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Ann Arbor, MI 48106 FAŒ OF THE ENEMY, HEART OF A PATRIOT; JAPANESE-AMERICAN INTERNMENT NARRATIVES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Ann Koto Hayashi. B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1992 Dissertation Committee: Approved by: DR. Barnes n <- P.B. Mullen D.A. Moddelmog Adviser Department of English Copyright by Ann Koto Hayashi 1992 To My Grandfather Jinnosuke, his descendants, and all the other people whose lives were unalterably affected by the Internment and To My Grandmother Koto, who inspired this project u ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During the course of this project, countless people provided me with their emotional, intellectual and, at times, financial support. Although I cannot name them all here, I would like to acknowledge some of the folks whose help has been especially important. I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation to Dr. Daniel R. Barnes for his guidance and insight throughout this project. I would also like to thank the other members of my committee, Drs. Patrick B. Mullen and Debra A. Moddelmog for their suggestions and comments. My relatives, particularly Alice Hayashi and Flo and Tom Ishibashi, were so willing to share their stories with me. and I appreciate their help tremendously. Tom Bodine not only shared his wonderfully narrated memories, but he also provided me with access to Trudy King’s files for which I am very grateful. I would also like to acknowledge Trudy Toll for her assistance and her generosity in allowing me to use her mother's correspondence files. Thanks go to Nobu Hibino for her help. I would like to extend a very special thanks to my parents, Terry and Ursula Hayashi, who have supported me and shown tremendous faith in me and in this project. And finally, to my husband. Hall, thank you for your unwavering support (which took shape in so many different forms), your belief in this project, and your love—which has made so much possible. m VITA March 18. 1961...................................... Born—Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1983 B.A., with Honors in English and Psychology, Denison University, Granville, Ohio 1984 1990 ........................................... Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 1988 ........................................................ Research Associate, The Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: English Studies in: Nineteenth-Century American Literature, Dr. Daniel R. Barnes Folklore, Dr. Amy E. Shuman Twentieth-Century British and American Literature, Dr. Debra A. Moddelmog IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................... iii VITA ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF PLATES..................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................... viü INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. HISTORY OF THE JAPANESE IN AMERICA . PRIOR TO 1946 ....................................................... 35 Immigration ................................................ 35 The Internment............................................. 47 II. FROM KING’S FILES; JAPANESE-AMERICANS ASSERT THEIR IDENTITY AS LOYAL AMERICANS............................................................... 64 III. THE HAYASHI FAMILY AND ITS HISTORY. 106 Hayashi Family H istory ............................... 106 Jinnosuke Hayashi's Offspring ...................... 125 IV. THE INTERNMENT NARRATIVES OF THE HAYASHI FA M ILY .................................................. 160 CONCLUSION.................................................................................... 224 APPENDICES A. WRA Form 26 Teruo Terry H ayashi .................. 233 B. NJASRC Student Questionnaire .............................. 236 G. Map of the Siege of the Takamatsu Castle 240 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................... 242 VI LIST OF PLATES PLATE PAGE 1. Jinnosuke Hayashi, about 1927 ..................................... 97 2. Jinnosuke Hayashi with several of his sons, about 1922 or 1923 ..................................................................... 98 3. The Hayashi and Koike families, taken in Berkeley, California, about 1929 ........................................................ 99 4. Koto Watanabe Hayashi with her daughter. Florence Kinu Hayashi, about 1919 .................................................. 100 5- Koto Watanabe Hayashi on the front porch of the family home at 407 0 Street, about 1937 ..................................... 101 6. Akio and Alice Hayashi, 1936 ........................................... 102 7. Benjamin Masao and Florence Hayashi, 1936 ................. 103 8. Isamu (Thomas) and Florence Hayashi Ishibashi, 1943 . 104 9. Teruo (Terry) and Ursula Hayashi, 1953 ....................... 105 Vli LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Genealogy of the Hayashi Family .................................. 96 vm INTRODUCTION Most of us grew up listening to the stories about our parents' and grandparents' lives. Some of us heard how our parents trudged nine miles to school during blizzards or how they survived the Great Depression or how they met one another and married. But if you were like me. it was the stories that went untold that held the most fascination. For me, these stories concerned my paternal grandmother, for whom 1 was named, and the Internment of the Japanese and Japanese-Americans during World War 11. My own father spent time in Walerga, an assembly center, and later Tule Lake—one of the largest relocation camps. In fact, several of my relatives passed years in the relocation centers; my grandfather even died in a relocation camp in Minidoka, Idaho. However, 1 did not learn about all this until 1 was about ten or eleven years old; and, in truth, even then I heard very little. 1 heard even less about my grandmother. 1 remember 1 was in about ninth grade before 1 even heard my father talk about his beloved mother. So that's where this project began—simply from a need to know more about my family and our history. My family was certainly not the only one to experience the evacuation, internment and subsequent relocation. Numerous Japanese- American families' lives were affected by the events following the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. When 1 began this project, 1 sought answers to such questions as: why didn't the Japanese and Japanese- Americans discuss the Internment for so many years? How did they feel 1 2 about themselves and the government when they were interned? How do they feel about the experience now? What was camp life like? What in the Japanese culture influenced the internees to obey the evacuation orders without protest? In what ways have these individuals experienced being Japanese and American? Is being Japanese and American mutually exclusive? And finally, I wanted to know how the Internment affected my own family's lives. To collect narratives of all the Japanese and Japanese-Americans who were interned is an extraordinary task requiring superhuman efforts and seemingly unlimited funds. I decided on a more manageable approach—to focus on my family and many of my family's friends. I have collected these personal narratives from a variety of sources. I have had numerous discussions about the Internment with my father, Dr. Teruo Terry Hayashi, and several lengthy interviews which I tape-recorded and transcribed. All of these interviews, with the exception of one which was held