CPUH-Research Journal: 2017, 2(2), 1-16 ISSN (Online): 2455-6076 http://www.cpuh.in/academics/academic_journals.php

An Ethnomedicinal Plant Study in Fringe Villages of Col. Sher Jung Nation- al Park Simbalbara, Sirmour, H.P. Jaswant Singh Saini 1* & S.K. Sood2 1Department of Botany, Govt. College Barsar, Hamirpur (H.P.) INDIA 2Department of Biosciences, University, Shimla E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: A series of preliminary research attempt have been initiated in ethnobotany in the Western Himalaya from last three decades. But Col. Sher Jung Park, Simbalbara and its surroundings although rich in plant diversity still excluded in particular. This protected area having altitudinal variation between 350-700m with mean annual rainfall of 1260mm. Present study was planned to collect information of plants used by inhabitants in and around Col. Sher Jung National Park, Simbalbara. Field surveys were conducted during January 2010 to December 2016 in different season to collect data on ethnobotanically important plants from villagers and traditional healers. Total 214 plant species belonging to 69 families were documented having medicinal importance. Among the families rec- orded Fabaceae was the largest with altogether 26 species followed by Poaceae (12 species), Euphorbiaceae (11 spe- cies), Rutaceae (10 species), Lamiaceae and Moraceae with 9 species each. Traditions, customs and cultural rights play a key role in protection of biodiversity and environment. Hence, there is immense need to utilize the ethnobo- tanical information and promote the indigenous people being playing a key role in conserving the biodiversity in real sense.

Keywords: Col. Sher Jung Park; Ethnobotany; Fabaceae; Lamiaceae; Moraceae; Poaceae; Rutaceae.

INTRODUCTION: Plants considered as the source resources for their sustenance. Moreover, due to in- of food, medicines, fiber and other useful products to creasing urbanization and development, lure of mod- humankind from time immemorial. Natural herbal ern civilization and growing pressures of population, drug whether traditional or modern, have originated their rich traditions developed over years of observa- directly or indirectly from folklore, rituals and ancient tion by trial and error found to be on the verge of ex- traditional practices known as ethnomedico-botany. Its tinction. studies have led to the introduction of more or less known potential medicinal herbs and provided mate- MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was rials for the pharmacological and chemical research carried out in and around Col. Sher Jung National and new data on the locations and uses of drugs (Jain, Park (CSJNP) Simbalbara (Geo co-ordinates North - 1987). For sustenance, the various inhabitants of Hi- 30028‟13‟‟N & 77028‟43‟‟E, East - 30024‟15‟‟N & malayan region use about 300 wild spp as subsidiary 77033‟55‟‟E, South - 30023‟31‟‟N & 77033‟44‟‟E and food (Kapoor, 1978; Arora, 1981); 37 spp for fibre; 35 West - 30027‟26‟‟N & 77027‟40‟‟E), having 27.88 sq. tree spp as multipurpose socioeconomically important Km with a altitudinal range of 350m to 700m, located spp and a large number as medicinal plants (Rao, in Paonta Valley of Sirmour district, H.P. in the con- 1996). Application of the ethnobotanical knowledge fluence of plains and the main Shivalik range in West- towards biodiversity management, community devel- ern Himalaya in India (Figure 1). The area receives a opment and conservation is gaining rapid momentum mean annual rainfall of about 1260 mm while the from last one decade. In India many workers contri- relative humidity varies from 100% during monsoon buted in compiling data on protected area (Kala, 1998; to 26% in summer. The Col. Sher Jung National Park Kaur et al., 2010). The different aspect of plants of Simbalbara, located at the junction of the four states Sirmour in Himachal Pradesh was contributed by viz. , Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Hima- different workers in the past by Kaur & Sharma, 2004; chal Pradesh, falls in Shivalik foot hill, and it share Kumar, 2005; Thakur, 2011 and Gupta, 2012. Al- boundaries with three protected areas of two different though many workers previously contributed in the states namely Kalesar Wildlife Sanctuary & Kalesar field but no attempt has been made so far to scientifi- National Park of Haryana towards the South and Raja- cally document information on traditional uses of ji National Park of Uttarakhand towards the East. plants by the local inhabitants in and around Simbal- The protected area was notified as a game sanctuary bara National Park. The inhabitants have a unique for the first time on 8 February, 1958, under the Indian language, culture, food habits, and socio-religious (Forest) Act 1927, the Punjab Wild Birds and Wild practices and still dependent on surrounding plant Animal (Protection) Act 1933, and other relevant acts.

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A revised notification was issued in 1972, and the added to existing boundaries of sanctuaries were as sanctuary was re-notified on 27 March, 1974 and de- follows- clared Simbalbara as Wildlife Sanctuary comprising 2 6. Batamandi an area of 19.00 Km . Initially the protected area has i. Kata Pathar Reserve Forest been divided into five beats for effective administra- ii. Ghutanpur Reserve Forest tion and conservation of its biodiversity before decla- 7. Behral ration of National Park which were as follows- i. Kothiwala Reserve Forest 1. Marusidh Reserve Forest ii. Masdali Reserve Forest 2. Danda Sukchainpur Reserve Forest iii. Ambwali Reserve Forest 3. Karwe Ka Khala Reserve Forest The above all the beats were delineated into blocks for 4. Gharuk Reserve Forest effective administration and conservation. The State 5. Kaludev Reserve Forest Govt. keeping in view the purpose of protecting, propagating and developing wildlife and its environ- In addition to above two more beats recently included ment upgraded the existing WLS into National Park Batamandi and Behral Beats raised the total number to by adding 8.88Km2 on 07th June, 2013. After rationa- seven and declared it as a National Park. The areas lization presently the total protected area is 27.88 Km2.

