belong „c of tag the under terms, Hungtington's in fall, Moldova make accordingly East and West and Russians and Romanians Moldova: in groups legacy. Soviet vs. identity European wishful terms: civilizational from the Westernimported world (2002) values and modernity transnational the of prospects the with contrasted Li similarly are backwardness’ with conjucted past soviet The Lithuania. postsocialist of prominence embraced. be to alternative optimal South and inEastern orthodox social representations of in theformation in more a for call phenomeno the their of examination in authors the concur I Uffelman). and (Makrides superiority and Western progress undermine to and deficits European Eastern overcome to mechanism compensatory contamination. unwanted of source a be to deemed countries Western the in diaspora Orthodox Eastern the towards suspicion growing East) communitarian the versus West individualistic the East; af the versusWest rationalistic the (e.g., Christendom of parts two the between disjunction and incompatibility the sharpen order in exaggerated deliberately differences the ideologized, seems t by developed attitudes negative specific of existence the ascertained have and Christiandom Eastern by fuelled antiWesternism the examined (n.d.) Uffelman West.and Makridesthe of influence pernicious as countries traditionalist by influence. Western the towards A torn country, in contrast, has a single predom single a has contrast, country,in torn A As it will be apparent from the empirical section, the calendar debate is h is debate calendar the section, empirical the from apparent be will it As a as itself presents modernity the obstructing, and suffocative as deemed is tradition While te et’ ybl, enns ad mgnns n al dsore ad rcie in practices and discourses daily in imaginings and meanings, symbols, West,’ ‘the

n of Orthodox anti Orthodox of n Modernization accompanied by secularization is secularization by accompanied Modernization

he Orthodox towards the West. The debate between East and West and East between debate The West. the towards Orthodox he By the same token, Lankauskas's ethnographic account shows the shows account ethnographic Lankauskas's token, same the By ht em mr s more seems What .

inant culture which places it in one civilization but its leaders want to shift shift towant leaders its but civilization one in it places which culture inant left”

people of torn countries agree on who they are but disagree on which on disagree but are they who on agree countries torn of people 10

countries ripped apart by major groups which claim to claim which groups major by apart ripped countries 11 - Westernism for it continues to play a massive role massive a play to continues it Westernismfor

rkn i te s o Otooy s a as Orthodoxy of use the is triking thuania’s ‘traditionalism’ and ‘Eastern ‘Eastern and ‘traditionalism’ thuania’s oevr te uhr sgald the signalled authors the Moreover, h tnin bten h 2 major 2 the between tensions The - Eastern Europe Eastern

customarily regarded regarded customarily eavily carried out in out carried eavily . fectionate fectionate

- depth n CEU eTD Collection of effects increasing the of context secularization. the in adjustment and reform for pressure of the body an traditional practices the between tensions eventual the considered also has inquiry theoretical this measuri of systems vernacular existing despite synchronization and standardization regulation temporal and synchronization coordination, essen the as calendar of concept the was scrutiny this of center the At time. of qualities and time social of notions temporality, withdealing of field the in literature the existing examined hereto has and times calendrical (1996:138). of discussion theoretical a provide to aimed paper present The Final remarks

il eie f hooaaeet f al ad eiiu lf a wl a fr s for as well as life religious and daily of chronomanagement of device tial

Floig h efrs f lbl time global of efforts the Following .

h pclaiis f multiple of peculiarities the g temporalities, ng ocial CEU eTD Collection 12 11 perceivedanot was calendar the understanding, popular the in chronology”, 1924 in reform calendar the whole. If intangible of stage a in encapsulated was and psychology rituals: style the whether people on checking sticks with streets the through wandering were aggression. alm an meaning, had organic time folk that showed (2008) Antoanesei (1924), Bancila and (1932) Bernea ethnographers 1932). Bernea 1924; Bancila (A creation God's with interfere to mean would time with interfere To arangement. divine intangible definitive a as but construction human a as regarded not was Time inner natu the of rhythm and order constituted the disturb would phenomena natural the all for dates established a as represe archaic the In cherished. more even were which time of portions were Holidays phenomena. natural with harmony complete in calendar perceivedthe sense bu life Reform 2.1.1 2.1 2 CHAPTER

Romanian winter tradition wintertradition Romanian 1932 Bernea Informant, O

holy verlappi t the implementation of this reform was at least problematic. least at was reform this of implementation the t y rnig n cons n ok eprlt b to eakbe oain interwar Romanian remarkable two by temporality folk on accounts in bringing By liturgical the for calendar revised the to adopt decided ChurchRomanianOrthodox the 1924 In

nevl f tm. ipaig hs nevl en t voae h lwo ntr. hnig the Changing nature. of law the violate to meant interval this Displacing time. of interval One of my informants, my of One ” God forbid to see kids going sowing or going with Plugusorul with going or sowing going kids see to forbid God C ng Time Trajectories:Timeng perspective adiachronic re: alendar in 1924 and 1924 thealendar in a folk understanding of temporality, Bancila argued that the interwar Romaniansocietyinterwar the temporality,that argued Bancila of understanding folk trees would still go green and the fruits would ripen only according to the old dates old the to according only ripen would fruits the and green go still would trees

ost a mystical, non mystical, a ost

” et Maria recalls her grandmother telling her that Romanian guardians Romanian that her telling grandmother her recalls Maria hnographic culture”, which was constituted of traditions in an an in traditions of constituted was which culture”, hnographic - A conventional one, therefore the reform was perceived as an as perceived was reform the therefore one, conventional ftermath ” at the level of intellectuality seemed a matter of mere of matter a intellectuality seemed levelof the at 13

” I believe in the holyinstars” cross, inthe I Idon'tbelieve believe ntation of time, the holiday was regarded regarded was holiday the time, of ntation Religious people in the traditional traditional the in people Religious

taee 20; arlt 2002; Gavriluta 2008; ntoanesei ” convention 12 ”. Appealing to ethnic ethnic to Appealing ”. y performed the old old the performed y al” measuring al” 11 .

CEU eTD Collection encountered it why time, about peasants had Romanian the that representation symbolic the with coincide not did toworkwhen indicated activities efficiency. and achieveorder meaning, to keyFor rea the this is calendar) established favourable time manner, this In time. ca in theinstitutionaliz spirit practical increased the with together intellectuals among feelings religious true the of alleviation the to related were phenomenon this underlied that reasons very the that concluded explanations.They which calendar it and calendar Western the adopted had states argumen the with decision were seemingly those 1932cited who had closer2008). ties Antoanesei with in (Bernea the city resi rural only The 1932). (Bernea say would lady old an stars” both and kept styles ultimately was calendar So new imposed. the when resistance staunch opposed and apprehension” “metaphysical a with in reform calendar ethnogra An 2008). (Antoanesei cosmology” not if existence, of rhythms present and past significant the all and equated itself religion calendar the peasant Romanian the For anytime. adjusted perfected, be can which system red

more To conclude, the understanding of temporality of the dominant intellectual and political class political and intellectual dominant the of temporality of understanding the conclude, To efficiency,rhythm and in but interested not was peasant Romanianthe that evinced also Bernea similar strikingly are decision this justify to time that at authorities the by brought reasons The

we which intervals are appropriate to do something and which not, e.g.: when to start a journey, a start to e.g.:when not, which and something do to appropriate are intervals which

or about re designed to take place in certain time frames while a series of temporal interdictions interdictions temporal of series a while frames time certain in place take to designed re e f hm eue t atn cuce o sbtgd h lcl eiiu srie or services religious local the sabotaged or churches attend to refused them of me or ominous

wa when to when avoid ts circulated in the contemporary debate about the calendar: that all other Orthodox other all that calendar: the about debate contemporary the in circulated ts

the timing of his actions, for how properly these actions are placed in time, at their at time, in placed are actions these properly how for actions, his of timing the s ed church 2008). (Antoanesei the - allegedly firm resistance from the rural population. population. rural the from resistance firm teeoe on tig we te ogt o e oe i et codn t an to according est (id done be to ought they when things doing therefore , odvn ilg Croa Te esns ae en eotdy overwhelmed reportedly been have peasants The Cornova. village Moldovan is made responsible for the efficiency of certain actions actions certain of efficiency the for responsible made is - thus

doing certain type certain doing cetfcly oe orc. ovrey the Conversely, correct. more scientifically

two

series of holidays. of series phic report is available regarding the impact of the 1924 1924 the of impact the regarding available is report phic

s 14 was

of activities etc. of

ihie oain iies ok p h same the up took citizens Romanian hightime ” I believe cross, theholy in believeI don't in dents who seemed more open to this to open more seemed who dents

n s Any hdl cag produces change chedule ethnographers had their their had ethnographers ” son, the household the son, elements of a true true a of elements o it for which

a be can

CEU eTD Collection 14 13 (Ha political the of free be the and nationalism and ethnicity couldsocialism after of identity religious of aspect no that meant undersocialism religion politics of politicization the to connected intimately was revival 1 Casanovareligious 2006; 2000, (Hann sphere” public the into everywhere almost secret. in rituals perform and and relatives of circle friends (Hann2006:2). wide a of prospects and positions the also but job one's only not prejudice for countryside the in people religious by only covertly celebr sphere, public the outside pushed holiday a was Christmas hand, other the god' 'novyi to give to managed calendar soviet “The whe times Soviet the for long Moroz Ded from gifts received children employees's state the which on occassion the was It season. winter the of holiday main the as held officialy was 31 December eveningof the in markedwascustomarily Eve calendar. Gregorian the with came slowly January of beginning recurr in abound society.the of secularization complete aiming holidays traditional orthodox the replace to order in namely instituted was keeping time soviet the that demonstrated Malte 2000). t downgrading by holidays church the remove to meant was which Clandestine 2.1.2 life rhythms of to meant timely them observing not and time of intervals sacred as holidays viewed temporality of perception qualitative the in uncertainty

