Reinventando Shakespeare Apresenta

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Reinventando Shakespeare Apresenta REINVENTANDO SHAKESPEARE APRESENTA REINVENTANDO SHAKESPEARE A CAIXA é uma das principais patrocinadoras da cultural brasileira e destina, anualmente, mais de R$ 60 milhões de seu orçamento para patrocínio a projetos culturais em espaços próprios e espaços de terceiros, com mais ênfase para exposições de artes visuais, peças de teatro, espetáculos de dança, shows musicais, festivais de teatro e dança em todo o território nacional, e artesanato brasileiro. Os projetos patrocinados são selecionados via edital público, uma opção da CAIXA para tornar mais democrática e acessível a participa- ção de produtores e artistas de todas as unidades da federação, e mais transparente para a sociedade o investimento dos recursos da empresa em patrocínio. Patrocinar a mostra REINVENTANDO SHAKESPEARE é mais uma ação da CAIXA pela valorização e difusão dos grandes expoentes da cultura mundial. Desta maneira, a CAIXA contribui para promover e difundir cultura e retribui à sociedade brasileira a confiança e o apoio recebidos ao longo de seus 155 anos de atuação no país. Para a CAIXA, a vida pede mais que um banco. Pede investimento e participação efetiva no presente, compromisso com o futuro do país, e criatividade para conquistar os melhores resultados para o povo brasileiro. CAIXA ECONÔMICA FEDERAL ÍNDICE AS REINVENÇÕES DE SHAKESPEARE 9 HAMLET ( GAMLET ) 80 Fábio Feldman (Colaboração: Marcelo Miranda) A HERANÇA 81 ENSAIOS INIMIGOS PELO DESTINO ( CHINA GIRL ) 82 SHAKESPEARE, ADAPTADOR E ADAPTADO: 19 MACBETH ( THE TRAGEDY OF MACBETH ) 83 DA FRANÇA NEOCLÁSSICA À ERA DE OURO DE HOLLYWOOD John Milton MAKIBEFO ( MAKIBEFO ) 84 SHAKESPEARE, NOSSO CONTEMPORÂNEO 27 RAN ( RAN ) 85 Luiz Carlos Oliveira Jr. REI LEAR ( KING LEAR ) 86 O “SEGUNDO” ORIGINAL E AS OPERAÇÕES SILENCIOSAS 35 Celina Sodré REI LEAR ( KING LEAR ) 87 AS POSSIBILIDADES RADICAIS DA RELEITURA 39 RICARDO III: UM ENSAIO ( LOOKING FOR RICHARD ) 88 Filipe Furtado ROSENCRANTZ E GUILDENSTERN ESTÃO MORTOS 89 SHAKESPEARE POR ORSON WELLES 45 ( ROSENCRANTZ AND GUILDENSTERN ARE DEAD ) E ROMAN POLANSKI: A DEMIURGIA INFINITA Luiz Soares Jr A TEMPESTADE ( THE TEMPEST ) 90 SHAKESPEARE SOB O OLHAR DA CULTURA JOVEM 53 TITUS ( TITUS ) 91 Odorico Leal AS TREVAS DA REVELAÇÃO: PETER BROOK, 61 ATIVIDADES PARALELAS 92 JAN KOTT E O MUNDO INFERNAL DE LEAR Fábio Feldman SESSÕES COMENTADAS 93 CURADORES E CONVIDADOS 94 AS PEÇAS DE WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE 72 PROGRAMAÇÃO 98 SINOPSES CRÉDITOS E AGRADECIMENTOS 100 CÉSAR DEVE MORRER ( CESARE DEVE MORIRE ) 76 CORIOLANO ( CORIOLANUS ) 77 FALSTAFF – O TOQUE DA MEIA NOITE 78 ( CAMPANADAS A MEDIA NOCHE ) GAROTOS DE PROGRAMA ( MY OWN PRIVATE IDAHO) 79 REINVENTANDO SHAKESPEARE AS REINVENÇÕES DE SHAKESPEARE Fábio Feldman (Colaboração: Marcelo Miranda) Poeta, ator e dramaturgo, William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) é vasta- mente considerado o maior escritor inglês e um dos maiores autores da história da literatura. O valor de sua produção é quase universalmente inquestionado, tendo ele excedido, enquanto artista, em todas as áreas a que se dedicou. Para a estudiosa Helen Vendler, jamais outro poeta foi capaz de encontrar “mais formas linguísticas com que reproduzir as reações humanas do que Shakespeare nos sonetos”. Vênus e Adônis, festejado poema narrativo, mantém-se até hoje como uma obra-prima do gênero. Seus demais textos poéticos, ainda que menos notabilizados, seguem qualificados por muitos comentadores como importantes con- tribuições ao cânone literário. Porém, é mesmo no campo da dramaturgia que Shakespeare se des- taca. Suas peças, divididas entre tragédias, comédias, crônicas históri- cas e romances (ou tragicomédias), garantem-lhe um lugar sem para- lelo na história das letras ocidentais. Obras como Hamlet (1599-1601), Macbeth (1603-07), Sonho de uma Noite de Verão (1594-96) e A Tempes- tade (1610-11) permanecem, quatro séculos após suas criações, exer- cendo enorme fascínio sobre audiências em todo o mundo. As razões para isso são variadas, dentre elas: o esplendor da linguagem, o empre- go vigoroso do verso branco e do metro iâmbico, o grande potencial metafórico das imagens de que as obras se valem, a universalidade de seus temas, a potência de seus personagens – menos indivíduos do que “espécies” (na expressão de Samuel Johnson), das quais derivam extremo conhecimento acerca da natureza humana – e, obviamente, a questão da originalidade. Muito já foi dito e escrito sobre o caráter originalíssimo das composi- ções teatrais de Shakespeare. Vivendo em um contexto culturalmente efervescente, no qual vários artistas buscaram ampliar as possibilida- des da linguagem dramatúrgica, o escritor se destacou como um expe- rimentador de ousadia sem par. Escarnecendo das restritivas preleções aristotélicas