Figure 1: Map of Col. Sher Jung National Park, Simbalbara, District- Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India

The present intensive field research work was initiated balbara, field tours to these areas were made as per the in the Simbalbara WLS from January 2011 till De- procedure delineated by Schultes (1962) and Jain cember 2016. The research work primarily focused in (1964, 1967). The duration of each visit in different order to collect data of interest on ethnobotanically seasons was of 2-3 months. Firsthand account of eth- important plants from rural inhabitants of different nobotanically interesting species either in flowering or villages adjoining Col. Sher Jung National Park Sim- fruiting stage was taken. Medicine men, healers, fami-

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[(CPUH-Research Journal: 2017, 2(2), 1-16) An Ethnomedicinal Plant Study in Fringe Villages of Col. Sher Jung…….] ly heads, old people and many local informants for Traditional knowledge basically related with the so- getting a better understanding of local customs, beliefs cio-cultural activities of a particular community that and habits was interviewed and group discussions was included health care, food security and natural re- done. The data collected was verified and cross source management in rural communities etc. A total checked by showing plant specimens to various in- 214 ethnomedicinal plant species belonging to 69 formants and even to the same informants on different families were recorded in the present study. Among occasions. The species was identified with the help of the families recorded Fabaceae was the largest alto- treatises on Indian flora and carefully matched with gether with 26 species followed by Poaceae (12 spe- authentic specimens housed in the herbarium of F.R.I., cies), Euphorbiaceae (11 species), Rutaceae (10 spe- . Photographs of the ethnically important cies), Lamiaceae and Moraceae with 9 species each. plants were clicked in the natural habitat. The verna- Out of the total species studied 87% (186) found to be cular (Local) name (s) and the name of the families dicots 12% (26) belongs to monocots and 1% (3) only have also been provided along with the valid botanical pteridophyta. The detailed ethnobotanical importance, name. The voucher herbariums were submitted to the utilization pattern of every plant part (s) were given in Ethnobotanical Herbarium, Department of Bios- table 1. ciences, H.P.U. Summer hill, Shimla. Public environmental awareness programmes needed Necessary permission was taken from the Principal for the study area. Protection of land, water, fauna, Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife)-cum-Wildlife flora and atmosphere must become the joint responsi- Warden H.P. for the study. bility of the people and the Government. Present study RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Ethnobotanical has enabled in understanding the people of this region knowledge on forest resources is the local knowledge socio-culturally and their relation with the plants es- that is unique to a given culture or a human society. pecially the uses of medicinal plants.

Table 1: Ethnomedicinal important species of Col. Sher Jung National Park, Simbalbara Sr. Vernacular Part Botanical Name Family Ethnomedicinal Uses No. Name Used Poultice of fresh leaves applied for wound healing, swellings, leaves mixed with Abrus precatorius Leaves. 1. Fabaceae Rati warm mustard oil applied to heal painful Linn. Seeds. swellings; Seeds given once for expelling of placenta in cattle. Bark. Acacia catechu Young branches used as tooth brush. Sticks 2. Fabaceae Khair Branche (Linn.f.) Willd. boiled in tea for curing sore throat. s. Stem. Pods used for washing the hair. To clear dandruff pods crushed with „Heena‟ leaves Acacia concinna Shika-kai, soaked in water overnight and lemon juice 3. Fabaceae Pods. (Willd.) DC. Allah, Ritha added just before washing, after drying hairs the coconut oil mixed with camphor applied. Bark decoction used thrice a day for gargle Acacia nilotica (L.) Bark. against sore throat and hoarseness of 4. Del. subsp. indica Fabaceae Kikar Branche voice. Fresh twigs used for scouring & (Benth.) Brenan s. Gum. brushing teeth. Gum given to women after childbirth to cure backache problems. Root tied in cloth and put in the baby neck Root. to protect from throat infection. Stem and Achyranthes aspera Chitra, Puth- 5. Amaranthaceae Stem. root used as scouring teeth and chewed the Linn. kanda Seeds. stem against pyorrhea. Stem paste applied against skin infection. Shade dried plants burn to ash and then Adiantum capillus- applied on burnt area for healing of 6. Adiantaceae Hansraj Fronds. veneris L. wounds. Fresh leaves tea given for 2-3 days against cold. 7. Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Bel, Bill, Bael Leaves. Leaf poultice applied to cure inflamma-

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(Linn.) Corr. tion. Leaves used as a packing material for healing fractured bones tied with bamboo Agave angustifolia 8. Asparagaceae Keorpatha Leaf. sticks over fractured bones to set them Haw. right. Slices of leaf applied as poultice to check inflammations. Agave sisalana Leaf applied as hot poultice in joints to 9. Asparagaceae Ramban Leaf. Perrine check inflammation and pain. Ageratum con- Uchanti, Poultice of twigs and leaves paste applied 10. Asteraceae Leaf. yzoides L. Nelaphulnu on wound also helps in blood clotting. Ailanthus excelsa Shoot. Bark decoction 15-20ml recommended for 11. Simaroubaceae Maharukh Roxb. Bark. 2 weeks against uric acid. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Bark decoction taken twice a day orally for 12. Fabaceae Siras Bark. Benth. 4-5 days against bronchitis. Bark decoction 5-10ml recommended Albizia procera 13. Fabaceae Safed Siras Bark. twice a day for a week against rheumatic Benth. pain. Paste of mucilaginous gel mixed with Aloe vera (L.) Ghee-kwanar, gram flour & turmeric applied on face to 14. Asparagaceae Leaf. Burm.f. Gwarpatha cure acne; paste also applied on burns, boils and blisters for quick healing. Amorphophallus Jimmikand, Poultice of corm used against rheumatic 15. paeoniifolius Araceae Corm. Suran pain. (Dennst.) Nicolson Decoction of stem about 30ml given twice Whole Anethum sowa for two days to check diarrhoea. Powdered 16. Apiaceae Sowa Plant. Roxb. ex Fleming seed in combination given to domestic Seed. animals in bloating twice a day. Leaves paste applied to cure acne and boils. Fruit eaten fresh to provide strength Leaves. and considered refreshing and thirst Annona squamosa 17. Annonaceae Sitaphal Fruit. quencher. Seeds mixed with goat milk to L. Seed. prepare the paste, and applied for three months to retain healthy hair and cure baldness. Anogeissus latifolia 18. (Roxb. ex DC.) Combretaceae Bakli, Chhal Bark. Decoction of bark used for chronic cough. Bedd. Argemone mexicana Pili Kanteli, 19. Papaveraceae Stem. Stem used against skin diseases. Linn. Bharbhara Artocarpus hetero- 20. Moraceae Kathal Latex. Latex applied for healing of abscesses. phyllus Lam. 1/2 spoon root powder taken with milk for 4 weeks against general body weakness and to impart strength. 10-20 g root Asparagus adscen- 21. Asparagaceae Jhirna Root. crushed and mixed 100ml water and left dens Roxb. overnight taken for 3 days and repeated thrice after gap of one month to cure di- abetes. Half tsp of root powder mixed with equal amount of turmeric powder taken with glass of milk once a day for healing of internal injury of body. Half tsp of root Asparagus racemo- 22. Asparagaceae Satawari Root. powder recommended with milk twice a sus Willd. day for one month for imparting strength to the body. 10-20 g root crushed and mixed 100ml water and left overnight taken for 3 days and repeated thrice after