New Year'sfromRussian) (translated Eve Claus ofSanta version Russian The Religious tra Religious reform calendrical a through redefined and reinterpreted was time regime, Soviet the During

natur n life ing R ditions have survived mainly in the countryside, where people would hire priests hire would people where countryside, the in mainly survived have ditions eligiousity and the 1989 e .

ie vns bt sclr n rlgos Clbaig h Nw er t the at Year New the Celebrating religious. and secular both events, time nn 2006:6 nn When the secular soviet ideology collapsed in 1989, ”religion spilled out spilled ”religion 1989, in collapsed ideology soviet secular the When n they received state received they n

- 7). While examinining the postsocialist progression of Moldovan of progression postsocialist the examinining While 7).

T urning urning 15 - sponsored gifts for their children on this occasion. this on children their for gifts sponsored 14

a genuinely festive tone” (Paxson 2005:284). (Paxsontone” festive genuinely a

personified by the state. the by personified P

oint “ seily o the for especially any display of religious commitment could commitment religious of display any st .

Moreover,i Irrespective of the style, New Year's New style, the of Irrespective hem to regular working days (Malte days working regular to hem n t n Years

he soviet times, New Yeartimes,soviet New he oain peasants Romanian 9) Te postsocialist The 994). Moldovan people still people Moldovan

are time units which units time are dis ated more or less less or more ated rupt the natural the rupt who who On CEU eTD Collection model, soviet the after time of understanding secularized of example an are statements Baiesu's and livepeoplehowand decide overpower takethe who Those dichotomy calendrical discussionthe around The him: doesnotmake sense for any bel a is wife His God. in faith their confess they when them understand not does brother.He one and sisters 5 now.does.his still “calendar” istumultuous his he youthand during theses Marxist That the hasgot He (Baiesu). afterlife“ the in soul grandmother's my meet will I think don't stories...I these me telling she's Now common. in lots have to used we woman, Disagree I was“When student, a theworld was by notcreated God” holidays. new the of “when” the decide to easier was maturity,it and studentship “godless” a After 2012). one (Bogatu churches local old by imposed the alongside smoothly style new the adopted people many province, the in and Chisinau Juli the to tied closely not seemed especially solely celebrate believers still are fasting inthe period. on ce legally to expected were citizens January).Thus (7 calendar style old the to according Christmas while calendar (Gregorian) style spring of beginning holi civic traditional the it, to According 2008:33). (Baiesu Republic ” Moldova inrural religion despite massive (2006). secularization of salience the demonstrated Heintz Monica privileges, historical exclusiveness and for quest in Church Orthodox confuse” resolution from 26 December 1990 of the Supreme Soviet of the Moldovan Soviet SocialistSovietMoldovan the of Soviet Supreme the of 1990 December 26 from resolution confuse” 7

aur. hs cul re cnlcs ih h scein f h rlgos oias bcue the because holidays, religious the of succesion the with conflicts order actual This January. iever as well. Ion accepts other people's religiousity as a datum, but he can hardly sympathize. hardly can he but datum, a as religiousity people's other accepts Ion well. as iever Within one's extended family, divergent positions towards religion are often encountered. encountered. often are religion towards positions divergent family, extended one's Within to practice the including traditions, religious the eradicate partly to managed atheism Soviet The ments are not openly manifested, but not completely spared either. “My sister was a smart smart a was sister “My either. spared completely not but manifested, openly not are ments

ao Crsin oias tre t b ofcay eertd n 91 s rsl o the of result a as 1991 in celebrated officialy be to started holidays Christian major i te l sye Teeoe atr h 19s te dctd n ubnzd citizens urbanized and educated the 1990s, the after Therefore, style. old the n -

1 March, International Women'sDay International March, 1 lebrate New Year (new style) and then proceed with the old style Christmas Christmas style old the with proceed then and style) Year (new New lebrate ” Nativity should first”, come claimed As one of my interlocutors, the 65 the interlocutors, my of one As an calendar like their parents and grandparents. and parents their like calendar an His fellow,His 16

what and when they should celebrate”. celebrate”. should they when and what Io –

8 March) would be marked on the new the on marked be would March) 8 n, 70 years old confided passionately in passionately confided old years 70 n, as Nw Year (New days

many of them. of many - year - old Baiesu remarked: Baiesu old ” I take people. after –

January, 1 Hence Ion , in , CEU eTD Collection 15 was tree the 2008, in year, Next style new later, weeks Two park. a in elsewhere placed day second the on found was It more. any there not was tree the 2am, at back were they city. When the in stroll hour 2 a for midnight at policemen civil by awaytaken been overnight disappeared tree the car, personal mayor's the in organization youth young Party's Liberal three the by of guarded members purposively was it Although Moldova. of city capital Chisinau, of square Christmas Tree The 2.1.3 Saga but now pagan”. she incollege materialism thescientific isdiea not thankfulshe ”will the tenets of faith”. to back us bringing ”for praised be to has which '89 after restrictions summer. every monasteries is she and values for practice her.significant holidays as follows and up stands posters she 2 other, the each to at next staring placed was naturally I While middle. the in cross huge a had one other the and university a wall the on secretary. pinned Two a were postersas calendar paradigm orthodox liberal the to time of conception is its noreligious significance and citizens attached tothe calendar. the timeof thestate manages where Furthe r on, it will be shown how she combines thedates. shownbe on, shehow combines r itwill On 9 December 2007, a Christmas tree had been erected by the municipal staff in the central the in staff municipal the by erected been had tree Christmas a 2007, December 9 On the keeping and holidays Celebrating Mari If you go to church, you memorize. One knows that on 28 August is the Dormition of Virgin Mary, 21 21 PeterPaul and George, then Saint and Mary, Virgin of Dormition Apostles the the then colleague), her is at points (she August too birthday your it's 28 Larisa, and, Birth, on Mary's Virgin September that knows One memorize. you church, to go you If Christmas concert concert Christmas “ like a Christmas wonder” (ProTV). The tree watch tree The (ProTV). wonder” Christmas a like

a instead represents a case of spiritual reconversion after the 90s from the from 90s the after reconversion spiritual of case a represents instead a after unsuccessful : en n olwn te oias n atnig igiae t Rmna orthodox Romanian to pilgrimages attending and holidays the following on keen

She confesses from the very outset that she is truly attached tothe orthodox outset she confesses that She is fromthevery truly h trig on i hr ie rvd o e h eaiain f religious of eradication the be to proved life her in point turning The had to be to had

negotiations and haggling and negotiations

“ arrested” by the traffic pol traffic the by arrested”

held on an improvised stage, with no lights and sound system. sound and lights no with stage, improvised an on held S aint Nicholas and Holy Chross.. Holy aint Nicholasand successive

17 15

continuity of them all throughout the year is a is year the throughout all them of continuity s erdcs ebly e mna scein f of succesion mental her verbally reproduces

with the central authorities, the 4 hour long long hour 4 the authorities, central the with met in her university office where she worksuniversityshe her where in office met ice on its way to the capital city. When hecity. When capital the to way its on ice bove her desk. One bore the logo of the the of logo the bore One desk. bove her men reported to reported men

She used to ”swallow” all ”swallow” to used She the media that they had they that media soviet secular soviet