e ignorando as regras de unidade (temporal, espacial e de ação), ele compôs peças de arquitetura exuberante, fundiu formas tra- dicionalmente associadas a gêneros antagônicos e jogou livremente com toda sorte de convenções. Diferentemente do compartimentaliza- REINVENTANDO 8 SHAKESPEARE 9 AS REINVENÇÕES DE SHAKESPEARE Fábio Feldman (Colaboração: Marcelo Miranda) do mundo dos enredos clássicos, o mundo que engendrou é habitado, contexto da era elisabetana. Mesmo tendo servido ao que múltiplos crí- simultaneamente, por tiranos sanguinolentos, príncipes idealistas, filhos ticos consideram como a era de ouro do drama inglês, o palco elisabe- insinceros, pais enlouquecidos, damas apaixonadas, prostitutas, tolos, tano, de um ponto de vista estritamente cênico, era notoriamente parco, guerreiros, bruxas e bêbados degradados. Não há aspecto das realida- provido de poucos cenários, nenhuma cortina e, como atesta o biógrafo des social, histórica e política que ele não tenha contemplado. E não há Bill Bryson, “nenhum recurso para distinguir o dia da noite, a neblina do herói em que não tenha incutido pelo menos algo de anti-heróico. Um brilho do sol, o campo de batalha do quarto de amor, a não ser por meio mestre no emprego do solilóquio, essa formidável via de acesso à vida de palavras”. Desse modo, “as cenas tinham de ser situadas com uns interior, Shakespeare foi capaz de desenvolver personagens dotados de poucos traços verbais e a ajuda da imaginação de uma plateia condes- uma carga psicológica jamais explorada por qualquer autor que o prece- cendente”. Notório é o “prólogo” do ato IV de Henrique V (1599), no qual, dera. Nesse sentido, como bem coloca Northrop Frye, se não fosse por antes da batalha de Agincourt, o representante do coro declama um Hamlet, “talvez nem tivéssemos tido o movimento romântico ou as obras singelo e bem humorado mea-culpa: de Dostoiévski, Nietzsche e Kierkegaard”. A nossa cena voa para a batalha, Não há dúvidas de que essa dimensão visionária da obra shakespearia- Onde envergonharemos, sinto muito, na é o que mais a adequa às demandas de nossa sensibilidade hodierna. Com quatro ou cinco espadas amassadas, Se o bardo de Straton é tido como o grande precursor da modernidade Distribuídas em grotesca luta, literária, isso se deve menos aos tributos que pagou à tradição do que às O nome de Agincourt. Mas olhem bem, rupturas que provocou. Um breve passeio pela bibliografia crítica a ele Vendo a verdade que o arremedo tem.* dedicada pelos românticos é suficiente para que percebamos o enor- me papel que a questão da originalidade desempenhou no processo de *Tradução: Bárbara Heliodora transição de seus escritos rumo a uma posição de absoluta centralidade (in: Shakespeare – O que as peças contam) dentro das referências literárias ocidentais que se reforçaram ao longo dos séculos – vale mencionar que é exatamente nesse contexto que ter- Obviamente, muitas inovações técnicas marcaram a evolução do teatro mos como “gênio original” e comparações com outros grandes “poetas ocidental ao longo dos últimos séculos. Contudo, ainda hoje, montar bem ingênuos”, como Homero e Sófocles, passam a ser empregados corren- uma peça shakespeariana segue sendo um desafio. E é pensando nisso temente ao se falar em Shakespeare. Alquimista do verbo (estima-se que Goethe, no contexto do Classicismo de Weimar, faz, em seu ensaio que o escritor tenha cunhado, aproximadamente, 2.035 novas palavras “Shakespeare e o sem fim”, o elogio do poeta, questionando as habilida- – 800 delas ainda sendo empregadas hoje – e uma enorme quantidade des do dramaturgo. Segundo ele, “quando se consideram as peças de de expressões idiomáticas) e fundador de realidades, o autor de Romeu Shakespeare com exatidão, elas contêm muito menos ação sensível do e Julieta (1591-95) ajudou a reinventar a arte dramática, expandindo-lhe que palavra espiritual”, concluindo que o bardo “deixa acontecer o que é os limites com a força de sua enorme imaginação. fácil de imaginar, o que é melhor imaginado do que visto”. Ou seja: a lar- gura de seu gênio poético seria, segundo o alemão, grande demais para Dito isso, acreditamos haver uma ligação também entre a originalidade a estreiteza formal do teatro, forçando-o a criar cenas excessivamente das peças de Shakespeare e o contínuo diálogo que têm estabelecido sugestivas e pouco funcionais de uma perspectiva dramatúrgica. com o cinema. Antes de nos determos em tal ponto, contudo, é impor- tante refletir acerca de algumas limitações impostas pela natureza mes- Ora, vários são os analistas que rejeitaram tal leitura. Frye, de forma ma do teatro enquanto arte – limitações estas ainda mais extremas no sucinta, defende que, embora Shakespeare tenha sido um poeta que REINVENTANDO 10 SHAKESPEARE 11 AS REINVENÇÕES DE SHAKESPEARE Fábio Feldman (Colaboração: Marcelo Miranda) escrevia peças, “é
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