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gap of one month to cure diabetes. Decoction used for gargles against sore throat. 5ml leaf and fruit decoction admi- nistered to the children early morning for Azadirachta indica Leaves. 23. Meliaceae Neem 4-5 days to expel intestinal worms. Leaf A. Jussieu Twigs. paste mixed with gram flour, turmeric powder and curd applied on face to cure acne, blisters, pimples and skin ailments. 10ml decoction of seeds administered Baccharoides an- empty stomach for one week to keep body 24. thelmintica (L.) Asteraceae Brahmjiri Seed. fit after delivery. Powder used against Moench stomachache and flatulence. 10-15ml decoction of the whole plant Bacopa monnieri Whole taken every morning as a brain tonic. 5 25. Plantaginaceae Brahmi (L.) Wettst. Plant. leaves chewed to control high blood pres- sure for 1 month. Bambusa bambos Sticks tied over fractured bone to keep it 26. Poaceae Bainjh Stem. (L.) Voss. stable. Bambusa vulgaris Sticks tied over fractured bone to keep it 27. Poaceae Basini bans Culms. Schrad. ex Wendl. stable. Leaves eaten due to its sour taste and to Bauhinia malabari- 28. Fabaceae Khatua Khatti Leaves. stop bad breath. Leaf paste applied thrice a ca Roxb. day for rapid healing of open wound. Bauhinia vahlii 29. Fabaceae Maljhan Root. Decoction given to check fever. Wight & Arn. Decoction of leaf used against sore throat. Leaf. 30. Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae Sindoori Leaf paste applied on blisters. Fruits Fruit. powder prescribed to cure diabetes. Boehmeria macro- 31. Urticaceae Samrala Leaves. Used as poultice to cure eczema. phylla Hornem. Whole Used against fever & pain, and also for 32. Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctanginaceae Punarnava plant. menstrual trouble, virility & aphrodisiac. Decoction used to get relief from joint 33. Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae Simbal Roots. pains. Root powder also recommended in combination to increase virility. Oil mixed with 2 garlic clove heated and used as massage against inflammation and Seed 34. Brassica rapa Linn. Brassicaceae Sarson joint pains. Oil boiled with Neem leaves oil. used as skin massage against skin ail- ments. Bridelia retusa 35. Euphorbiaceae Gagari, Gaya Leaves. Decoction given to expel intestinal worms. Spreng. 1-2 leaf chewed orally daily empty sto- Bryophyllum pinna- 36. Crassulaceae Pattharchat Leaves. mach in the morning to remove kidney tum (Lam.) Oken stone. Local bath with decoction of bark and flowers used against bleeding piles till Bark. cure. Seeds used against worm infesta- Butea monosperma 37. Fabaceae Dhaak, Palash Seeds. tions; paste of seeds also applied in skin (Lam.) Taub. Gum. infection, local Gum used to cure body and backache after child birth. Decoction of flowers given to cure urination problem. Caesalpinia bonduc Shoot. Tender shoot and seeds decoction given 38. Fabaceae Kath Karanj (Linn.) Roxb. Seeds. thrice a day to check fever. Milky latex used to cure eczema and other Leaf. Calotropis gigantea skin diseases, also applied on gums to get 39. Asclepiadaceae Safed Ak Milky (L.) W.T. Aiton rid of toothache, hot leaf fomentation used Latex. against joint pain & swelling for 2-3 days

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in night. A hot fomentation of leaves used to cure Calotropis procera Leaves. inflammation, pain and skin related ail- 40. Asclepiadaceae Ak (Aiton) W.T. Aiton Stem. ments. Leaves tied on place of inserted spine for swelling and easy removal. Cannabis sativa Leaves applied on affected part to get 41. Cannabaceae Bhang Leaves. Linn. relief from insect bite. Root paste applied on wounds for rapid 42. Carissa spinarum L. Apocynaceae Karunda Root. healing. Aahali, Gul- Fruit. Against constipation. Improve liver func- 43. Cassia fistula Linn. Fabaceae lakadi. Gum. tioning. Gum used against Joint Pain. Catharanthus roseus Used against insect bite, diabetes and high 44. Apocynaceae Sadabhar Leaf. (L.) G. Don blood pressure. Catunaregam spino- 45. Rubiaceae Mainphal Leaf. Poultice applied on abscesses for healing. sa (Thunb.) Tirveng. Leaf paste applied on affected part to re- Celastrus panicula- Leaves. 46. Celastraceae Malkanghani lieve body pain. Seed powder as memory tus Willd. Seeds. tonic. Centella asiatica Whole Against high blood pressure and to sharpen 47. Apiaceae Brahmi booti (L.) Urb. plant. memory. Cereus hildmannia- Milky 48. Cactaceae Kantila Used against skin infection. nus K. Schum. latex. Cheilocostus spe- Used against Snake bite and increasing 49. cious (J. Koenig) Costaceae Keu Root. virility. C.D. Specht Chenopodium album Seeds. 50. Chenopodiaceae Bathu Skin diseases, Wounds and Sores. Linn. Leaves. Chenopodium mu- Kharatua 51. Chenopodiaceae Leaves. Skin Ailments. rale L. Bathu Cissampelos pareira Whole Retention of pregnancy, cleaning of 52. Menispermaceae Patah Linn. plant. wounds, skin and eye problem. Citrus aurantifolia Healthy gums, scurvy, dandruff and silky 53. Rutaceae Nimbu Fruit. (Chrism.) Swingle hairs. Powdered, mixed with turmeric powder, Fruit 54. Citrus aurantium L. Rutaceae Santara gram flour and used as face pack & to cure peel. acne. Citrus maxima 55. Rutaceae Chakotra Leaves. Decoction applied on swellings. (Burm.) Merr. Eaten to cure cold, congestion and im- 56. Citrus medica L. Rutaceae Galgal Fruit. prove digestion. Citrus reticulata 57. Rutaceae Narangi Leaves. Scrubbing teeth and stopping bad breath. Blanco Citrus sinensis Os- 58. Rutaceae Mausami Fruit. Juice taken against arthritis. beck Leaves Clerodendrum infor- 59. Lamiaceae Bhant, Karu & Used against Skin ailments & insect bite. tunatum L. Roots. Neeli Aparaji- Whole Decoction applied to clean Piles. Also used 60. Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae ta plant. for gargles against sore throat. Colebrookea opposi- Bhamber, Paste applied on sore and wound, also used 61. Lamiaceae Leaves. tifolia Smith Binda on burn injuries. Cordia dichotoma G. 62. Boraginaceae Lasora Fruit. Controlling diabetes and arthritic pain. Forst. Crateva adansonii subsp. odora Powdered bark to cure urinogenital infec- 63. Capparaceae Varun Bark. (Buch.-Ham.) Ja- tion and removal of kidney stone. cobs