CEU eTD Collection soulless became already on December...Ipeople 1 our tree that theChristmas find 16 fo evocative are Chisinau of center the thecommittee: with unification Romania. (but not overtly onthetable) laid objectives term the long of conversati communists.Their the of tree the sabotage and dictatorship the communist against protest to convened They decide. would committee action the whatever down write to December of snow of meeting the renders videos called the between rivalry childish the regarding internet heating as well (Calugareanu public DW tointerrupt threatening kindergarten in (including city the throughout water hot of delivery the stopping authorities communist the that reported was lights the on turn to one the be to Voronin intended Orthodox Vladimir President Communist the the reports, press to According Christmas. of manifestation style new any prevent to strategy Communist a as interpreted was police to appealed authorities communist installed tree Christmas the the of rid get office, to collaborators in come has mayor liberal the since 2007 between municipal the and took authorities thecentral different proportions. frictions the when years, following the in continued saga tree Christmas The Moldova. in tendencies tre Christmas Chisinau then. stated famously he stolen”, be cannot pro the news, the learned The reaction of one passer one of reaction The “ The War of Trees”, War The of The prolonged series of anecdotes regarding the missing/arrested/replaced Christmas tree in tree Christmas missing/arrested/replaced the regarding anecdotes of series prolonged The on parodies and compilations video jokes, anecdotes, of lots triggered has incident This Custo marily, the municipality is in charge charge in is municipality the marily, 2007. A girl was keeping a notebook open and a pen in her gloveless hands, ready hands,gloveless her in pen a and open notebook a keeping was girl A 2007. - udrcrd ne gi te ls bten pro between clash the again once underscored e by

for the holidays in Chisinau, but no sooner than December 30. December than sooner no but Chisinau, in holidays the for

is suggestive: "How can they dictate us when to mark the holiday?...If every country sets up up sets country every holiday?...If the mark towhen us dictate they can "How suggestive: is - “ oain ao Citaa us ot agig hysterically. laughing out burst Chirtoaca mayor Romanian The Tree The Operation”

youngsters gathered on the spot of the missing Christmas tree in the in tree Christmas missing the of spot the on gathered youngsters te mlmtc ate ewe the between battle emblematic the r pressured B woe n eebr 07 ht th that 2007 December in wrote BBC 18 or of two

“

The Odissey of the Christmas tree”. One of the the of One tree”. Christmas the of Odissey The the preparations for holidays, but starting with with starting but holidays, for preparations the

too early too the pro the domina

- in th in nt parties in Moldova. It was derisively was It Moldova. in parties nt Romanian mayor to give up his idea by idea his up give to mayor Romanian -

Dec Dec 2007) . Real mockery" (DW . Real mockery" 2007) e center of the city. The operation city. The the of center e - 16 etr ad pro and Western

two s and hospitals) and and hospitals) and s

on featured one of of one featured on oiat political dominant rw vr the over row e Te holiday ”The

Moreover, itMoreover, - Russian the

CEU eTD Collection

ofliturgic time. instead time” ”holiday 17 thepresent thesis. focus of appropriate time social hallowed. and cyclical qualitatively as time of conveives which view liturgic the with civicthe sideneeded and betweenthereligiousside balance facet before1990s was thecitizen the prevalent, afterwards fine a view theliturgic and social ontime. If (conventionally) Al 2.2 temporality. standardmodeand of project political Western the of implementation the forward looking is other the while order, actual political the preserving in interested actually but country, the o watch of traditions to religious pretending the backwards, of oriented pursuance is that one negotiation: symbolic of tool a as holiday, despiteCommunist the hostility. two Hence projects involving opposing ideological temporality standar the with it synchronize and city” capital “European an Chisinau make to objective his to committed Chirtoaca mayor liberal the hand, other the traditions.On local the endangers which Western influence unwanted an is this that claiming array. forces inMoldova, its holiday the and symbols theirpolitical topopularize which toinstrumentalize aim seems to gain ground inMoldovan ground society.seems togain state and foundedsovietdevelopedthe temporality on orthodox the issue: calendrical the of ground This section will include the experience of non of theexperience will include section This The communist authorities were not fond of the early Christmas preparations in the c the in preparations Christmas early the of fond not were authorities communist The ternating Holiday ternating eeal, w smlaeu sacs oxs i oes niiul ieol: /h is h/she lifeworld: individual one's in coexist stances simultaneous two Generally, thevarioussyncronically presenttimescapes whichwillplaytheconflictual section rolein a This - otold ie n h lgt f h cptls ibe cnet fcnign tmn which timing contingent of concept imbued capitalist the of light the in time controlled which may include divergent understanding of temporalities. Negotiating when is the most the is when Negotiating temporalities. of understanding divergent include may which

timing different both a citizen and a believer, and correspondingly h/she has to negotiate between the between negotiate to has h/she correspondingly believer, and a and citizen a both

for the holiday time, or more precisely, the most correct date for Christmas, is the is Christmas, for date correct most the precisely, more or time, holiday the for

nt eesrl rlgosy hre) oto o tm copd rm h fo o of flow the from cropped time of portion charged) religiously necessarily (not

and and

Social Time:

time reference, insisted on making early arrangements for this for arrangements early making on insisted reference, time - believers as well, therefore I preferred to use the denomination of use theto denomination preferred I as well, therefore believers

19 Christmas in between Christmas

to be settled. The social timescape conflicts conflicts timescape social settled.The be to

The holiday time is a a is time holiday The secularized apital city, apital e the ver CEU eTD Collection 18 ones through hearsay or particular about wo Other order. memorized specific reminded always are but order holidays the a of aware normally not are they instills that professed respondents which church) to (going practice through enhanced are calendars case, this In other continuity. after fluid or a before in succession, holidays specific a in come holidays which in map mental a discursively no is There unfortunately. this not holiday”(Eugenia). of perception adequate it's but game, childish a like a is this Eve, Year's New the it's then their Christmas, style new distur vacationis the for off day a granted when even that complained informants some the therefore, that Chris follow should Year'sEve New that desirable, now is events of sequence another that interviews: my from transpired it Likewise, (1994:272) change sequences f Year celebratingNew to when 1990s commandment religiousthe after the beforethreatened Christmas only are vacationthe winter included Christmas, theolddate. butonly tradition to according parents their etc. work, and school Given(1994:274). that Christmas day a wasmade of nottypically of schedules times, calendar times, clock references: temporal inescapable c the how shows Tilly Charles sociologist historical The sequences. given among concordances negotiated from resulted which decision pragmatic a reasons, various for Christmas celebrate to them for date ast before Christmas. According to Tilly, time changes as shared understandings and choices of of choices and understandings shared as changes time Tilly, to According Christmas. before ast

It is a customary practice to visit parents on major holidays, onmajor parentsto visit practice espec Itcustomary isa tzns ie s otold iety y tt truh mlyet n b etbihn ter own their establishing by and employment through state by directly controlled is time itizen's The loci of the critical critical the of loci The l the for As holi Christian profusely (a Christmas Between of number considerable A six

days. The order of the holidays was not conflicting back then, but it became apparent only apparent became it but then, back conflicting not was holidays the of order days. The bed, and they cannot get to fully enjoy it. ”Youit. enjoyfully to work,thenyou and haveday off, and a get cannot they and bed, timing iturg ic

needs to be revised, or rather, adjusted rather, or revised, be to needs al

calendar,

dates in dates 18 Moldova

w 1990s, the after.wards.After day third the or second the on only

hen asked about about asked hen the calendar are established through sustained practice, but practice, sustained through established are calendar the rd shv eie ht2 Dcme samr convenient more a is December 25 that decided have ns - of

- mouth. mouth. 20

day) and New Year (an essentially lay feast), there feast), lay Year essentially New (an and day) its utility its ially for Christmas and Easter. Christmas and for ially

dispensable;

f, thesoviet state employees couldvisit , . tmas and not precede it for instance, for it precede not and tmas some of my respondents envisioned respondents my of some Used to an extended festive season, festive extended an to Used

h mem the

ory of holidays is is holidays of ory also CEU eTD Collection that itwas me reminded they that touched very was I again. workingwas I day Christmas the On working!was “I students knocked carols. sing herdoor her to at of Christmasstyle daygroup a onthenew ago 10 years qualitativel are acts the differentiation, temporal of principle the of virtue By manner. significant a in date this to relate to proceeded and flow temporal the from ordi an day on chosen) green same (deliberately ashavingcalming Christmas ona a tea eveningthe is not green calming a Having acts. social of meaning situated temporally the and time on perspective qualitative ([1981]1985:101 Zerubavel days” ordinary in experience cannot one which energy unknown great days, a these energy tremendous tea: green other Unlike exams. Christmas acalming with foods, prefer who tocelebrateabundant with people she spent the evening of last the pass and consultations last the for come students when d is ordinary It absolutely recalled. an was December 25 Last celebrated. be to holidays the of pace ritual own her upon decide therefore can and family own her founded ago, years 20 countryside the whic along path autonomous self and maturity psychological a to due is thisbelieves Eugenia style. new the for all spiritually,is that she psychologicallysaid she and Chr true the is when her asked I fish. eat to allowed was it when Easter before Sunday havemight Christmasher.for meanings invitedShetheover on me dinner for of thesetinvests all it in has lecturer) university a and mother through ay a. uei acoe te enn o Crsms n cran nevl f ie cropped time of interval certain a in Christmas of meaning the anchored Eugenia day. nary Even if the religious commandments seem to be followed only by certain social groups, usually groups, social certain by followed only be to seem commandments religious the if Even a feel “I posits: Eugenia as time different a is unfolds holiday the which in interval specific The respect this day is tremendously special for me (Eugenia me for special thisisrespect tremendously day this from and day ordinary an not was it knew I because extraordinary but out carried she activities the through

it was a real joy and reverie and joy real a was it an intentional valorization of the holiday time. holiday the of valorization intentional an

