The Sundial Primer
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Changing Time: Possible Effects on Peak Electricity Generation
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Crowley, Sara; FitzGerald, John; Malaguzzi Valeri, Laura Working Paper Changing time: Possible effects on peak electricity generation ESRI Working Paper, No. 486 Provided in Cooperation with: The Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), Dublin Suggested Citation: Crowley, Sara; FitzGerald, John; Malaguzzi Valeri, Laura (2014) : Changing time: Possible effects on peak electricity generation, ESRI Working Paper, No. 486, The Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), Dublin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/129397 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen -
AIM: Latitude and Longitude
AIM: Latitude and Longitude Latitude lines run east/west but they measure north or south of the equator (0°) splitting the earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. Latitude North Pole 90 80 Lines of 70 60 latitude are 50 numbered 40 30 from 0° at 20 Lines of [ 10 the equator latitude are 10 to 90° N.L. 20 numbered 30 at the North from 0° at 40 Pole. 50 the equator ] 60 to 90° S.L. 70 80 at the 90 South Pole. South Pole Latitude The North Pole is at 90° N 40° N is the 40° The equator is at 0° line of latitude north of the latitude. It is neither equator. north nor south. It is at the center 40° S is the 40° between line of latitude north and The South Pole is at 90° S south of the south. equator. Longitude Lines of longitude begin at the Prime Meridian. 60° W is the 60° E is the 60° line of 60° line of longitude west longitude of the Prime east of the W E Prime Meridian. Meridian. The Prime Meridian is located at 0°. It is neither east or west 180° N Longitude West Longitude West East Longitude North Pole W E PRIME MERIDIAN S Lines of longitude are numbered east from the Prime Meridian to the 180° line and west from the Prime Meridian to the 180° line. Prime Meridian The Prime Meridian (0°) and the 180° line split the earth into the Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere. Prime Meridian Western Eastern Hemisphere Hemisphere Places located east of the Prime Meridian have an east longitude (E) address. -
What Time Is It?
The Astronomical League A Federation of Astronomical Societies Astro Note E3 – What Time Is It? Introduction – There are many methods used to keep time, each having its own special use and advantage. Until recently, when atomic clocks became available, time was reckoned by the Earth's motions: one rotation on its axis was a "day" and one revolution about the Sun was a "year." An hour was one twenty-fourth of a day, and so on. It was convenient to use the position of the Sun in the sky to measure the various intervals. Apparent Time This is the time kept by a sundial. It is a direct measure of the Sun's position in the sky relative to the position of the observer. Since it is dependent on the observer's location, it is also a local time. Being measured according to the true solar position, it is subject to all the irregularities of the Earth's motion. The reference time is 12:00 noon when the true Sun is on the observer's meridian. Mean Time Many of the irregularities in the Earth's motion are due to its elliptical orbit. In order to add some consistency to the measure of time, we use the concept of mean time. Mean time uses the position of a fictitious "mean Sun" which moves smoothly and uniformly across the sky and is insensitive to the irregularities of the Earth’s motion. A mean solar day is 24 hours long. The "Equation of Time," tabulated in almanacs and represented on maps by the analemma, provides the correction between mean and apparent time to allow for the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit. -
Prime Meridian ×
This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Apple Safari 4) is out of date. Update your browser for more × security, comfort and the best experience on this site. Encyclopedic Entry prime meridian For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/prime-meridian/ The prime meridian is the line of 0 longitude, the starting point for measuring distance both east and west around the Earth. The prime meridian is arbitrary, meaning it could be chosen to be anywhere. Any line of longitude (a meridian) can serve as the 0 longitude line. However, there is an international agreement that the meridian that runs through Greenwich, England, is considered the official prime meridian. Governments did not always agree