Introduction 1. the Convention Against Torture, and Other Cruel
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Notes Introduction 1. The Convention against Torture, and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment will be referred to throughout this monograph as the Convention against Torture. Also, degrading treatment will be used to signify “other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” 2. Jack Donnelly, “Human Rights and Asian Values: A Defense of ‘Western’ Universalism,” in The East Asian Challenge for Human Rights, ed. Joanne Bauer and Daniel Bells (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 63. 3. Adamantia Pollis, “A New Universalism,” in Human Rights: New Perspectives, New Realities, ed. Adamantia Pollis and Peter Schwab (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2000), 10. 4. Donnelly, 69. 5. Referred to from now on as Universal Declaration. 6. Paul Gordon Lauren, The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 199– 232; Mary Ann Glendon, A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (New York: Random House, 2001), xxi; Johannes Morsink, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting, and Intent (Philadelphia: Univer- sity of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), xiv. 7. Lauren, 232. 8. Reza Afshari, “On Historiography of Human Rights: Reflections on Paul Gordon Lauren’s The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen,” Human Rights Quarterly 29 (2007): 51. 9. Roland Burke, The Politics of Decolonization and the Evolution of the International Human Rights Project (Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 2007), 53– 93. 10. Ibid., 95– 152. 11. Susan Waltz, “Universalizing Human Rights: The Role of Small States in the Construction of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” Human Rights Quarterly 23 (2001): 44– 72; Waltz, “Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal 126 Notes Declaration of Human Rights,” Third World Quarterly 23 (2002): 437– 48; Waltz, “Human Rights Standards and the Human Rights Movement in the Global South: The UDHR and Beyond,” in Concepts and Strategies in International Human Rights, ed. George Andreopoulos (New York: Peter Lang, 2002), 51– 71; Waltz, “Uni- versal Human Rights: The Contribution of Muslim States,” Human Rights Quarterly 26 (2004): 799– 844; Waltz, “Muslim State Partici- pation in UN Human Rights Debates, 1946– 1966,” in The Modern Middle East: A Sourcebook for History, ed. Benjamin Fortna, Camron Michael Amin, and Elizabeth Frierson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 444– 53. 12. Waltz, “Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” 440. 13. Waltz, “Universalizing Human Rights: The Role of Small States in the Construction of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” 54. 14. Waltz, “Universal Human Rights: The Contribution of Muslim States,” 837 and 901. 15. Ibid., 822– 23; Roland Burke, “Why Women’s Rights Aren’t Just Western—The Forgotten History of Iraqi Feminism,” The Diplo- mat 4, no. 5 (2005– 6): 46– 47. 16. For example, Karl Marx, whose philosophy inspired numerous revolutions, believed that “Oriental” societies required outside intervention—by European colonizers, for instance—to evolve. In Karl Marx, Selections: Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization; His Dispatches and Other Writings on China, India, Mexico, the Mid- dle East and North Africa (Garden City: Doubleday, 1968), 19. 17. Waltz, “Universal Human Rights: The Contribution of Muslim States,” 825– 29. 18. Ibid., 808. 19. Abdullahi An-Naïm, “Toward a Cross-Cultural Approach to Defin- ing International Standards of Human Rights: The Meaning of Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,” in Human Rights in Cross-cultural Perspectives: A Quest for Consensus, ed. An-Naïm (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992), 38; Makau Mutua, Human Rights: A Political and Cultural Critique (Philadel- phia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 18; Joseph Massad, “Re-Orienting Desire: The Gay International and the Arab World,” Public Culture 14 (2002): 361; Talal Asad, “On Torture, or Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment,” in Social Suffering, ed. Arthur Notes 127 Kleinman, Veena Das, and Margaret Lock (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 304. 20. Ibid.; An-Naïm, 38. 21. Ibid., 34. 22. Asad, “On Torture, or Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment,” 18. 23. Massad, 385. 24. An-Naïm, 23. 25. Massad, 361. 26. Mutua, 33; An-Naïm, 28; Massad, 361. 27. Mutua, 155. 28. Ibid., 10– 38. 