Christmas”

- 103) and others Eliade 1956 Eliade others and 103) h the family traditions loosened up gradually.up loosened traditions family from movedShethe Chisinau h to - for me, because the holiday matters especially psychologically. It was an ordinary day ordinary an was psychologically. It especially matters holiday the because me, for sufficiency. The early breakage from the parental milieu set her on an on her set milieu parental the from breakage early The sufficiency. outrl ivse te e dt wt seil infcne and significance special with date new the invested voluntarily 21

; Durkheim [1915](1964) have dwelled on the on dwelled have [1915](1964) Durkheim ; For instance, Eugenia (36 years old, a single a old, years (36 Eugenia instance, For y segregated as well. She remembers that remembers She well. as segregated y istmas for her, for istmas ay, Eugenia Eugenia ay, CEU eTD Collection h calendar. the revision intended the of discussion the possible made that temporality of understanding new a of Mold in traditions religious the affected inevitably has migration and globalization to due process secularization the that indicated I particularities. political and social juxtaposed for thepur your house, you won't chase away. them You just (Sorin, incase” old). to 25 years beprepared got carol case the in prepared be to has One Christmas”. it's materials. building say, cannot „He home, I todaywon't because go anything sell people owns of shop a t has one 2004:107 (Birth others. of behavior the on contingent or timescape the in cycle activity other some upon dependent is time ideal whose tasks to refers which one which includes theholiday both timeand thesocial time boundarieseasytotransgress.with within ord on while forbid, God holidays, on work to appropriate not is it because him see don't neighbours that so secret in works one holidays „on that answered wryly He day? ordinary an and holiday a between I appearances. up keep to interested are some latent exert nevertheless they people, aged by inary days everyone is labouring overtly” (Baiesu). Thus a negotiated definition of time emerges, time of definition negotiated a Thus (Baiesu). overtly” labouring is everyone days inary n hs hpe te icrnc n te ycrnc esetv o tmoaiis ae been have temporalities on perspective synchronic the and diachronic the chapter this In this in discussing worth be might that aspect Another o cater for the multiple temporalities existing in one community. For instance, instance, community.For one in existing temporalities multiple the for cater o pose to show simultaneously the evolution of the calendrical issue and its current issue its and current thecalendrical toshowpose simultaneously theevolution of omtv pressure normative asked one of my interlocutors what is the difference difference the is what interlocutors my of one asked 22

- 108) singers pop in: ”If well ”If in: pop singers This becomes apparent in the cases when cases the in apparent becomes This

context is the concept of of concept the is context Epcal n h pbi sae when space, public the in Especially . ovan society leading to the institution the to leading society ovan - wishers stop by at at by stop wishers contingent timing contingent Sorin's father Sorin's

of of

CEU eTD Collection in downtown located Chisinau. 19 the to me introducing while arose This research. my of focus the became which community the to m to first the was Baiesu field. local the in insights valuable offered who Science of Academy the in office his at ethnographer, peaceful a Baiesu, have about representation it oradefiniteposi a to seem intellectuals) ethnographers, priests,(politicians, people of core small a Yet only environment. religi countryside the in present more is salience religious more are dwellers urban city, big of a in sampling ethnography representative an doing a when respondents determine to facile not is it Although it. to attention pay to chooses change thecl mainly fromwhich the civil emerges society the with defensive of discourse of discourse the opposition in place to intend I Thus calendar. old the defend vehemently engagement religiousconducted of degrees various with 60+ to 25 from cathedral est community the to belong them of Seven calendar. style new the of followers unanimity in be to proved who Chisinau of residents educated well 10 with Methological3.1 ” 3: CHAPTER Saint Theodora from Sihla is the cathedral of the Metropolis of Bessarabia, an architectural masterpiece in Byzantyne style style in Byzantyne masterpiece architectural an Bessarabia, of theMetropolis of cathedral the is Sihla from Theodora Saint You shoutYou out loud that Christmas is on 25 ous traditions.ous Consequently, I was new in the field and I was searching for potential interlocutors. For this reason, I visited I reason, interlocutors. this For potential for searching was I and field the in new was I whoMoldovan citizen every possibly people, of number significant a affects issue calendar The in out carried have I paper, present the of purposes the For 19

which is unofficialy entitled the „church of intellectuals”. Age of my respondents ranged ranged respondents my of Age intellectuals”. of „church the entitled unofficialy is which sre o series a

remarks

etne cnestos ih ret wo eti t te fiil hrh and church official the to pertain who priests with conversations extended f

likely to adopt to likely

the calendrical issue is more acute and intensely debated in the urban the in debated intensely and acute more is issue calendrical the

th e ention Sihla as the ”Church of Intellectuals” and guided me guided and Intellectuals” of ”Church the as Sihla ention

change of style in calendar. I have explained earlier that the that earlier haveexplainedcalendar. I in style of change tion. 23

hr pol ae oe rn t peev the preserve to prone more are people where I decided for Chisinau because commonly, thecommonly, because Chisinau for decided I even if you are an atheist” ablished around Saint Theodora from Sihla Sihla from Theodora Saint around ablished . o oneblne hs ru, I group, this counterbalance To - depth semistructured interviews interviews semistructured depth ergy.

CEU eTD Collection parishes. has(BOC) 199 Church Orthodox theBessarabian the around Romanians for office the of part is borders. Bessarabia of Metropolitanate the Patriarchate, Romanian the of website Ch Orthodox 21 style.thenew of tothe adoption tries advocate publicly it although 20 Orthodox another want not did Patriarchate Moscow the because mainly 2002 until Metropolitanate Bessara the to recognition refused government Moldovan the that demonstrated (2003) Turcescu gain not struggle has it established, been has it Since Chisinau. of Metropolitanate the by claimed parishes 1000 over of number the to compared Romanian protec canonical Bessarabi of Metropolitanate the founded havePatriarchate.latter Romanian the The with ties liturgical resume to advocated clergymen of group th of subordination canonical under remained Church Orthodox 3.2.1 Ecclesiastical3.2 The stance and friends share possibly other for grounds comparable and other, with each with discuss connected somehow to are respondents came my I of All effect, aquantainces. snowball the through on, Further wisdom. and degrees different in family extended their of affairs spiritual the after look who women aged middle 3 Maria, and Galina Ala, met I how is wasThis there”. what of report the get I morning Monday service. Sunday any miss doesn't room, same the in her to pointshe ”Ala, Sihla. attend seemingly all who friends and office his of members(religious) What is particularly interesting is that the Metropolitanate of Bess of Metropolitanate that interesting the is particularly is What The Bessarabian Metropolitanate sees itself as the legal and canonical successor to the pre the to successor canonical and legal the as itself sees Metropolitanate Bessarabian The The t The According to the Sta the to According The Bessarabian Metropolitanate holds a minority status, managing less than 200 parishes parishes 200 than less managing status, minority a holds Metropolitanate Bessarabian The Moldovan the 1991, in independence its gained Moldova and collapsed USSR the After it urch in Bessarabia (the part of Moldova between the Nistru and Prut rivers (Felix Corley, Feb 2000); On the On 2000); Corley,Feb(Felixrivers Prut and Nistru the between Moldova of part (the Bessarabia in urch until 2002 2002 until wo Metropolitanes when the when te Service for Religions (SSR), the Moldovan Orthodox Church (MOC) has 1,224 parishes, has 1,224 and (MOC) Moldovan Church Religionsfor the Orthodox (SSR), Service te their worldoutview.their

tion (Keston Institute 2000).