that the Greenwich meridian was the prime meridian, making navigation over long distances very difficult. Different countries published maps and charts with longitude based on the meridian passing through their capital city. France would publish maps with 0 longitude running through Paris. Cartographers in China would publish maps with 0 longitude running through Beijing. Even different parts of the same country published materials based on local meridians. Finally, at an international convention called by U.S. President Chester Arthur in 1884, representatives from 25 countries agreed to pick a single, standard meridian. They chose the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England. The Greenwich Meridian became the international standard for the prime meridian. UTC The prime meridian also sets Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). UTC never changes for daylight savings or anything else. Just as the prime meridian is the standard for longitude, UTC is the standard for time. -
Civil Twilight Duration (Sunset to Solar Depression
Civil Twilight Duration (sunset to solar depression 6°) at the Prime Meridian, Sea Level, Northern Hemisphere (March 1, 2007 to March 31, 2008) Mar 1 Mar 15 Mar 29 Apr 12 Apr 26 May 10 May 24 7 Jun 21 Jun Jul 5 Jul 19 Aug 2 Aug 16 Aug 30 Sep 13 Sep 27 11 Oct 25 Oct Nov 8 Nov 22 Dec 6 Dec 20 Jan 3 Jan 17 Jan 31 14 Feb 28 Feb Mar 13 Mar 27 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Civil Twilight Duration (daytime temporal minutes after sunset) after minutes temporal (daytime Duration Civil Twilight 23.5° N 30° N 100 40° N 45° N 105 50° N 55° N 58° N 59° N 110 60° N 61° N Northward Equinox North Solstice 115 Southward Equinox South Solstice 120 Analysis by Dr. Irv Bromberg, University of Toronto, Canada http://www.sym454.org/twilight/ Civil Twilight Duration (sunset to solar depression 6°) at the Prime Meridian, Sea Level, Southern Hemisphere (March 1, 2007 to March 31, 2008) Mar 1 Mar 15 Mar 29 Apr 12 Apr 26 May 10 May 24 7 Jun 21 Jun Jul 5 Jul 19 Aug 2 Aug 16 Aug 30 Sep 13 Sep 27 11 Oct 25 Oct Nov 8 Nov 22 Dec 6 Dec 20 Jan 3 Jan 17 Jan 31 14 Feb 28 Feb Mar 13 Mar 27 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 23.5° S 30° S Civil Twilight Duration (daytime temporal minutes after sunset) after minutes temporal (daytime Duration Civil Twilight 100 40° S 45° S 50° S 55° S 105 58° S 59° S 110 60° S 61° S Northward Equinox North Solstice 115 Southward Equinox South Solstice 120 Analysis by Dr. -
September 2019
JUDICIAL COUNCIL OF CALIFORNIA 455 Golden Gate Avenue . San Francisco, California 94102-3688 www.courts.ca.gov REPORT TO THE JUDICI AL COUNCIL For business meeting on: September 23–24, 2019 Title Agenda Item Type Judicial Workload Assessment: 2018 Judicial Action Required Workload Study Updated Caseweights Effective Date Rules, Forms, Standards, or Statutes Affected September 24, 2019 None Date of Report Recommended by September 10, 2019 Workload Assessment Advisory Committee Hon. Lorna A. Alksne, Chair Contact Judicial Council staff Kristin Greenaway, 415-865-7832 Kristin Greenaway, Supervising Research [email protected] Analyst Office of Court Research Executive Summary The Workload Assessment Advisory Committee (WAAC) recommends that the Judicial Council adopt the proposed Judicial Workload Study updated model parameters that are used as part of the formula for assessing judicial need in the trial courts. The council previously approved the Judicial Workload Study in 2001 and 2011; the current update accounts for changes in the law and practice that have affected judicial workload since the last study update in 2011. The recommendation also reflects direction from the Judicial Council, at its July 18, 2019 meeting, to perform additional analysis to ensure the model best represents courts of all sizes. Further, WAAC recommends that the council approve an updated Judicial Needs Assessment per Government Code section 69614(c)(1) based on the new judicial workload measures and the established methodology for prioritization of judgeships. The updated needs assessment would replace a preliminary version that was completed in 2018 using workload measures developed in 2011. Recommendation The Workload Assessment Advisory Committee recommends that the Judicial Council: 1. -
Coordinates James R
Coordinates James R. Clynch Naval Postgraduate School, 2002 I. Coordinate Types There are two generic types of coordinates: Cartesian, and Curvilinear of Angular. Those that provide x-y-z type values in meters, kilometers or other distance units are called Cartesian. Those that provide latitude, longitude, and height are called curvilinear or angular. The Cartesian and angular coordinates are equivalent, but only after supplying some extra information. For the spherical earth model only the earth radius is needed. For the ellipsoidal earth, two parameters of the ellipsoid are needed. (These can be any of several sets. The most common is the semi-major axis, called "a", and the flattening, called "f".) II. Cartesian Coordinates A. Generic Cartesian Coordinates These are the coordinates that are used in algebra to plot functions. For a two dimensional system there are two axes, which are perpendicular to each other. The value of a point is represented by the values of the point projected onto the axes. In the figure below the point (5,2) and the standard orientation for the X and Y axes are shown. In three dimensions the same process is used. In this case there are three axis. There is some ambiguity to the orientation of the Z axis once the X and Y axes have been drawn. There 1 are two choices, leading to right and left handed systems. The standard choice, a right hand system is shown below. Rotating a standard (right hand) screw from X into Y advances along the positive Z axis. The point Q at ( -5, -5, 10) is shown. -
GCSE (9-1) Astronomy Distance Learning
New Pupil Toolkit for GCSE (9-1) Astronomy GCSE (9-1) Astronomy Pupil Worksheet Week 41 Topic 4.5 Spec. refs 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21 1. Which of the following pairs indicate identical times? x A Apparent Solar Time and UT x B GMT and Daylight Saving Time x C Local Mean Time and Mean Solar Time x D UT and Daylight Saving Time (1) 2. Which of the following Astronomy students is correct? Chico: At longitudes that are Roxanna: At longitudes that are east of Greenwich, the Local east of Greenwich, the Local Mean Time is always later than Mean Time is always earlier than GMT. GMT. Your answer: . (1) 3. By how many degrees does the Earth rotate on its axis in 60 minutes? Your answer: . (1) New Pupil Toolkit for GCSE (9-1) Astronomy © Mickledore Publishing 2017 New Pupil Toolkit for GCSE (9-1) Astronomy 4. How long does it take for the Earth to rotate on its axis through an angle of 30°? Your answer: . (1) 5. How many minutes does it take for the Earth to rotate through an angle of 1°? Your answer: . min (1) 6. Erik and Sally are studying Astronomy in different parts of the world; at an agreed time they communicate with each other via WhatsApp. Erik says that his Local Mean Time is 14:32; Sally says that her Local Mean Time is 17:48. (a) Which student is further east? . (1) (b) Determine the difference in longitude between the two students. -
Paper 2017026
IMMC2017026 Page 1 of 18 (+4) From Eliminating Irrelevant Factors to Determining the Meeting Venue—A Computational Approach —“I’m feeling tired.” ※ Abstract International meetings are increasingly common in business and academic communities due to globalisation and the demand of cooperation in all kinds of industries. Therefore, a problem of paramount importance is to decide the host city for such meetings. The organiser of these international meetings may first receive the list of all attendees and where they are from and then choose the optimal host city in consideration of the productivity in the meeting. To study the effect of different factors to the productivity of attendees from different countries, we can first refer to the result of the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI) as its nature is similar to the meeting mentioned above, and each contestant has already been assigned a score. We calculate the difference of a country’s relative ranking and its average relative ranking in the three most recent years to isolate the effect of factors that varies each year from those that have a permanent effect. We then forcibly do linear regression on this measure of performance against different factors, including time zone difference, temperature difference, sunshine duration difference, flight distance, and elevation difference between a contestant’s home city and the host city. Student’s t-test then show that we have no evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the regressions of productivity against temperature difference, sunshine duration difference and elevation difference each has zero slope. Then we focus on minimising the total time difference between contestants’ home cities and the host city, and also minimising the flight distance in order to lower the cost with the premise that we do not violate the former constraint. -
IBM Z Server Time Protocol Guide
Front cover Draft Document for Review August 3, 2020 1:37 pm SG24-8480-00 IBM Z Server Time Protocol Guide Octavian Lascu Franco Pinto Gatto Gobehi Hans-Peter Eckam Jeremy Koch Martin Söllig Sebastian Zimmermann Steve Guendert Redbooks Draft Document for Review August 3, 2020 7:26 pm 8480edno.fm IBM Redbooks IBM Z Server Time Protocol Guide August 2020 SG24-8480-00 8480edno.fm Draft Document for Review August 3, 2020 7:26 pm Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page vii. First Edition (August 2020) This edition applies to IBM Server Time Protocol for IBM Z and covers IBM z15, IBM z14, and IBM z13 server generations. This document was created or updated on August 3, 2020. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2020. All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Draft Document for Review August 3, 2020 8:32 pm 8480TOC.fm Contents Notices . vii Trademarks . viii Preface . ix Authors. ix Comments welcome. .x Stay connected to IBM Redbooks . xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Server Time Protocol . 1 1.1 Introduction to time synchronization . 2 1.1.1 Insertion of leap seconds . 2 1.1.2 Time-of-Day (TOD) Clock . 3 1.1.3 Industry requirements . 4 1.1.4 Time synchronization in a Parallel Sysplex. 6 1.2 Overview of Server Time Protocol (STP) . 7 1.3 STP concepts and terminology . 9 1.3.1 STP facility . 9 1.3.2 TOD clock synchronization . -
Date and Time Terms and Definitions
Date and Time Terms and Definitions Date and Time Terms and Definitions Brooks Harris Version 35 2016-05-17 Introduction Many documents describing terms and definitions, sometimes referred to as “vocabulary” or “dictionary”, address the topics of timekeeping. This document collects terms from many sources to help unify terminology and to provide a single reference document that can be cited by documents related to date and time. The basic timekeeping definitions are drawn from ISO 8601, its underlying IEC specifications, the BIPM Brochure (The International System of Units (SI)) and BIPM International vocabulary of metrology (VIM). Especially important are the rules and formulas regarding TAI, UTC, and “civil”, or “local”, time. The international standards that describe these fundamental time scales, the rules and procedures of their maintenance, and methods of application are scattered amongst many documents from several standards bodies using various lexicon. This dispersion makes it difficult to arrive at a clear understanding of the underlying principles and application to interoperable implementations. This document collects and consolidates definitions and descriptions from BIPM, IERS, and ITU-R to clarify implementation. There remain unresolved issues in the art and science of timekeeping, especially regarding “time zones” and the politically driven topic of “local time”. This document does not attempt to resolve those dilemmas but describes the terminology and the current state of the art (at the time of publication) to help guide -
The International System of Units (SI)
NAT'L INST. OF STAND & TECH NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce NIST Special Publication 330 2001 Edition The International System of Units (SI) 4. Barry N. Taylor, Editor r A o o L57 330 2oOI rhe National Institute of Standards and Technology was established in 1988 by Congress to "assist industry in the development of technology . needed to improve product quality, to modernize manufacturing processes, to ensure product reliability . and to facilitate rapid commercialization ... of products based on new scientific discoveries." NIST, originally founded as the National Bureau of Standards in 1901, works to strengthen U.S. industry's competitiveness; advance science and engineering; and improve public health, safety, and the environment. One of the agency's basic functions is to develop, maintain, and retain custody of the national standards of measurement, and provide the means and methods for comparing standards used in science, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, industry, and education with the standards adopted or recognized by the Federal Government. As an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration, NIST conducts basic and applied research in the physical sciences and engineering, and develops measurement techniques, test methods, standards, and related services. The Institute does generic and precompetitive work on new and advanced technologies. NIST's research facilities are located at Gaithersburg, MD 20899, and at Boulder, CO 80303.