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Crotalaria spectabi- 64. Fabaceae Jhunjhun Roots. Decoction used against scabies. lis Roth. Cucumis sativa Fruit. Fruit paste applied for healing burn inju- 65. Cucurbitaceae Kakri Linn. Seeds. ries. Seeds diuretic. Cuminum cyminum Decoction administered to keep proper 66. Apiaceae Jeera Seeds. Linn. digestion and healthy body. Powdered rhizome taken with milk to cure Rhi- 67. Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Haldi inflammation, sprains, cough and cold. zome. Also used to heal cuts, wounds and acne. Cyanthillium cine- Whole Decoction thrice a day to check fever, 68. Asteraceae Sahadevi reum (L.) H. Rob. plant. bladder affections and stomachache. Cyathocline purpu- 69. rea (Buch.-Ham. ex Asteraceae Bandhaniya Roots. Powder taken to relieve stomach pain. D. Don) O.Kuntze Decoction of leaves boiled with tea leaves Cymbopogon citra- 70. Poaceae Lemon Ghas Leaves. and taken twice daily for improving cold, tus Stapf. cough & also to control fever. Cynodon dactylon Leaf. Leaf juice against diarrhoea thrice a day. 71. Poaceae Doob Pers. Stem. Paste applied on burn and internal injuries. Dalbergia sissoo Leaves. Paste applied to cure acne. Twigs used for 72. Fabaceae Shisham DC. Twigs. scouring teeth. Powdered ash of the plant consumed twice Whole 73. Datura metel Linn. Solanaceae Kala Dhatura daily against fever, cough, cold and tuber- plant. culosis. Datura stramonium Leaves. Leaves poultice used for boils and sores. 74. Solanaceae Dhatura L. Bark. Juice applied to treat hair fall and dandruff. Dendrocalamus 75. hamiltonii Nees & Poaceae Bains Gum. Body nutrition after child birth. Arn. Dendrocalamus 76. strictus (Roxb.) Poaceae Bans Stem. To set the fractured bones. Nees 2-3 drop Juice used as eye drop to control Desmodium oojei- Bark. cataract. Paste applied on wound. Pow- 77. nense (Roxb.) H. Fabaceae Sandan Gum. dered gum administered with sugar twice Ohashi day check diarrhoea. Dicliptera panicula- Whole 78. ta (Forssk.) I. Dar- Acanthaceae Kakjangha Powdered plant taken to control diabetes. Plant. bysh Diospyros exsculpta Fruit 79. Ebenaceae Tendu Applied on cuts and wounds. Buch.-Ham. Juice. Dodonaea viscosa Walayati Hot poultice in combination used to heal 80. Sapindaceae Leaves. Linn. Mehndi fractured bone. Whole 81. Duranta erecta L. Verbenaceae Doranta Poultice applied on abscess for healing. plant. Dysphania ambro- Decoction administered for expelling in- 82. sioides (L.) Mosya- Amaranthaceae Kah-Ajwain Leaves. testinal worms. kin & Clemants Echinochloa colona Poultice of root paste applied to get relief 83. Poaceae Sawank Root. (L.) Link. in acute pain. Paste mixed with Goat beat, Bark of ‘Lit- Equisetum arvense sea glutinosa‟ and tied with bamboo stick 84. Equisetaceae Jod-tod Stem. L. on fractured bone as plaster. Fresh plant material also used against Jaundice. Paste mixed with Goat beat, Bark of ‘Lit- Equisetum debile sea glutinosa‟ and tied with bamboo stick 85. Equisetaceae Jod-tod Stem. Roxb. ex Vauch. on fractured bone as plaster. Fresh plant material also used against Jaundice.