European Court for Human Rights interfered in its favour. Stan and Stan favour. its in interfered Rights Human for Court European

d to obtain official confirmation from the government but it did did it but government the from confirmation official obtain to d : between Moscow and Bucharest

a 20

n odv, ih uooos metropolitan autonomous with Moldova, in

21 arabia is officially using the old style calendar also, calendar style old the using is officially arabia regularly go to Sihla to get priest VM's word of wordVM'spriest of toget Sihla to go regularly

e Russian Orthodox Church, while a while Church, Orthodox Russian e - Second WorldWarRomanian Second

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under under desk bian CEU eTD Collection 23 Patriarchate,church in isindependent 22 aimsobstinately tostick with framework. thetemporal traditional Patriarcha the to subordinated canonically Metropolitanate Moldovan the but change moment psychological applie not have they calendar,the but correcting thenecessityof principle” recognized„in 1924 aftercalendar the adopt not did which churches orthodox remaining orthodoxy,the Christian to dedicated website Romanian a to wo catholic from independent be to ambition was„an 1918 in calendar 3.2.2 'Father, let u say will They themselves. by situation the change eventually would 'no'...people saying keep Metropolitan Vladimir by led people if but him after take would people world', western the in like celebrate ha we 'people, say would who priest clever a were there only „If debate. calendar the in factors decisive considered are clergymen hand, other the On truth”. the s both on „profit the condemned G. interlocutor, another Yetevidence. this on based choice a make to able be will Church and bigger is group which decide will s divine deliverthe therefore and like they as celebrate people let but groups, antagonize not should church that argued and tone conciliatory a adopted psychologist, the by endorsed overtly being status privileged government a had always has Metropolitanate Moldovan ex the in hegemony ecclesiastical maintain to Russianefforts Russia and Romania, Moldova, between relations intra reveals nature of the conflict This jurisdiction. its Christian church inMoldova outside of

http://www.crestinortodox.ro/liturgica/calendarul/calendarul Moscow to subordinated Church, Orthodox Moldovan that stipulated status legal the 1993, in established was it When h nhkbeCnnclTaiin h eedr f the Old UnshakableThe Canonical Tradition: Defendersof the

hr ae iie oiin aot h peoaie o cuc i ti mte. aai, a Natalia, matter. this in church of prerogatives the about opinions divided are There t s agl cnedd ht t that contended largely is It tyles, whilst they should have a clear statement regarding this for they are entitled to ”know to entitled are they for this regarding statement clear a have should they whilst tyles, 22 s celebrate s celebrate as we like' (IB) .

i yt ern fr iodr aog eivr ad atn a oe favorable more a waiting and believers among disorders for fearing yet it d 23 . Almost a century later, in the M the in later, century a Almost .

- administrative, Nov1993) (BOMstatus civil matters and economic,educational

e eiin f h Rsin rhdx hrh o ep h old the keep to Church Orthodox Russian the of decision he - oriented” clerics who agree to hold the service twice service the hold to agree who clerics oriented” 25 n ter orsodn cuce a wl a the as well as churches correspondent their and

- bisericesc oldovan - postsoviet space (ibidem). postsovietspace ervice on the both dates.Eventually,both the on time ervice ve thought and we find it acceptable to acceptable it find we and thought ve - stilismul

society time seems ripe for such a a such for ripe seems time society - rld” (Baiesu 2008:34) 2008:34) (Baiesu rld” 70736.html

In contrast, the contrast, In e f Moscow of te According - national

CEU eTD Collection a year every faith, and Church of protectors as authorities political operation. this funding politician notable the of enhancement by accompanied is deliverance Jerusalem to sent is plane express power,an in was Party Communist the reasons.Since political for instrumentalized heavily is Eve Easter Orthodox 25 24 o pairs some always are there churches, orthodox the in contrast, In like”. look should experience religious which revealed epiphany „how her micro authentic an this referenced momentasa Eugenia meditation. sat She church. catholic a entered and student a anymore church was attend she when episode an recalled rituals. She orthodox not the with comfortable feel not does she does because Eugenia believer, passionate a Although church). in trust % 80 resultswhichindicate survey's recent to a church insome believers'(contrary authorityeyes one truthful the that proof a as invoked is which event an is flame' holy 'the addition, disorder.In and separation only bring can it and catholicism from emerged style new the that contends clergy high The ”catholicization”. towards even and occidentalization”, framework time old the perpetuating arguments The accepted. be dates new the of intrusion the should disrupted regu the constitutes It existence. Church's canon church the of memory the equals style old The 2006:97). Munteanu (in whole a as life of rhythm the chronolog historical the of only not violation a represents rhythm calendrical the pseudo any to subject be can which table, Met The world.the of majority the by followed is which one the one, Gregorian the calendar, single a for settled and calendar” „obsolete the up gave and duplication avoided Church the time high not is it whether question the forward put n increasing an arises and regularly calendar (Munteanu of Headmits 2006) theissue The highest eclesiastic position in the Orthodox hierarchyintheOrthodox position eclesiastic highest The This miracle whi miracle This cl past ical f critical eyes who follow your conduct, she mentioned. One cannot confess properly because because properly confess cannot One mentioned. she conduct, your follow who eyes critical f The decision to adopt a new date for the holiday from their own initiative points out diluted diluted out points initiative own their from holiday the for date new a adopt to decision The h Mloa Metropolitane Moldovan The 25 .

ch consists in instant bursting of a flame inside the church where allegedly Christ had been buried on the the on buried been had Christ allegedly where church the inside flame a of bursting instant in consists ch which ought to remain unshakable because they are the foundation of Orthodox Orthodox of foundation the are they because unshakable remain to ought which n hs ae o ae h fr ad itiue t pn eun l oe te onr. h so o of show The country. the over all return upon it distribute and fire the take to date this on

ropolitanate asserted the old style calendar to be more than "a math "a than more be to calendar style old the asserted ropolitanate are related to the to related are 24

ldmr ras hs ujc bify n h peae f book a of preface the in briefly subject this treats Vladimir - scientific aoy htmo hrhlf wihwud e dramatically be would which life Church of rhythm latory temporal reckoning of the Eastern Orthodoxy is the is Orthodoxy Eastern the of reckoning temporal

on a bench and enjoyed a few minutes of silent silent of minutes few a enjoyed and bench a on ' revolution

”preservation of tradition”, ”resistance tow ”resistance tradition”, of ”preservation '” . According to him, any breach against against breach any him, to According . he invoked he y, but a violation of of violation a but y, umber of believers umber of in favour of of favour in d

more thanmore ards CEU eTD Collection ”the therefore holiday, theNativity withou of Christian celebration a originally is it dimension, secular strong a acquired already has citizens/parishioners of number increasing c Church 2012). (Bogatu required is consent Church's the taken, be to measure Nativity,should called be like the Russian word “Pождество”. cause true the to credits Russianspay and and we “Only “Christmas”: holiday the 2006:99). (Munteanu drinks" and food modi not should "Church intransigent: absolutely was theologian a instance, For it. against or Bessarabia) of (Metropolitanate favour in speech passionate a given or dismissed either was I subject, my announced and theologian a solidarity the c establishedwithin organic the subverting imply possibly would permeable them Making them. pervade totentatives unwanted by church(andimplicitlythe Russian Churchfeelstoo) this boundaries Moldovan the fashion, similar a In 1985:70). [1981] (Zerubavel separator a as and unifier a as both and boundaries intergroup establish to to order t distinguish in calendar importance separate a crucial of the role showes the people to Jewish attributed the to reference with Zerubavel dogma. catholic pro a with correlated be can orientation style new pro that possibility the admits Eugenia by recounted episode latter.The the from differentiation wishful a to related much is calendar liturgical the adjust to refusal Orthodox the and orthodox dogma. the in traditions established the towards attitude rebelious of hint a revealed Eugenia trust, of degree t although Thus confess”. to pretend you and you to listen to pretends priest the when back, your at waiting people of tens are „there when possible not is intimacy rmnn junlss otn ta dsie h goig oil upr fr uh legislative a such for support social growing the despite that contend journalists Prominent nevertheless. Whenever clergy the sensitivefor is issue calendar The institutio catholic a as identified been has calendar) Gregorian the (or style new the Generally hemselves from non from hemselves

fy the calendar according to the civil holidays which usually come down to down come usually which holidays civil the to according calendar the fy - etr attitude western - Jews. A unique temporal order shared by a group of people functions people of group a by shared order Jews. temporal unique A t Jesus would 2012). be nonsense” (Bogatu Priest Munteanu was especially angered that people keep calling keep people that angered especially was Munteanu Priest ommunity who who nldn icesd hne o cmaiiiy ih the with compatibility of chances increased including celebrate the new style Christmas. Even if Christmas Christmas if EvenChristmas. style new the celebrate 27 .

he Church is credited with an absolute an with credited is Church he ftheircommunities as threatened of I tried to get in touch with touch in get to tried I

of this day.day this This of no dsead the disregard annot n CEU eTD Collection liturgy, commandments, canons, prayers...only time differs, change” to good so be itwill same “The fashion: similar a in opined S.,church, same the from priest Another (VM) concept” mere tradition a just is it tradition, related cult a not is It truth. the is this cult, church the from anything matushka?” after ourselves guide we don't Why universe. truth: biblical the with truth scientifical the between association necessary He talked gently, almo and the Russian influence eclesiastical Church for leavinglittledecisional space toMoldovan clergymen. Russian to submission perpetuated the for MoldovanMetropolitanate the both openly condemned VM with closely intermingled truth biblical The origins”. our deny to coward so not are we this...that know everybody let people, Russian the of part not are We Empire. Roman "After verse:t Jesus biblical resurrection, a of basis the on change the claimed he conversation, our During explained. he here”, miss the with discussion important very a have ”I neck: his around scarf tricolor a had who di immediately and exclaimed, he ”Finally”, calendar. of issue the on book of number the from apparent is orientation proRomanianIts style. new the of adoption the for plead and position nationalist overt an have who figures public renowned well are here priests The patriarchate. Metro Bessarabian the of headquarters the of one 3.2.3 ” The S view Velikorussian (velikorus) a calendar of point eclesiastic an from especially Russian influence, the Russian on hangs church Moldovan duty. a is it themselves, love to liberty the nations other let you When God? loveyou that prove you do dominion...when loveless this with break a me Give Sihla clergymen are known to propagate a more liberal approach on orthodoxy by virtue of the of virtue by orthodoxy on approach liberal more a propagate to known are clergymen Sihla research a do to like would I him told I when sparkled VM clergyman haired gray of eyes The is which Chisinau downtown in located church a around established is community notable A s of Romanian history and poems, and displayed Romanian the tricolourentrance. history at artefacts and pictures s of ihla priest)ihla

V) h pis fo Sha hrh ute cnedd “h clna de nt change not does calendar “the contended: further church Sihla from priest The (VM) C uc fhurch of

old the apostles to go preach the gospel gospel the preach go to apostles the old st by whispering, buthis politenessindignation: was pervaded I ntellectuals”: Saint Theodora Sihlafrom concept concept by which they want to show us that they are the best Christians” (VM, (VM, Christians” best the are they that us show towant they whichby

h uies bt e hoe o ae fe te Russian the after take to choose we but universe the 28

oiae ne te arng o te Romanian the of patronage the under politane (…) according to the nations the to according I see in all this movement to maintain the the maintain to movement this all in see I smissed his previous interlocutor interlocutor previous his smissed

the identity problematization. identity the „God made the nature, the the nature, the made „God

church because we are under are we because church C athedral

not throughout the throughout not

, a , CEU eTD Collection arrivedhas flowers. Galina the and crowd the bless and out come will priest the until patiently wait and installed not had they why him asked crowd Yet replied. pre he work”,people to seem don't the they but on, are microphones. “They from voices out, went robe long a in monk a h be could Nothing majestic. yet suffocative was atmosphere the out; inside fuss of lot a was There candles. and flowers holdingwomenbabies, carrying fatherscouples,ladies, young headscarfed with murmurs conversingin crowded there, here leastat we sit bench” ona can Sihla.”“Too try “Let's others: the urged them May,in days rainy of one 14 announced the and weather bouquet immense with discussion leisurely a walking up ladies picked three between I speakers. the through heard be can voices choir powerful the main cathedral, the of proximity large the In church. triumpha to bouquets flower Jesus' carrying by commemorate Jerusalem into believers entrance tradition) Orthodox (called Eastern Easter the before in Sunday Sunday” the “Flowers' On institutions. cultural and highschools amongst street, side a and square large a Triumph, of Arch the by neighbored building, Government the of front in located is cathedral The other. each Flowers' on the Sihla Sunday 2013 neck his around was waiting patiently too. the advice. with man tricolour The scarf is community notacommon thisthat repeatedly hinted churchthis and around formed has that community the about consideration likeconvenes When we finished our conversation, two awaiting women immediately approached him to ask to him approached immediately women awaiting two conversation, our finished we When el an as discussions people's in mentioned rightfully is Sihla The front stairs of Sihla church were packed with people in people with packed were church Sihla of stairs front The awayminutesfrom 5 are cathedral Sihla and Moldovan Metropolitanate of cathedral grand The Russ the well, because, January...(VM,7 reaches on themonly December priest) Sihla just Christianity...no, all with together Chrisrt Jesus of birth the honor very intelligent people who care about the fate of this nation (...) The well informed and cultured people come to come people cultured and informed well The (...) nation this of fate the about care who people intelligent very - minded people around pro around people minded eard from the divine service; people waited quietly for something to happen. When When happen. to something for quietly waited people service; divine the from eard

of parishioners, society of select buta of

park with dozens of benches hidden in greenery. Sihla is located on a a on located is Sihla greenery. in hidden benches of dozens with park - Romanian pro Romanian 29

- European values. Priest VM spoke with great great with spoke VM values.Priest European .

s of lillac. After briefly discussing the the discussing briefly After lillac. of s

deed: dignified gentlemen in suits in gentlemen dignified deed: ts rlgos nttto which institution religious itist

ferred to stand up stand to ferred ian matushka...25 matushka...25 ian l CEU eTD Collection do Style Old the onto hold who those and Europeans to closer be to is Christmas Style New celebrate people of majority the reason the surveys, media to According reasons.i It resurfaces holidays themajor draw when near, Easter Christmas. but especially ye reached been has resolution no But forward. put being are respect this in decisionlegislative a adopt initiativesto political repeated id projects. political and options ideological to related aspects sensitive upon touch and issue calendar the transcend which arguments strikingly.most dilemma calendrical the renders Christmas celebrate to appropriate well is it extent what to guess we can nor one overnight” Soviet a mentality European into an cannot turn „One 3.3 Social articulations followers prompts and themtojoinhiminhis choice of his of many for inspiration an as serves attendance public his through figures influential other with he out” found ”has he since but cele December 25 on Christmas celebrated always not had he that confessed Chirtoaca mayor the journalists, by Interviewed Chisinau. of mayor the and leader liberal social and status one's for church specific a definition. attending of importance the of indicative seemed choir melodious the hear speakersto and everyone for room enough with awaywasCathedral there the lectur liturgical the from bits grasp to chance any without church Sihla the outside earlier. up wake Galina therefore full was it willow. because inside get not could They of branches green some was carrying who niece her with late brates new style but also old style in remembrance of his childhood times.childhood mayorhis together the Thus of remembrance in style alsoold stylebut new brates sgiiat ubr f m rsodns doae i fvu o te e sye o various for style new the of favour in advocated respondents my of number significant A exhaustible be to seem not does subject the but space Vociferous public overthe take positions Christ style new the year This

s allegedly more accurate and therefore more efficient in coordination of the social projects. social the of coordination in efficient therefore more and moreaccurate allegedly s

h fc ta a osdrbe ubr f eivr peerd o tn i te crowd the in stand to preferred believers of number considerable a that fact The mildly teased her niece that they missed the sermon because she could not could she because sermon the missed they that niece her teased mildly

t. The issue of calendar is not high on the public agenda but it regularly it but agenda public the on high not is calendar of issue The t. mas service at Saint Theodora from Sihla was attended by the by attended was Sihla from Theodora Saint at service mas The subject is being discussed in media, in feature articles and articles feature in media, in discussed being is subject The received by society. The persistent question when it is more more is it when question persistent society. The by received 30

church. (Eugenia, 36) (Eugenia,

so mainly because Church dictates so. dictates Church because mainly so

The two sides voicetwosides The e while 5 minutes 5 while e entity, CEU eTD Collection num recall I and media through comes country conversations patrons' confusion rendering indays days. the for differences about certain neighboring the with contact most The regular interactions. daily in element comparison a as frequently referenced is reality Romanian taken are Romanians Often, realms orthodox the and catholic the between mark boundaries to the order temporally in view, of point ecclesiastic the from especially necessary, deemed is division This two the have they orthodox, as Easter for dates different have to equally expected are countries Although holidays. style new the follow Romanians that fact assumed Romani the changed subject. and incredulously him at looked driver The insisted. passenger other the same', the it's 'No,do.' we when c cannot 'Romanians resisted. driver the be', can't it 'Nooo, replied. he us', as same puzzled. 'The really looked them driverdoRomanianswhenEaster?''Butof asked: celebrate One before week a was It him. Orthodoxthe dis so Easter around passengers few a with talk small making was bus the of driver the role inthedissemination of important an have broadcasts TV Romanian the especially media, mass that later show will I addition, In exemplary. and ”civilized” is which space European the by epitomized world, the of rest the with t by supplemented is Romania country neighboring the with unification temporal for longing constant this time, same the At nation. Romanian of realms the into people Moldovan to respondents my of many for grounds the laid state the with relationship deficient and statehood weak Moldovan The informants. myby regularly up brought thematization, recurrent most the was conundrum identity The I have been contemplating the driver's bewilderment till I understood that the expectation that expectation the that understood I till bewilderment driver's the contemplating been have I Romanian the checkedin be to passports the for waiting While ans' Easter cannot be on the same day as Moldovans' is much related to calendars and to the to and calendars to related much is Moldovans' as day same the on be cannot Easter ans' envision themselves in an expanded national project, one that would integrate the integrate would that one project, national expanded an in themselves envision

cussion was revolving this some around at the subject point Moldovan when

for Catholics because they have different dates for religious holidays. The The holidays. religious for dates different have they because Catholics for western model of Christmas celebration. of model western 31

for Christmas and other holidays other and Christmas for –

Moldovanthe customsoffice, Zrbvl [1981]/1985). (Zerubavel elebrate Easter exactly exactly Easter elebrate he aspiration to ally to aspiration he

erous CEU eTD Collection withRomania. 26 Moldova, in imaginary national precarious of indication an As (1983/2006:6). sovereign and limited statehood Moldovan it. to express popularize optionand theiridentity means a become has Christmas style new the case, this activelyand In it. Romaniannation promote the chur this around established community the from others and out loudthatChristmas on25 is role. limited cultu a factors theconfessionalplayed a Cristina, whichAs in rationalization processdeliberateof a after decisionthis to came them of majority people.The pious people” our with be to want we Now shoe. Russian the under enough livedWe influence. Russian the with „Enough extent: great a to grounded politically be to appeared motivation his person, religious a of much very Not holidays. (Brubaker transpired2006) constantly. most the themselves identify Moldovans nation the with unity cultural and liturgical no regre the identity; for longing the was informants with discussions my in trope recurrent tensions the reflects existing between t dilemma plainly debate identity clothed politically and this language how is eternal This Moldovan). the vs. (Romanian with equated often is Christmas around confusion // Identity conundrum

Grigore Vieru ( Vieru Grigore Vieru with coincided wish My period. and interwar the well(...) remembered shesongs, reading singing was mum but nation, Romanian to belong we that me tell not did parents my little, was I „When h rcret eeecs o h Rmna nto md u wo us made nation Romanian the to references recurrent The S.,VM, imprint. yearning identity same bearsthe clergymen Sihla of discourse same,the the All c has publisher) old, years (65 Papuc died, parents his Since As mentioned before, Romania represents a recurrent comparison factor. Perhaps the most most the Perhaps factor. comparison recurrent a represents Romania before, mentioned As ind is another or calendar one for Opting

1935 . he pro he Anderson defines the nation as an imagined political community as both inherently both as community political imagined an as nation the defines Anderson “Tell which me you Christmas I willtell and who hold you are” –

2009) 2009) - Romanian pro and

like Romanians do: –

a highly a . It is noteworthy that the supporters of the new style are not necessarily not are style new the of supporters the that noteworthy is It .

th 26

's. Ihave always Romaniato wanted see (Maria) even if you anare atheist even if - esteemed Moldovan poet who supported actively the reunification of Moldova actively of thereunification Moldovan supported who poet esteemed - Russian trends social andother cleavages insociety.

ctv o cran dooia preferences. ideological certain of icative S ince I was little I knew that my language is spoken there. there. spoken is language my that knew I little was I ince ”. ”.

ch hold up their affective affiliation with affiliation affective their up hold ch ral activist,ral „ declared:

nder about the status of the the of status the about nder style new the only elebrated (Cristina)

t that there is there that t Youshout

The The CEU eTD Collection is delay time. in event significant By socially religiously and anachronicity is recurrent it acyclic hintedthat when Romanians celebrate, this is how theother all celebrate” (Papuc,people 60 yea is thisEurope, in celebrate they how is „This possible. as soon as redressed be to needswhich anomaly coun „civilized” the with vacations their synchronize to wish they that does, world the of rest the as day this celebrate to want they say cas cannot chronology old supporters style new Christmas,the away. mentality theTranscendingof exclusive significance the religious to on cling who ones the while world, „civilized” the of majority the by adopted been has calendar style takenew after. and the informants, my to According the till13 partying int should soulders:”They her I thepolitical factorwhen mentioned inthis debate. angered posited: got She Natasa Still, (Eug old” and new situation between clarity no this be will there as country, our in long maintained be will ”As (political) through: go to seems Moldova impasse general the with discontended dec legislators ”Our initative: the that contends Papuc terms. political in mainly issue this (2005). statehood enhance to independence after efforts succesive the and project failed a is citizenship Moldovan that showed also have others and Heintz state. Moldovan the of borders interlocutors,myM of one not properly dated properly not ”the rest of the world” the of rest ”the

everyone.for th themselves.daysoff offer is to do can Allthey silly a be would That them. celebrate to how and when impose cannot they it, with interfere not should they religion, with do to have nothing politicians As mentioned earlier, the calendar debate is noticeably carried out in civilizational terms, where terms, civilizational in out carried noticeably is debate calendar the earlier, mentioned As shrugged Natasa vacation, extended an of consequences economic the about inquired I When analize others disarray, of state this alone tackle should alone Church that believe some While PastTradition & th ”, she”, eventually added. , that tradition is tradition that , . The enduring calendrical duplication is deemed anachronic, as an embarrassing anachronic,embarrassing an deemed isas duplication calendrical enduring The .

is envisio is aria confessed she had never imagined herself just in the limits of the actual actual the of limits the in just herself never imagined had she confessed aria errupt this long vacation on 7 vacationon long this errupt dd 'e u ofr hm n c o bnvlne” Yt uei is Eugenia Yet benevolence'”. of act an them offer us 'Let ided: ned as the absolute alterity, as an exemplary instance to be emulated be to instance exemplary an alterity,as absolute the as ned

obsolete. The old style time style old The obsolete. tries.

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th , I don't think it makes any sense to go on on go to sense any makes it think don't I ,

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te soviet the t enia). CEU eTD Collection date symbolic significance:with charged an personal, is one other the and house) parents to return and childhood her to a tribute (as Christmas commemorative a as qualified be can one holidays; two the interestingly separated to „has she says she but view” traditiontradition was and as it compelling was inall families.” (Maria). I house, parents' my in lived I as long "As case: Natasa's and Eugenia's Maria's, in as family nucleic of auspices the under is one certain as long as of practices transmission unquestioned the with equals tradition Secondly, and (orthopraxy). correct preserving is time in endurable is what that assumption the on based is tradition instance, mentality” seemed alto „European an as Eugenia by invoked constellation axiological correspondent its and Europe contrast, In 90s. after (bu retained have been stillmight traditions towardsrural contempt disapprovedslightthe a authorities),by countryside the in more preserved been have holidays style old the since discouraged. Moreover, officially was holidays religious of pursuance the regime soviet the during since such, so a as regarded is Christmas Old values. theAlthough of configuration new a wasperceivedinto „soviet”what as from transition radical a for hope instant been has There commence. would aspects, its all in different structurally era, new a was it disintegrated, thatisAfterthe system. theUSSR defunct associated with everything (Papuc). responsib is everyone meantime, the In taken. be to measures of expectant are people now and way,individually long a occurred came „truth” fr break to eager seem stylists this inconvenient past, leave their it Discovery contemplate project. of future and behind European a in new The reference. time standard the from holdup ex the of relic a as viewed is it particular in but memories, related and past family Eugenia has deliberately established the new Christmas as the „most natural from all points of of points all from natural „most the as Christmas new the established deliberately has Eugenia first the In factors. two to due generally is practices traditional certain of attainment The as repudiated fairly therefore and mentality”, „soviet the in integrated widely is Christmas Old

” celebrate the old style holidays again because of her parents. She She parents. her of because again holidays style old the celebrate ” viet remnant, there are no reasons to hold this religious holiday as holiday religious this hold to reasons no are there remnant, viet gether seductivegether alternative soon as as thesoviet collapsed. dream

e fr ht apn i te niay f hi household” their of intimacy the in happens what „for le

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CEU eTD Collection December,early before long holiday official the starts. ot Romanianthe programs,the mediaon to the access and market of laws the to according Christmas for prepared is which side, one the on environment, urban the Thus ones. Romanian the especially holiday, the anticipating enjoyprogramms TV they numerous the that watching mentioned largely respondents my least, the in Not decoration. the shops and lights efervescent city radiant the by about brought is mood festive the Thus December. early in start alt undergo to seem holidays orthodox the years, of decade last the recently.Yetin only to up cherished especially was holiday the of dimension religious the christianity Eastern the in side, consumerist the by domineered and year the of holiday traditions. and values of model things” one (Eugenia) matureenough, when realizecertain can Because years. 25 was I after only happened This (...) beginning. the in was that but my parents...', when 25th on celebrate they can how 'God, wondering, was I Actually, me. for information of Roman in that knew ”I critically it analyze imprisonedsofor inthis long hole...” (Galina) eyes their open to begin ”They insulation: soviet the from liberation apparent an to due possible become have calendar new the about discussions the that imply Some space. political isolated an from emancipation with and (Eugenia) and intransigence her from concede to seems theoldChristmas: Eugenia acknowledge retained the of significance narration, her in advances she as Yet savourholidays spendstyle ti that...I old dishesand mean thethese respect, this from and child a was I since love I dishes tasty very cooks mom consumption, food on based are holidays style old The Emancipation. me. for not and right parents] [her them for offense an be would true equally not is Christmas style old the that say to now strong.And quite is time af house parents' to return you when feel you thrill the little...for not is this And Based on the media consumption, my subjects develop an inclination towards which holiday which towards inclination an develop subjects my consumption, media the on Based media. of role The to come and knowledge previous on reflected subjects when gradually awarenessoccurred The Adoption of the new style is associated both with spiritu with both associated is style new the of Adoption Mass media appear especially influential in the dissemination of the western western the of dissemination the in influential especially appear media Mass

Unlike the western Christmas which appears to be the most p most the be to appears which Christmas western the Unlike ...relations with Europe, Romania, this is what I think, we have been have we think, I what is this Romania, Europe, with ...relations

ia Christmas is marked on 25th, but it was a theoretical piece theoretical a was it but 25th, on marked is Christmas ia erations. Lately the Christmas preparations around the city the around preparations Christmas the Lately erations.

her side do instill the festivethe in do instill sidemood her ter you had been away for a long a for away been had you ter me with mywithfamily. me al/psychological maturity al/psychological rominent rominent

only only CEU eTD Collection the Moldovan society. wi holidays style new the for mode expectative an instil do channels Romanian the and Christmas for another. style or preparations early urban The of powerful playsmedia inthe determination rolethe longing identity express to means the of one functionality,liturgical its beyond becomes, calendar vulnerable the (Heintz), the citizenship uncertain and statehood of context the In ambiguous. more even topic the renders eccle Moldova high in 2 institutions the between conflict political rather The past. soviet despised and statehood Moldovan contested longing, identity like issues sensitive around revolved which articulations social (Pro Chirtoaca like I And lot. How Chisinau). thecity decorates he for Christmas....”Romanian leader, liberal a mayer of them like I and channels TV Romanian only watch I „Because ver is Galina token, same the By (Maria). 24th” December on tree Christmas the decorate I Christmas, celebrate I when of „Irrespective media from tell ”I'll exhausting: you, somehow onJanuary 7 emotionally nevertheless but participation indirect of experience, mediated of form a ensures Media mo that in already am of celebration I behind:”Spiritually left feel them worldthe broadcasts,Christmas through around TV all the of many global the at assisting When mood. festive the with viewers its ”contaminate” thus ground the prepare and anticipate broadcasts TV The pursue. to style n h peet hpe, ha I chapter, present the In Thus the impatience of starting the preparations stems from the urban environment and also and environment urban the from stems preparations the starting of impatience the Thus

d n I el ht cno wi tl Jnay t” Citn, 9 plc maker). policy 29, (Cristina, 7th” January till wait cannot I that feel I and od ve conjoined the the theological stance with the most recurrent recurrent most the with stance theological the the conjoined ve

th and political values. I have emphasized in the end the the end the in emphasized have I values. political and

we Christ bored with are 36 fn o te Pro the of fond y

for the celebrations to come and come to celebrations the for - Romanian mayor of Chisinau: Chisinau: of mayor Romanian mas (idem) already”

stiastical thin - CEU eTD Collection the While paper. present the tension of questions research initial the answer to order in debate calendar temporalities. c a in projects various out carrying when parallelism calendrical the maintain to has one how explained respondents my of some when transpired timing contingent nor persistent the of light the in not) or religious (whether holiday and time social between boundaries blurring the upon touched has topic this of discussion The effort. deliberate a through Christmas of of interval new a how illustrate to story Eugenia's used disenchantments played certainly role. global a current sovie the which to understanding time in progression this indicates place take better should event secular certain a when decide would one manner same the in soc one of scheme temporal overall the into fits date, charged religiously holiday, a a well how discuss to thegrounds prepared has time understanding of secularized thatthe holiday time. tosuggest I intended that particularities current the are what and historically originated parallelism calendrical the how reveal to order in temporalities on perspective synchronic Church. despite datescalendar inthelastdecade official the dissent of new the adopt to Moldova in people of number considerable a prompted that reasons the explains with conversations the called popularly one, Gregorian the and Julian Conclusions iety. Deciding the most convenient order of sequences and the most suitable timing for one holiday one for timing suitable most the and sequences of convenientorder mostiety. the Deciding mative pressure of certain traditions or habits (e.g.: to have rest on Sundays). The concept of of concept The Sundays). on rest have to (e.g.: habits or traditions certain of pressure mative s between the two Metropolitanates display political overtones, in the social realm the calendar the realm social the in overtones, political display Metropolitanates two the between s In the third chapter, I have opposed the ecclesiastical stance with the social articulations of the of articulations social the with stance ecclesiastical the opposed haveI chapter, third the In I slot. time new the of valorization the with proceed to has one made, being decision the Once Th the Moldova, in calendars two the of coexistence the with concerned is thesis present The e theoretical contribution of this thesis resides in the conjugation of the diachronic and the and diachronic the of conjugation the in resides thesis this of contribution theoretical e

residents of Chisinau as well as priests from the both Metropolitanates, this thesis thesis this Metropolitanates, both the from priests as well as Chisinau of residents 37 “

old

qualitative time is invested with the significance investedthe is with qualitativetime underpin the dynamics between the social and social the between dynamics the underpin ”

t attempts to secularize society and the more the and society secularize to attempts t and the and muiy hrceie b multiple by characterized ommunity “ new

”

style. By means of extended of means By style. CEU eTD Collection t of study combined (Cristina). persons: religious considered Europe Easter the 2009).Naletova in high unprecedentedly is religiosity of level the that assumption general the moreover, and, Church in trust of degree absolute an attest which surveys recent of validity the and disenchantment religious of sign a held are they because dates style new the adopting in tendency politica and cultural the in role existential an such play to deemed and and civilizat in pastcredited is ultimately,holiday thatthis mode, soviet European the emulate to the eagerness of abjuration overall the was research this prompted and mostly me intrigued revealed are tradition and holiday the a that is here matters distinction: ”Tell mewhat Christmas you I tell holdand will you options. political the for marker MB. Romanian pro the and (MM) church dominant dialectical the through reflected is parallelism calendrical the level, institutional integration. European wishful of backdrop the against identity str is European) called (also Christmas style New related. identity blatantly but often, more terms, cultural in arguments circulates discourse social the while tradition of corpus intangible th of argument the featured discourse ecclesiastical The time. of standardization and change upon urges which society civil the is there side, belligerent other the on and Moldova, of church main the mainly calendar style old the defend who actors has become a means to express one's identity aspirations identity one's express to means a become marked is Christendom Orthodox h peet hss us owr bt a both forward puts thesis present The

The new style of Christmas of style new The ime and identity and ime symbolic ”You shout out loud that Christmas is on 25 on is Christmas that loud out shout ”You interval lags behind lags interval One of my informants syllogistically stated a new social rule of of rule social new a stated syllogistically informants my of One and It appeared from my discussions that the emergent tradition of of tradition emergent the that discussions my from appeared It

disengagement disengagement n h lgt f hs changes. these of light the in

the role of the calendar calendar the of role the itself itself became a stake to be played even by those who who those evenbyplayed be to stake a became

and ideological options. In narrative terms, there are are there terms, narrative In options. ideological and instantiated in the ecclesiastical representatives from from representatives ecclesiastical the in instantiated hoeia ad n tngahc otiuin n the in contribution ethnographic an and theoretical 38 by inner pluralism and sensitive differences. What What differences. sensitive and pluralism inner by nl rltd ih h Romanian the with related ongly h tnadtm n htmjrrdfntoso of redefinitions major that and time standard the

with Church. This imposed the need to question to need the imposed This Church. with hita bcm teeoe srn identity strong a therefore became Christmas more correct and convenientis and correct more who who you are” (Cristina). Naturally, as liturgical metaphor at the at metaphor liturgical Naturally,as in enhancing a group group a enhancing in n o te nta fnig that findings initial the of One l

rjc o h country. the of project even if you are an atheist” an are you if even obt ewe the between combat

ethno identiy of the of identiy ional terms terms ional cannot be cannot - taken as taken national The (see e

CEU eTD Collection temporalities inMoldovaconcurrent would reveal richer andmore substantial fin social a with undertaking ex an on account into taken be would subjects of number representative more a which in project research interdisciplinary all tensionate re theother insociety dilemmas again intermezzo d group. omesticated By showing By To decipher the complexity of this phenomenon would naturally involve a more engaged engaged more a involve naturally would phenomenon this of complexity the decipher To in which all the time understandings coexist and overlap and coexist understandings time the all which in , and moreover politically instrumentalized, it presented the state of Moldovan temporal temporal Moldovan of state the presented it instrumentalized, politically moreover and how a practice is introduced in the social repertoir repertoir social the in introduced is practice a how tended ethnographic timescale. I believe a combined effort of an ethnographic ethnographic an of effort combined a believe I timescale. ethnographic tended - psychological approach to inquire into the social representation of the the of representation social the into inquire to approach psychological 39 lated to nation, language, history and politics. and lated history language, tonation,

, thus defining and reflecting once reflecting and defining thus and how a new holiday date is date holiday new a how and dings.

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