29. Monique Chemillier-Gendeau and Yann Moulier-Boutang, Le droit dans la mondialisation, une perspective critique (Paris: PUF, 2001), 209; Antony Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty, and the Making of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 31; Paul Keal, European Conquest and the Rights of Indigenous Peo- ples: The Moral Backwardness of International Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 1– 4; China Mieville, Between Equal Rights: A Marxist Theory of International Law (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 319. 30. Keal, 84. 31. Anghie, 87– 90. 32. Ibid., 196– 97. 33. An-Naïm, 428; Massad, 372; Mutua, 155. 34. Ann Marie Clark, Diplomacy of Conscience, Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms (Princeton: Princeton Univer- sity Press, 2001), 37– 69. 35. An-Naïm, 35. According to the human rights activist Haytham Mana, the history of Islamic law is structurally related to the history of the Caliphates. In other words, the law’s nonprogressive provisions, such as whipping and the amputation of hands, are integral to the repressive logic of political authority. In Haytham Mana, Al-Usuliyya al-islamiyya wa huquq al-insan (Islamic Law and Human Rights) (Al-Qahira: Markaz al-Qahira li-dirasat huquq al-insan, 1999), 15. 36. Abdellah Hammoudi, Master and Disciple: The Cultural Foundations of Moroccan Authoritarianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); Mounira Charrad, States and Women’s Rights: The Making of Post-colonial Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001). 128 Notes 37. According to the anthropologist Mehdi Bennouna, “Combatants and men of political parties resemble each other very little; the only commonality would be the absence of women in either group.” In Héros sans gloire, échec d’une révolution 1963– 1973 (Casablanca: Éditions Tarik, 2002), 9. 38. UN Doc. E/CN.4/1367 (1980), §20. 39. Herman Burgers and Hans Danelius, The United Nations Conven- tion against Torture: A Handbook on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1988), 31. 40. Ibid., v. 41. Ibid. 42. Saladin Meckeled-Garcia and Basak Çali, eds., Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Human Rights and Human Rights Law (New York: Routledge, 2006), 1– 3; Adamantia Pollis, “Towards a New Uni- versalism; Reconstruction and Dialogue,” Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 16, no. 1 (1998): 5. 43. Ian Brownlie and Guy Goodwin-Gill, eds., Basic Documents on Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); Hurst Hannum, ed., Guide to International Human Rights Practice (New York: Transnational, 2004); United Nations, The United Nations and Human Rights 1945– 1995 (New York: United Nations Blue Book Series, 1995). 44. Saladin Meckeled-Garcia and Basak Çali, “Lost in Translation: The Human Rights Ideal and International Law,” in Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Human Rights and Human Rights Law, 25; Anthony Woodiwiss, “The Law Cannot Be Enough: Human Rights and the Limits of Legalism,” in Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Human Rights and Human Rights Law, 46; Michael Freeman, “Putting Law in Its Place: An Interdisciplinary Evaluation of National Amnesty Laws,” in Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Human Rights and Human Rights Law, 49– 63. 45. Pollis, “Towards a New Universalism; Reconstruction and Dia- logue,” 5. 46. Hannah Arendt, On Violence (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1970). 47. Michel Foucault, Surveiller et punir, naissance de la prison (Paris: Gallimard, 1975). 48. Article 1 of the Convention against Torture. Notes 129 Chapter 1 1. International Aspects of the Arab Human Rights Movement, An Inter- disciplinary Discussion Held in Cairo in March, 1998, Organized by the Harvard Law School Human Rights Program and the Center for the Study of Developing Countries at Cairo University (Cambridge: Harvard Law School Human Rights Program, 2000), 22– 23. 2. Makau Mutua, Human Rights: A Political and Cultural Critique (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), 33; Mutua, “Ideology of Human Rights,” Virginia Journal of International Law 36 (1995– 96): 640; Abdullahi An-Naïm, “Toward a Cross-Cultural Approach to Defining International Standards of Human Rights: The Meaning of Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Pun- ishment,” in Human Rights in Cross-cultural Perspectives: A Quest for Consensus, ed. An-Naïm (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992), 28; Joseph Massad, “Re-Orienting Desire: The Gay International and the Arab World,” Public Culture 14 (2002): 361. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid., 362. 5. Ann Marie Clark, Diplomacy of Conscience, Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms (Princeton: Princeton Univer- sity Press, 2001), 46. 6. Amnesty International Report on Torture (London: Gerald Duckworth, 1973), 75. 7. Clark, 43– 45; Herman Burgers and Hans Danelius, The United Nations Convention against Torture: A Handbook on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1988), 13; William Korey, “To Light a Candle: