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Universidade Federal De Pernambuco Centro De Biociências Departamento De Micologia Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Biologia De Fungos UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO CENTRO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE MICOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA DE FUNGOS EDVANEIDE LEANDRO DE LIMA NASCIMENTO RELAÇÕES FILOGENÉTICAS DE LIQUENS DA AMAZÔNIA, MATA ATLÂNTICA E CAATINGA Recife 2018 EDVANEIDE LEANDRO DE LIMA NASCIMENTO RELAÇÕES FILOGENÉTICAS DE LIQUENS DA AMAZÔNIA, MATA ATLÂNTICA E CAATINGA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Biologia de Fungos do Departamento de Micologia, do Centro de Biociências da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Biologia de Fungos. Área de Concentração: Taxonomia e ecologia de fungos Orientadora: Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres Co-orientadora: Leonor Costa Maia Co-orientador: Robert Lücking Colaborador: André Aptroot Recife 2018 Catalogação na fonte: Bibliotecário Bruno Márcio Gouveia - CRB-4/1788 Nascimento, Edvaneide Leandro de Lima Relações filogenéticas de líquens da Amazônia, Mata Atlântica e Caatinga / Edvaneide Leandro de Lima Nascimento. – 2017. 214 f. : il. Orientador: Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres. Coorientadora: Leonor Costa Maia. Coorientador: Robert Lücking. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Centro de Biociências. Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Fungos, Recife, 2018. Inclui referências e apêndices. 1. Líquens 2. Filogenia. 3. Amazônia 4. Caatinga. 5. Mata Atlântica. I. Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (Orientadora). II. Maia, Leonor Costa (Coorientadora). III. Lücking, Robert (Coorientador). VI. Título. 579.7 CDD (22.ed.) UFPE/CB – 2018 – 427 EDVANEIDE LEANDRO DE LIMA NASCIMENTO RELAÇÕES FILOGENÉTICAS DE LIQUENS DA AMAZÔNIA, MATA ATLÂNTICA E CAATINGA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biologia de Fungos do Departamento de Micologia do Centro de Biociências da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Biologia de Fungos. Aprovada em: 28/08/2017 COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA _________________________________________________________________________ Dra. Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres – (Orientadora) / Departamento de Biociências - Universidade Federal de Sergipe _________________________________________________________________________ Dra. Mônica Cristina Barroso Martins - (Titular Externo - Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica / Universidade Federal de Pernambuco) _________________________________________________________________________ Dra. Bianca Denise Barbosa da Silva - (Titular Externo - Departamento de Botânica / Universidade Federal da Bahia) _________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Roger Fagner Ribeiro Melo - (Titular Externo - Departamento de Micologia / Universidade Federal de Pernambuco) _________________________________________________________________________ Dr. Gladstone Alves da Silva - (Titular Interno - Departamento de Micologia / Universidade Federal de Pernambuco) À Regina Leandro e à Yasmin Sophia, fontes de luz e inspiração para minha vida, e à Virgínia Leandro e José Enildo (in memoriam), dedico. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu grande Deus, pelo seu infinito amor e misericórdia. Sem Ele nada seria possível. A Ele toda honra e glória, por ter me feito chegar até aqui. À minha mãe Regina Leandro, por todo amor, cuidado, dedicação e noites de oração. Nenhuma palavra traduz minha gratidão! A Elson do Nascimento (amigo, namorado, esposo e companheiro), obrigada por toda ajuda, carinho, paciência e apoio em todos os momentos. À Josélia Leandro, minha prima e segunda mãe de Sophia, por todo amor, carinho e cuidado dispensados à minha pequena durante os quatro meses em que estive quase ausente. A toda minha família pelo apoio, torcida e orações durante toda minha vida acadêmica. À Dra. Marcela Cáceres e a Dra. Leonor Maia por ter me indicado o caminho dos liquens e por toda orientação e ajuda durante esse projeto. Ao Dr. André Aptroot pela ajuda na confirmação e identificação do material. Ao Dr. Robert Lücking pela co-orientação e imensa contribuição no estudo de filogenia de comunidade de liquens e na identificação de material. Ao Botanicher Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, pela autorização do Doutorado Sanduíche em suas dependências. Ao Dr. Harrie J. M. Sipman pelos ensinamentos dispensados durante o período de Doutorado Sanduíche. À Amanda Barreto e a Bibiana Moncada pela valiosa ajuda no trabalho de bancada de biologia molecular, no qual sem vocês, não teria sido realizado. À Nana Silakadze pela amizade e companheirismo durante todo o período que estive em Berlin. "To Nana Silakadze for friendship and companionship throughout the time i was in Berlin". À Rayra Simonelly e a Bianca Even pela disponibilidade e ajuda nas coletas e na identificação do material durante estágios. À Araeska Carenna, Dani Magna, Débora Santos, Danielle Karla, Ianne Macedo, Juliana Souza, Frederico Marinho, Mayra Silva, Marcela Alves, Indra Escobar, Iolanda Ramalho e Vilma Santos, pela amizade, companheirismo, paciência e ajuda em todos os momentos durante essa jornada. À Anuska Almeida, João de Oliveira, Charlene Arruda do Herbário URM por toda ajuda e paciência. À Eline Brunet por me acolher em Itabaiana com tanto carinho. Muito obrigada! À Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Itabaiana, pela autorização de uso do Laboratório de Liquenologia. E aos companheiros do Laboratório de Liquenologia da UFS- Itabaiana por toda a ajuda dispensada. Aos mateiros: João Ferreira (PARNA do Catimbau), José Cícero "Saberé" (REBIO Saltinho) e Adejaldo (RPPN Frei Caneca); Adriano Felipe (APA da Barra do Rio Mamanguape) pela imensa ajuda nas coletas; Aos gestores Rodrigo Ferraz (Parque Estadual da Mata da Pimenteira) e Diego Monteiro (REBIO Serra Negra) pela disposição em nos acompanhar nas coletas nos dando todo apoio necessário. Bem como aos demais gestores (PARNA do Catimbau, APA da Barra do Rio Mamanguape, REBIO Saltinho, RPPN Frei Caneca, Empresa Cristal Milênium – PB) e ao Instituto Chico Mendes pelas autorizações das coletas. A todos que de alguma maneira contribuíram e estiveram na torcida para que este projeto se concretizasse. À CAPES pela concessão da bolsa de Doutorado e ao CNPQ pela concessão da bolsa de Doutorado Sanduíche no Botanicher Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin. "Por que andais solícitos? Olhai para os lírios do campo, como crescem; não trabalham e nem fiam; Pois, se Deus assim veste a erva do campo, que hoje existe e amanhã é lançada no forno, quanto mais a vós?" Mateus 6: 28 e 30. RESUMO Compreender como e de que forma ocorre a distribuição das comunidades de organismos nos mais diversos ambientes, tem levantado vários questionamentos sobre: quais são os grupos predominantes, como as espécies estão distribuídas nos biomas (aglomeradas ou dispersas) e quais são os processos ecológicos estruturadores das comunidades biológicas. Para atingir esse conhecimento em relação aos fungos liquenizados, foi conduzido um levantamento sobre a ocorrência de liquens epifíticos para o Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, nos biomas Amazônia, Caatinga, Mata Atlântica e Cerrado, utilizando as bases de dados SpeciesLink e GBIF, análise de exsicatas nos herbários ISE e URM, além de consulta dos registros em publicações (artigos, teses, dissertações, resumos de eventos); verificou-se a existência de depósitos de sequências de DNA das regiões ITS, mtSSU e nuLSU na base de dados do NCBI para as espécies registradas. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade filogenética e o grau de parentesco filogenético entre as comunidades de liquens em diferentes formações vegetais e biomas distribuídos nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do país. Testou-se a hipótese de que as comunidades de liquens nesses biomas apresentam padrões de distribuição que sugerem estreitas relações filogenéticas entre gêneros de Mata Atlântica e Amazônia, enquanto que gêneros de Caatinga formam clados separados. Cladogramas filogenéticos foram construídos manualmente no formato Newick baseados na literatura analisada. Adicionalmente, foram realizadas coletas de liquens epifíticos (maioria crostosos), nos biomas Caatinga e Mata Atlântica, e no ecossistema associado à Mata Atlântica, a Restinga, nos estados de Pernambuco e Paraíba. Foram identificadas 18 novas espécies: Astrochapsa inspersa E.L. Lima, Lücking, L.C. Maia & M. Cáceres, Astrochapsa sp. nov., Chapsa angustispora E.L. Lima, Lücking, L. C. Maia & M. Cáceres, Chiodecton sp. nov., Diorygma sp. nov. 1, Diorygma sp. nov. 2, Graphis cilindrospora E.L. Lima, Lücking, L.C. Maia & M. Cáceres, Graphis sp. nov, Hemithecium sp. nov., Malmidea sp. nov., Myriotrema sp. nov, Opegrapha sp. nov., Phaeographis sp. nov, Porina sp. nov, Pyrenula cinnabarina Aptroot, E. L. Lima & M. Cáceres, Sarcographa sp. nov., Schizotrema sp. nov., Thelotrema sp. nov., além de novos registros para os biomas estudados. Amazônia e a Mata Atlântica apresentaram maior diversidade filogenética, seguido da Caatinga. As comunidades de liquens da Caatinga e dos Brejos de altitude são filogeneticamente mais próximas, e a Caatinga e o Cerrado apresentam maior número de táxons em comum. Através da análise de estrutura de comunidade foi possível verificar que a Amazônia, a Mata Atlântica, o Brejo de Altitude e a Caatinga estão mais relacionadas filogeneticamente. O Carrasco e o Cerradão abrigam muitas espécies estreitamente relacionadas. O Brejo de Altitude, a Caatinga e a Mata Atlântica apresentam aglomerados filogenéticos e no Cerrado e na Restinga existe uma superdispersão das espécies. Fatores como clima, temperatura, índice de luminosidade,
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