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Eriobotrya japonica Leaves juice given twice daily till cure of 86. Rosaceae Loqat Leaves. (Thunb.) Lindl. diarrhoea. Leaves chewed to stop bad breath and to Eucalyptus camal- get relief from gums and throat infection. 87. Myrtaceae Safeda Leaves. dulensis Dehnh. Decoction taken with sugar pellets twice daily to check cold. Leaves chewed to stop bad breath and Eucalyptus globulus 88. Myrtaceae Safeda Leaves. toothache. Warm leaf poultice used against Labill. throat infection. Leaves paste rubbed to check swellings Eupatorium adeno- 89. Asteraceae Kali basuti Leaves. and irritation after insect bite. Leaf paste phorum Spreng. used to check bleeding. Leaf juice mixed with juice of Euphorbia Whole prostrata and given against snake bite. 90. Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Lal Dudhi plant. Used against skin complexion, leucorrhea; and also for clotting & healing of wounds. Euphorbia prostrata Whole Leaf juice mixed with juice of Euphorbia 91. Euphorbiaceae Chhoti Dudhi Aiton plant. hirta and given against snake bite. Euphorbia pulcher- Milky Applied on eczema and other skin ail- 92. rima Willd. ex Euphorbiaceae Lal Patti latex. ments. Klotzsch Euphorbia royleana Roasted and taken with honey against dry 93. Euphorbiaceae Danda Thor Stem. Boiss. expectorant. Euphorbia tithyma- 94. Euphorbiaceae Nagdaman Leaves. Decoction taken against snake bite. loides L. Decoction of whole plant taken as brain Whole Evolvulus alsinoides tonic. Roots powder along with Curcuma 95. Convolvulaceae Shankhpushpi plant. L. longa taken with a cup of milk against Root. fever. Leaves decoction considered antiseptic Leaf. used to wash wounds. Fruit and bark Ficus benghalensis Bark. 96. Moraceae Bargad powder used to check uric acid and cure L. Fruit. arthritis. Root powder used to increase Root. virility. Fruit powder taken with milk to get relief Fruit. 97. Ficus carica L. Moraceae Anjeer from constipation and piles. Leaf poultice Leaf. used against skin ailments. Powdered bark taken with honey against 98. Ficus hispida L. Moraceae Fagula Bark. throat infection & cough. Ficus lacor Buch.- ½ tsp fruit powder given twice for fort- 99. Moraceae Pilkhan Fruit. Ham. night to check uric acid level. Considered good for eyesight and internal 100. Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Gullar Fruit. weakness. Stem Decoction used for gargles against mouth 101. Ficus religiosa Linn. Moraceae Pipal bark. sores. Ficus semicordata 102. Moraceae Jadphali Fruit. Used to overcome body deficiency. Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Used for gargles against sore throat. De- 103. Fragaria vesca L. Rosaceae Strawberry Leaves. coction used against dysentery. Fumaria parviflora Whole Whole plant extract used in case of liver 104. Papaveraceae Pitpapra Lam. plant. problem. Powdered root with honey given against 105. Gloriosa superba L. Colchicaceae Kalihari Root. snake bite. Root paste applied on scalp for healthy hairs and against fungal infection. Leaves. Leaves paste used against headache. De- 106. Gmelina arborea L. Lamiaceae Gambhar Bark. coction of bark used to wash wound. Gossypium arbore- Extract of seeds consumed once daily to 107. Malvaceae Kapas Seeds. tum Linn. overcome internal weakness

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Poultice of fresh leaves used to check headache. Seed oil edible and also used for Gossypium barba- Leaves. 108. Malvaceae Kapas body massage for improving skin com- dense L. Seeds. plexion; also consumed with milk at bed- time as a mild laxative. Grewia optiva Dhaman, 109. Tiliaceae Fruit. Consumed considered as diuretic. Drumm. Beul Gymnema sylvestre Chewed once daily to control diabetes and 110. Asclepiadaceae Gudmar Leaves. (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. reducing body fats. Haldina cordifolia Leaves applied over swollen portion as 111. Rubiaceae Haldu Leaves. (Roxb.) Ridsdale fomentation to reduce swellings and pains. Root juice applied on insect bite or snake Helicteres isora bite. Bark decoction about 20ml thrice a 112. Sterculiaceae Maror-phali Root. Linn. day recommended against diarrhoea and dysentery. Leaf paste applied on suppuration of boils. Leaves. Petals of 3 flowers boiled in 10 ml water Hibiscus rosa- 113. Malvaceae Gurhal Flow- for 10 minutes and decoction so prepared sinensis Linn. ers. taken (10-15ml) orally twice a day remove kidney stones. Leaves poultice used against suppuration Holarrhena pubes- Leaves. of boils. Powdered seeds with honey used 114. cens Wall. ex G. Apocynaceae Karu Seeds. against diarrhoea and stomach pain. De- Don. Bark. coction of bark prescribed daily till cure against dysentery and arthritis. Shoot paste recommended to anemic pa- Hordeum vulgare Whole 115. Poaceae Jao tient with cup of goat milk for 15 days Linn. plant. before breakfast. Decoction of root recommended for cough Indigofera cas- Roots. 116. Fabaceae Kathi treatment. Leaves decoction used for sioides DC. Leaves. washing wounds. Leaves warmed and bandaged to suppress inflammation. Leaf paste used applied Ipomoea carnea Leaves. 117. Convolvulaceae Besharam against skin infection. Latex used for heal- Jacq. Latex. ing of wounds, also applied against ecze- ma. Jacaranda mimosi- 118. Bignoniaceae Jacranda Leaf. Leaf paste applied for healing of wounds. folia D. Don Applied while mixing with mustard oil to 119. Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Ratanjot Latex. heal skin infection. Powdered seeds con- sumed at night with milk as purgative. Leaf paste applied to check bleeding. De- Justicia adhatoda Whole 120. Acanthaceae Basuti, Arusa coction used against skin ailments. Also Linn. plant. used to check cough. Leaf poultice applied on affected part to Kydia calycina 121. Malvaceae Pula Leaves. get relief from body pain, also applied for Roxb. cure of abscess and skin diseases. Dried Lagerstroemia spe- Decoction recommended in the morning 122. Lythraceae Jarool fruit. ciosa (L.) Pers. against diabetes. Leaves. Lannea coromande- Bark juice applied on cuts to stop bleeding, 123. Anacardiaceae Jhingan Bark. lica (Houtt.) Merr. and decoction applied to stop toothache. Fresh leaf poultice applied in skin ailments 124. Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Mehndi Leaf. & itches. Whole plant extract administered against Whole Leucas cephalotes snake bite. Paste applied against scorpion 125. Lamiaceae Dronpushpi plant. (Roth) Spreng. sting. Decoction recommended twice a day Leaves. to check fever. Leaves paste mixed with

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lemon juice and sesame oil recommended to check abnormal bleeding during men- struation. Seeds oil recommended for body massage Linum usitatissimum during pain. Grinded seed mixed with 126. Linaceae Alsi Seed. Linn. wheat flour and recommended for diabetic patient and also for reducing body fats. Litsea glutinosa Poultice to cure sprain, inflammation and 127. Lauraceae Chanana Bark. (Lour) C. B. Rob. localized body pain. Ash of leaves mixed with coconut oil used Madhuca longifolia Leaves. against to cure burns and itching. Flowers 128. var. latifolia (Roxb.) Sapotaceae Mahuwa Flower. taken with milk to cure cold and cough. A. Chev. Seed oil applied against joint pains. Red powder from fruits mixed with betel leaves given once daily for three days Mallotus philippen- considered good against jaundice. Seed Kamela, Ro- 129. sis (Lam.) Mull. Euphorbiaceae Fruit. powder mixed with jaggery to make small hini, Raenii Arg. tablets less than a size of Pea seed, 1 tab given to child for three days to expel intes- tinal worms. Malvastrum coro- Leaves applied for healing of cuts and 130. mandelianum (L.) Malvaceae Suchi Leaves. wounds. Decoction used for gargle by Garcke adding salt against sore throat. Mangifera indica Dry seed powder recommended against 131. Anacardiaceae Aam Seed. Linn. bleeding piles. Leaf juice water used as gargle to cure sore Martynia annua Bichu, Kaka- Leaf. 132. Martyniaceae throat. Ash of fruit mixed with coconut oil Linn. nasika Fruit. and applied to heal burns and abscesses. Garland of leaves hung at the entrance of a house as precaution from diseases like 133. Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae Darek Leaves. small pox. Leaf and flower poultice tied over belly during labour pain. Melilotus indicus Whole Poultice applied on bruises for rapid heal- 134. Fabaceae Aspurk (L.) All. plant. ing. Fresh leaves chewed to get relief from headache. Tea made of its leaves used to Whole 135. Mentha piperita L. Lamiaceae Pudina cure stomachache, gastric trouble and plant. vomiting. Chutney prepared by grinding with tamarind Mitragyna parviflo- 136. Rubiaceae Kaim Leaf. Paste used for wound healing. ra Korth. Root & pod pickled taken for a month to reduce uric acid. Tender pods, flower, buds Moringa oleifera Whole 137. Moringaceae Sahanjana eaten as vegetable and considered blood Lam. plant. purifier. Also used against arthritis, rheu- matic pain and respiratory troubles. Powdered bark recommended with honey 138. Morus nigra L. Moraceae Shehtoot Bark. on empty stomach for expelling intestinal worms. Mucuna pruriens Powdered seeds once a day to provide 139. Fabaceae Kaunch Seeds. (L.) DC. internal strength. Decoction of leaves taken twice a day till Murraya koenigii cure of arthritis. Also taken for expelling 140. Rutaceae Karipatta Leaves. (Linn.) Spreng. worms and stomach pains. Pinch of powd- er taken with milk against piles. Murraya paniculata Leaf paste applied on cuts for wound heal- 141. Rutaceae Mirchua Leaf. (L.) Jack. ing. Twigs used for scouring teeth. 142. Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Kela Fruit. Edible against constipation, dysentery and

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Linn. Leaf. diarrhoea. Fruit and leaf sheath paste ap- plied on burn injuries. Poultice of leaves applied to check in- 143. Nerium oleander L. Apocynaceae Kaner Leaf. flammations. Latex applied against skin ailments. Dry plant powder consumed with honey to Nyctanthes arbor- Whole 144. Oleaceae Har Singar check high fever. Decoction of leaves tristis L. plant. taken for 2-3 months against arthritis. Decoction of leaves in combination with Ocimum sanctum Adhatoda vasica and seeds of Trachysper- 145. Lamiaceae Tulsi Leaves. Linn. mum ammi given thrice a day to check cough and sore throat. Opuntia stricta Whole Stem ash 1-2g taken with honey for dry 146. Cactaceae Nagphani (Haw.) Haw. plant. cough. Rice 147. Oryza sativa Linn. Poaceae Dhan Given to children in case of diarrhoea. Soup. Decoction of whole plant given twice daily against to get relief from stomachache, Oxalis corniculata Whole 148. Oxalidaceae Changeri dysentery and diarrhoea. Leaf poultice L. plant. applied for healing cuts and suppuration of boils. Leaves boiled and used for gargles by Papaver somniferum adding pinch of salt against sore throat. 149. Papaveraceae Afim Leaves. Linn. Decoction of poppy seed applied on joints to get relief from pain. Powder mixed with honey taken for 7-10 Leaves. days for promoting urination and normal 150. Pedalium murex L. Pedaliaceae Gokhru Seed. renal functioning. Seed powder also taken with milk as aphrodisiac. Leaf juice applied against cut and wounds Perilla frutescens 151. Lamiaceae Bhanjeera Leaf. for rapid healing. Decoction of leaves (L.) Britton considered good for stomach disorders. Fruit eaten for painless menstrual cycle. Phoenix sylvestris 152. Arecaceae Khajoor Fruit. One piece given to children every day to Roxb. get rid of bedwetting. Decoction of plant given thrice a day to check fever and body fatigue. Leaf juice Phyla nodiflora (L.) Whole 153. Verbenaceae Jalpeepli applied to check bleeding gum. Powder Greene plant. plant applied to stop bleeding from cuts or wounds. „Trifla‟ powder prepared by adding shade dry fruits with „Bhera‟ Terminalia bellirica & „Harrar‟ T. chebula in ratio of 1:1:1 recommended (1 tsp once daily for 5-10 days) with pinch of black salt for gastric trouble like dysentery, gastritis, constipa- Phyllanthus emblica 154. Euphorbiaceae Amla Fruit. tion. Powder fruit mixed with „Heena‟ L. (Lawsonia inermis) for good growth of hair. Fruit powder also taken to increase virility. One pickled fruit „Muraba‟ eaten daily empty stomach to cure anaemia, ophthalmic, liver ailments and as cardi- otonic. Powdered leaves prescribed as cooling Phyllanthus frater- 155. Euphorbiaceae Bhumiamla Leaves. medicine. Decoction recommended for nus G.L. Webster curing dysentery and diarrhoea. Phyllodium pulchel- Leaf paste applied on injuries for rapid 156. Fabaceae Jatsalpan Leaf. lum (L.) Desv. healing.

