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A New Species of Aspicilia (Megasporaceae), with a New Lichenicolous Sagediopsis (Adelococcaceae), from the Falkland Islands

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A New Species of Aspicilia (Megasporaceae), with a New Lichenicolous Sagediopsis (Adelococcaceae), from the Falkland Islands The Lichenologist (2021), 53, 307–315 doi:10.1017/S0024282921000244 Standard Paper A new species of Aspicilia (Megasporaceae), with a new lichenicolous Sagediopsis (Adelococcaceae), from the Falkland Islands Alan M. Fryday1 , Timothy B. Wheeler2 and Javier Etayo3 1Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; 2Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59801, USA and 3Navarro Villoslada 16, 3° dcha., 31003 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain Abstract The new species Aspicilia malvinae is described from the Falkland Islands. It is the first species of Megasporaceae to be discovered on the islands and only the seventh to be reported from South America. It is distinguished from other species of Aspicilia by the unusual secondary metabolite chemistry (hypostictic acid) and molecular sequence data. The collections of the new species support two lichenicolous fungi: Endococcus propinquus s. lat., which is new to the Falkland Islands, and a new species of Sagediopsis with small perithecia and 3-septate ascospores c. 18–20 × 4–5 μm, which is described here as S. epimalvinae. A total of 60 new DNA sequences obtained from species of Megasporaceae (mostly Aspicilia) are also introduced. Key words: DNA sequences, Endococcus, Lecanora masafuerensis, lichen, southern South America, southern subpolar region (Accepted 18 March 2021) Introduction Materials and Methods Species of Megasporaceae Lumbsch et al. are surprisingly scarce Morphological methods in the Southern Hemisphere. Whereas 97 species are known Gross morphology was examined under a dissecting microscope from North America (Esslinger 2019), 104 from Russia and apothecial characteristics by light microscopy (compound (Urbanavichus 2010), 40 from Svalbard (Øvstedal et al. 2009) microscope) on hand-cut sections mounted in water, 10% KOH and 16 from the British Isles (Fletcher et al. 2009), only six species (K), 50% HNO (N) or Lugol’s reagent (0.15% aqueous IKI). have been reported from Australia (McCarthy 2016), seven from 3 Thallus sections were investigated in water, K and Lugol’s reagent. New Zealand (Galloway 2007) and only three from each of South Ascospore measurements of the new species are given as Africa (Fryday 2015) and Antarctica (Øvstedal & Lewis Smith (minimum value–)mean ± standard deviation(–maximum value). 2001). In southern South America, six taxa have been reported Thalline chemistry was investigated by thin-layer chromatography from Argentina (Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb., A. mendozae following the methods of Orange et al. (2001), and nomenclature Räsänen, Circinaria caesiocinerea (Nyl. ex Malbr.) A. Nordin of apothecial pigments follows Meyer & Printzen (2000). et al., C. calcarea (L.) A. Nordin et al., Lobothallia alphoplaca (Wahlenb.) Hafellner and Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.) Arcadia Additional comparative specimens examined. & A. Nordin; Calvelo & Liberatore 2002) and, because Lecanora Lecanora masa- masafuerensis Zahlbr. appears not to be a species of Aspicilia fuerensis. Chile: Juan Fernandez Islands: Mas Afuera, Quebrada as was suggested by Galloway & Quilhot (1998), only two (C. cal- de las Vacas, near two waterfalls of stream in narrow section of carea and Megaspora verrucosa) from Chile (Galloway & Quilhot canyon, 1965, H. A. Imshaug 36869, 36872; ibid., Quebrada de 1998). None have previously been reported from the Falkland las Casas, narrow section, 1965, H. A. Imshaug 36697, 36698, 36704 (MSC); ibid., Quebrada de las Casas, 10 iii 1917, C. & I. Islands (Fryday et al. 2019). Here we describe a new species — that is known from three localities on the Falkland Islands, Scottsberg s. n. (NY isotype). along with a lichenicolous fungus that is present on the holotype collection. Molecular methods Taxon sampling. The majority of specimens used in this study were collected between 2007–2017, but further specimens were Author for correspondence: Alan Fryday. E-mail: [email protected] obtained from herbarium loans and the collecting efforts of Cite this article: Fryday AM, Wheeler TB and Etayo J (2021) A new species of Aspicilia (Megasporaceae), with a new lichenicolous Sagediopsis (Adelococcaceae), from the Falkland other researchers (Table 1). Additional sequences included in Islands. Lichenologist 53,307–315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282921000244 the analysis were downloaded from GenBank (Table 1). © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the British Lichen Society. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduc- tion in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial reuse or in order to create a derivative work. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.14, on 01 Oct 2021 at 00:22:13, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282921000244 308 Alan M. Fryday et al. Table 1. Voucher information and GenBank Accession numbers of sequences used for construction of the phylogenetic tree in Fig. 3. Newly introduced sequences are in bold. Collector number DNA Voucher/ Species (hb) Locality Publication nuITS nuLSU mtSSU Mcm7 Aspicilia Ismayil & Abbas Heilongjiang, Ismayil et al. NR_158307 ––– abbasiana 20111154 (HMAS-L) China (2015) A. angelica Wheeler 5468 Montana, USA TW213 MW435332 MW447407 MW424813 MW435341 (hb. Wheeler) A. aurantiaca Wheeler 7091 California, USA TW220 MW447387 MW447401 MW424807 MW435335 (hb. Wheeler) A. boykinii Wheeler 7274 Montana, USA TW277 MW447394 MW447409 MW424815 MW435343 (hb. Wheeler) A. cinerea Wheeler 7214 Montana, USA TW210 MW447398 MW447413 MW424819 MW435347 (hb. Wheeler) A. cinerea Wheeler 6277 Finnmark, TW219 MW447391 MW447405 MW424811 MW435339 (hb. Wheeler) Norway A. cuprea Knudsen 16336 California, USA TW331 MW447385 MW447399 MW424805 MW435333 (hb. Wheeler) A. cuprea Owe-Larsson 9112 California, USA Nordin et al. EU057902 HM060750 HM060712 – (UPS) (2007, 2010) A. cyanescens Owe-Larsson 9151 California, USA Nordin et al. EU057904 HM060745 HM060707 – (UPS) (2007, 2010) A. dudinesis Nordin 6036 (UPS) Torne Lappmark, Nordin et al. EU057906 HM060748 HM060710 – Sweden (2007, 2010) A. epiglypta Nelson s. n. Hoffellsjokull, TW276 MW447396 MW447411 MW424817 MW435345 (hb. Wheeler) Iceland A. fumosa Wheeler 3844 Montana, USA TW224 MW447395 MW447410 MW424816 MW435344 (hb. Wheeler) A. knudsenii Wheeler 6798 Montana, USA TW245 MW447386 MW447400 MW424806 MW435334 (hb. Wheeler) A. malvinae Fryday 11433 (MSC) East Falkland, TW260 MW447392 MW447406 MW424812 MW435340 Falkland Islands A. pacifica Knudsen 9241 California, USA TW334 MW447393 MW447408 MW424814 MW435342 (hb. Wheeler) A. santamonicae Wheeler 6648 California, USA TW230 MW447388 MW447402 MW424808 MW435336 (hb. Wheeler) Circinaria Nordin 5888 (UPS) Oland, Sweden Nordin et al. EU057898 HM060743 HM060705 – calcarea (2007, 2010) Lepra albescens Schmitt Bohemia, Schmitt et al. AF329177 AF329176 AF329175 – s. n. (ESS-20967) Czech Republic 2001 Lobothallia Nordin 6622 (UPS) Jämtland, Nordin et al. HQ259272 HM060726 HM060688 – melanaspis Sweden (2010, 2011) L. praeradiosa Wheeler 3414 Montana, USA TW269 MW447389 MW447403 MW424809 MW435337 (hb. Wheeler) Oxneriaria Wheeler 4463 Alaska, USA TW296 MW447390 MW447404 MW424810 MW435338 permutata (hb. Wheeler) O. supertegens Owe-Larsson 9002 Troms, Norway Nordin et al. EU057936 HM060742 HM060704 – (UPS) (2007, 2010) O. virginea Wheeler 7153 Montana, USA TW240 MW447397 MW447412 MW424818 MW435346 (hb. Wheeler) DNA isolation and sequencing. Total DNA was extracted from Kit (Qiagen, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instruc- samples of 10–15 healthy apothecia and surrounding tissue. tions except for the following modifications: in the first step, sam- Two 3 mm steel beads were added to the sample tubes and frozen ples were incubated in lysis buffer for 1 h and vortexed every 10 at −80 °C for 1 h. Samples were then mounted on the TissueLyser mins; in the final step, the samples were eluted in 50 μl AE buffer II (Qiagen, Germany) and ground in 30 s intervals for 1–2 min at twice. DNA quantity was tested on an Implen Nanodrop (Implen, 30/hz. DNA was extracted using the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini München, Germany). Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.14, on 01 Oct 2021 at 00:22:13, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282921000244 The Lichenologist 309 Table 2. Primers used in this study. Primer name Primer sequence (5ʹ–3ʹ) Reference ITS1F CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA Gardes & Bruns (1993) ITS4 TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC White et al. (1990) LrlecF CCTCAGTAACGGCGAG Schneider et al. (2015) LR7 TACTACCACCAAGATCT R. Vilgalys (unpublished) mtSSU1 AGCAGTGAGGAATATTGGTC Zoller et al. (1999) mtSSU3R ATGTGGCACGTCTATAGCCC Zoller et al. (1999) MCM7for CGTCACTACAAAACAATTCACC This study MCM7rev CGCCCATCTCTTTTGTGAC This study Table 3. PCR protocols used in this study for given loci. Initial Final Locus denaturation 35 cycles of: extension nuITS 2 min at 94 °C 94 °C for 1 min, 54 °C 72° C for 7 min for 1 min, 72 °C for 45 s nuLSU 4 min at 95 °C 94 °C for 1 min, 54 °C 72 °C for 5 min for 1 min, 72 °C for 45 s mtSSU 4 min at 95 °C 94 °C for
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