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One fruit boiled in cow milk and given to children once a week for normalcy of 157. Piper longum L. Piperaceae Muggphali Fruit. digestive tract. A pinch of fruit powder taken with honey against throat infection, fever and cold. Seed powder mixed with ginger juice and 158. Piper nigrum Linn Piperaceae Kali Mirch Seed. honey and recommended twice a day for one week against cough. Root powder recommended against gener- al body debility and as aphrodisiac. Oil Root. Plumbago zeylanica from root massaged for painful joints and 159. Plumbaginaceae Chitrak Stem. L. leprosy. Twigs used for scouring teeth. Leaf. Decoction of leaves used for bathing twice a day against scabies. Pongamia pinnata Pinch of bark powder recommended 160. Fabaceae Karanj Bark. (L.) Pierre against stomach trouble. Poultice of bark applied against rheumatic Populus deltoides joints and suppuration of boils. Fomenta- 161. Salicaceae Poplar Bark. Bartram ex Marshall tion of leaves considered good against nasal congestion and cold. Prosopis juliflora Paste of foliage used for suppuration of 162. Fabaceae Vilayati Kikar Leaves. (Sw.) DC. boils. Flower. Flower and leaves juice recommended for Prunus persica 163. Rosaceae Arne, Aru Leaves. children to expel intestinal worms. Seed Batsch. Seed. oil massaged on scalp as hair tonic. Edible against constipation and diabetes. Roasted unripe fruit eaten against cough. Fruit. Psidium guajava Leaves chewed to check mouth ulcer, 164. Myrtaceae Amrood Leaves. Linn. scouring teeth and painful gums. Bark and Bark. leaves ash with honey taken against fever, diarrhoea; also taken as anthelmintic. Decoction of bark used for bath to get rid Pterospermum ace- 165. Sterculiaceae Kanakchampa Bark. of scabies. Also used for gargle in throat rifolium Willd. infection. Decoction used for gargles in case of ulce- Buds. rated mouth. Fruit rind kept in mouth Leaves. against sore throat. Dried powder also 166. Punica granatum L. Lythraceae Anar Fruit. taken for normal menstrual cycle. Decoc- Bark. tion of bark taken to cure diarrhoea and expelling intestinal worms. 167. Pyrus communis L. Rosaceae Nashpati Fruit. Considered good for diabetic patient. A drop of leaf juice applied in eye to cure Rauvolfia serpentia Leaves. infection. Shade dry root powder recom- 168. Apocynaceae Sarpagandha Benth. ex Kurz. Roots. mended with a cup of cow milk twice a day to check high blood pressure. Leaves tied with warm cloth on joints after hot massage with mustard oil to get relief from sprain and rheumatic pain. Leaf poul- Ricinus communis Leaves. tice applied for the same; also for suppura- 169. Euphorbiaceae Arand L. Seed. tion of boils and swellings. 5-10ml oil taken to get rid of constipation and as aphrodisiac; also used for massaging to get relief from arthritic pain. Decoction given twice a day to remove kidney stone. „Gulkand‟ taken for digestive 170. Rosa indica Hook. f. Rosaceae Gulab Flower. disorders, constipation and as laxative. Rose petal tea taken against sore throat. 171. Saccharum officina- Poaceae Ganna Stem. Juice recommended for normal liver func-

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rum Linn. tioning and jaundice. Mixture of shade dry stem powder in equal quantity of Saccharum spontaneum, Cra- Saccharum sponta- teva adansonii, Tribulus terrestris & Cicer 172. Poaceae Kans Stem. neum Linn. arietinum prepared and half teaspoon powder taken twice a day with lukewarm water to flush out kidney stone. Two green leaves chewed twice a day for whooping cough, sore throat and tonsilli- Leaves. tis. Decoction of leaves and flowers used 173. Sambucus nigra L. Caprifoliaceae Khaman Flower. for gargles in sore throat thrice a day. Poul- tice of flowers applied to check headaches, sunburn and for improving skin texture. Fruit used for washing hair. Leaves poul- Sapindus saponaria Fruit. 174. Sapindaceae Dodan tice applied on dog bite; also to check joint L. Leaves pains and headache. Seeds of „Bhilwana‟, „Sal‟ (Shorea robus- Semecarpus anacar- ta) and „Arind‟ (Ricinus communis) boiled 175. Anacardiaceae Bhilawa Seed. dium Blanco in „Til‟ (Sesamum indicum) oil and used for rubbing twice a day against joint pains. Poultice of leaves mixed with the little Senna alata (L.) 176. Fabaceae Dadmurdan Leaves. lemon juice and applied thrice a day for Roxb. curing ringworm and other skin problems. Senna obtusifolia Leaf poultice used against skin infection 177. (L.) H.S. Irwin & Fabaceae Panwar Leaves. and sores. Barneby Seeds and leaves paste applied in skin diseases. Pinch of powdered seeds taken Senna occidentalis Seeds. 178. Fabaceae Chakunda daily with honey to get relief in swollen (L.) Link Leaves. joints and arthritis. Root paste applied to cure ringworm for one week. Sesamum indicum Oil used for massaging to get relief from 179. Pedaliaceae Til Seed. Linn pain and swellings. Shorea robusta C. F. 180. Dipterocarpaceae Sal Seed. Seed oil used against skin ailments. Gaertn. Leaf paste applied to heal cuts and wounds; also for suppuration of boils. Root powder given twice a day for forty Leaf. 181. Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Khareti days for imparting body strength, regulat- Root. ing low blood pressure; one dose for three days to expel intestinal worms in case of children. Decoction of leaves given for 2-3 days against inflammation of liver, kidney and Solanum ameri- Whole 182. Solanaceae Makoi urinary bladder. Poultice of plant applied canum Mill. plant. on forehead to check headaches and joint pain. Shade dry plant powdered taken with ho- ney twice a day to check cough. Leaf juice taken as appetizer; also given against vo- Solanum anguivi Whole 183. Solanaceae Brihati miting. Powdered roots mixed with sugar Lam. plant. prescribed empty stomach as anthelmintics and for kidney affections. Poultice of seeds applied to check itching and boils. Solanum erianthum Dried, powdered and paste applied on 184. Solanaceae Bantamakoo Leaves. D. Don painful inflammation. Solanum tuberosum Stem 185. Solanaceae Aloo Paste applied on burn injuries. Linn. tuber.

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Whole plant paste applied on swollen and Solanum virginia- Whole 186. Solanaceae Kateli painful joints till relief. Leaf juice applied num L. plant. on toothache. Whole Decoction taken to cure sore throat and Sonchus wightianus 187. Asteraceae Sadhi plant. hepatic disorders. Latex applied on DC Latex. wounds for healing cuts and wounds. Inflorescence kept in mouth against dental caries, toothache, gum infections, mouth Spilanthes acmella Flower. 188. Asteraceae Akarkara ulcers to get relief; and its infusion good Murray Leaves. for chest infection. Leaves paste applied for painful joints and in skin infections. Spondias pinnata Fruit powder given to get relief from dy- 189. Anacardiaceae Ambara Fruit. (L.f.) Kurz. sentery. Stephania glabra 190. Menispermaceae Bishkhapar Corm. Dry powder taken to control diabetes. (Roxb.) Miers. Fruit considered as liver tonic; and vinegar prepared relished as good appetizer. Bark decoction used for gargles against hoarse- Syzygium cumini Fruit. 191. Myrtaceae Jamun ness and bronchitis. Fruit seeds powdered (L.) Skeels. Bark. and taken to control blood sugar level and pancreatic disorder. Also used to cure bleeding gums and pyorrhea. Bark decoction used for gargle against hoarseness and bronchitis. Bark powder Syzygium jambos Bark. 192. Myrtaceae Jamoya taken with honey for throat infection and (L.) Alston Stem. digestive trouble. Twigs used for scouring teeth. Leaf paste mixed with rocksalt applied on Tamarindus indica Leaf. gums to get rid of gum infection and 193. Fabaceae Imli L. Fruit. pyorrhea. Leaves paste applied to relieve inflammation and swellings. Ash of wood in equal proportion with 194. Tectona grandis L. Lamiaceae Sagwan Wood. honey given against throat and cough in- fection. Powder of stem bark recommended for a Terminalia arjuna Stem month with milk or lukewarm water for a 195. Combretaceae Arjun (Roxb.) Wight. bark. month as cardio-tonic, also help in reduc- ing blood cholesterol level. 1tsp of fruit juice with a cup of milk taken for 1 week for gastric trouble; pulp and Terminalia bellirica 196. Combretaceae Bahera Fruit. seed oil applied against skin ailments. As Roxb. „triphala‟ churan taken against stomach and mouth problem. Fruit roasted and eaten thrice a day against cough and chest infection. Fruit juice mixed with honey taken before bedtime for Terminalia chebula 197. Combretaceae Harrar Fruit. against cough, fever, mouth sores, consti- Retz. pation, bronchial infections and gastric troubles. As „triphala‟ churan taken against stomach and mouth problem. Terminalia tomento- Decoction of bark given for internal hae- 198. sa (Roxb. ex DC.) Combretaceae Sain , Asan Bark. morrhage and liver ailments. Wight & Arn. Decoction used against fever. Also taken Tinospora sinensis 199. Menispermaceae Giloe Stem. against diabetes. Stew chewed as an appe- (Lour.) Merr. tizer. Toona ciliata M. Bark powder taken with honey against 200. Meliaceae Toon Bark. Roem. blood disorder and as febrifuge.

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5-10 gm seeds taken to get rid of flatu- Trachyspermum 201. Apiaceae Ajwain Seeds. lence, constipation & abdominal pain with ammi (L.) Sprague warm water. Aerial parts of plant crushed and applied as Aerial poultice for healing of bruises and cuts; Tridax procumbens 202. Asteraceae Pila Bhangra parts of also shade dried powdered leaves pre- L. plant. scribed with lukewarm water against sto- machache. Soaked seeds chewed empty stomach in the morning for a week to control diabetes. Trigonella foenum- 203. Fabaceae Methi Seeds. Tea prepared, taken for improving diges- graecum Linn. tion. Seed poultice taken against painful and swollen joints. Tylophora asthmati- Leaf with black peppers taken early morn- 204. Asclepiadaceae Dama booti Leaf. ca Wight & Arn. ing for a week against asthma. Young leaves decoction taken as tea for 205. Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Bichhubooti Leaf. body aches & rheumatic pain. Also rec- ommended for expelling kidney stone. Vanda tessellata Two drops of leaf juice used to cure ea- 206. Orchidaceae Bhangru Leaf. Hook. ex G. Don rache. Verbascum thapsus Giddar- Fomentation and poultice of the leaves 207. Scrophulariaceae Leaves. Linn. Tambaku help to cure hemorrhoidal complaints. Stem used for scouring teeth. Leaf juice prescribed to cure tonsils. Warm poultice Fruit. good against rheumatism, insect bite, skin 208. Vitex negundo Linn. Lamiaceae Bana Stem. diseases & wound healing. Dried fruit Leaves. powder consumed with lukewarm milk against headache, liver ailment and nerve tonic. Wendlandia heynei 209. (Schult.) Santapau Rubiaceae Pansara Bark. Bark paste applied to suppress furuncle. & Merchant One leaf chewed daily for one month to regularize menstrual cycle. Decoction taken against urinary troubles, root powder Withania somnifera Leaf. 210. Solanaceae Ashwagandha taken with hot milk before bedtime for (L.) Dunal Root. nervous debility and as aphrodisiac. Paste of tender shoot applied for skin inflamma- tions and rheumatic joints. Woodfordia flori- Dried flower taken with water against 211. Lythraceae Dhawi Flower. bunda Salisb. stomachache. Twigs used for scouring teeth & healthy Zanthoxylum arma- Stem. 212. Rutaceae Tirmir gums. Decoction of leaves used against tum DC Leaf. skin ailments. Corn Decoction of corn silk used against urino- 213. Zea mays Linn. Poaceae Challi silk. genital infection. Zingiber officinale Rhi- Juice taken with Black pepper and honey 214. Zingiberaceae Addark Rosc. zome. against cough & cold.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The author is thankful to villagers for their help and cooperation and providing Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife)-cum- the necessary information during fieldwork. Wildlife Warden (Himachal Pradesh) for providing permission to carry out the studies. Further, highly REFERENCES: indebted to the Officers at Col. Sher Jung National 1. Arora, R.K. (1981), “Native food plants of the Park, Simbalbara for providing necessary help and north-eastern tribals” In: Jain, S.K. (ed.) useful suggestions. The author is also thankful to the

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