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Agroforestry Parkland Profiles in Three Climatic Zones of Burkina Faso

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Agroforestry Parkland Profiles in Three Climatic Zones of Burkina Faso Available online at http://www.ifgdg.org Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(5): 2119-2131, October 2018 ISSN 1997-342X (Online), ISSN 1991-8631 (Print) Original Paper http://ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int Agroforestry parkland profiles in three climatic zones of Burkina Faso Tiga NEYA1*, Oble NEYA2 and A. Akwasi ABUNYEWA3 1Kwame Nkrumah University of Sciences and Technology of Ghana Kumasi, Department of Civil Engineering, Ghana. 2West African Science of Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, Competence Centre Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 3Kwame Nkrumah University of Sciences and Technology of Ghana Kumasi, Department of Agroforestry, Ghana. *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] ; Tel :(00226) 79 07 28 88 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors thank WASCAL for financial support to this research. ABSTRACT Agroforestry plays an important role in food security and farmer’s resilience to climate change and variability in West Africa. However agroforestry parkland profile in the climatic zone in Burkina Faso are not well known. Therefore, agroforestry parkland profiles in three climatic zones of Burkina Faso were studied. Thirty (30) farmlands in each climatic zone representing about 35 ha were randomly selected on which systematic woody species inventory and dendrometry data collection was undertaken. Diameter classes’ distribution and agroforestry parkland typologies using Importance Value Index analysis were also done. The results showed 42, 31 and 34 woody species respectively in Sudanian, Sudan-Sahel and Sahel strict zones with corresponding density of 37, 30 and 35 trees/ha. Agroforestry parklands in Sudan-Sahel zone appeared to be unstable compared with the two others climatic zones. Mono-woody species parkland of Vitellaria paradoxa was observed in the Sudanian zone while multi-woody species parklands were observed in the Sudan-Sahel and Sahel strict zones. Both the density of trees/ha and the number of species constituting the agroforestry parklands have a direct impact of carbon sequestration potential. Taking in account agroforestry parklands profile is therefore determinant in evaluating smallholders’ farmers in potential benefit from carbon market in each climatic zone. © 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Parkland typology, woody species, density, smallholders. INTRODUCTION Among these strategies agroforestry is one of In sub-Saharan Africa, where the most known and spread, and is also being agriculture is rain feed and characterised by used as a strategy to handle the effects of smallholder farming, farmers developed climate variability and change (Miguel et al., several strategies to cope with low and 2011; Nair et al., 2009). variable productivity (Mertz et al., 2009; In Burkina Faso, rain becomes more Nhemachena, 2009; Pouliotte et al., 2009). and more scarce endangering food production © 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. 6073-IJBCS DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v12i5.14 T. NEYA et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(5): 2119-2131, 2018 and exposing more and more smallholders to The overall hypothesis is that woody species, food insecurity these last decades (Pare et al., their density and agroforestry parkland 2008; Ouedraogo et al., 2009; Vliet et al., profiles are related to climatic conditions. 2013; Neya et al., 2017). Likewise, in other sub-Saharan countries, agroforestry is MATERIALS AND METHODS practiced and cited as a mean or strategy to Study area description cope with productivity uncertainty as well as The study was carried out in three with impact of climate change and climate climatic zones (Figure1) of Burkina Faso variability in the country (Yameogo et al., namely the Sahel strict, the Sudan-Sahel and 2005). Based on that and its contribution to the Sudanian zones as defined by the second both local and national economies; national forestry inventory (IFN2) in 2012 agroforestry parklands are suggested and (Figure1). The Sahel strict climatic zone is recommended to smallholder farmers as mean characterized by shrubby steppes developing to improve their resilience to food insecurity towards the south into wooded steppes. The and to mitigate climate change (; Miguel et soil is characterized by ferruginous leached al., 2011; Tiébré et al., 2016; Angoni et al., deep soils, brown soils and hydromorphic 2018 ). It is known that goods and services soils (Bunasols 1992). The annual rainfall in provided by agroforestry parklands are highly this zone is less than 600 mm. The annual dependent on the types and the density of rainfall in Sudan-Sahel ranges between 600 to woody species present in the farm (Nair et al., 900 mm. Its vegetation is characterized by 2009; Miguel et al., 2011; Teklehaimanot et agricultural landscape dominated by protected al., 2012). Also, one of the key factors that species such as Vitellaria paradoxa , Parkia can influence agroforestry parklands profile is biglobosa , Tamarindus indica (), Adansonia climate (Pouliotte et al., 2009; Miguel et al., digitata . Breastplates and iron shells are the 2011). So far, few studies taking in account main soil types in this climatic zone. Sudanian climatic zones were done on agroforestry zone with annual rainfall greater than 900 mm parklands profiles particularly in Burkina Faso is the most humid climatic zone of the (Yameogo et al 2005; Bationo et al., 2012,). country. It is characterized by woody Therefore, the current study aiming at savannas and forest (Guinko, 1984) with characterizing the profiles of the agroforestry acidic metamorphic rocks and coarse texture parklands in three climate zones is proposed in the topsoil. to appreciate their stabilities. This In each climatic zone, one community characterization will be important to (municipality) was considered for this study. understand farmers’ strategies that shape these So, there were Ouahigouya, located in the agroforestry parklands and to get better north region for the Sahel strict zone, Sapouy, insight in what could be the contribution of in the Centre-west, for the Sudan-Sahel zone agroforestry parklands to carbon and Bouroum-Bouroum located in the South- sequestration. Indeed, reliable data on west for the Sudanian zone. The three agroforestry parklands profiles and their communities were chosen because of farmers capabilities to perform as carbon sinks, experience and ability to work with partners become important to support decision- and gained through previous works with the policy-making particularly in the framework National Forestry Investment programme of country’s Intended Nationaly Determined (FIF) and the Ecosystem Based Adaptation Contribution (INDCs) implementation. The project (EBA). Agroforestry parkland (AFP) study specific objectives are to (i) identify tree is defined as a land-use that associates at least species forming agroforestry parklands in ten (10) ligneous tree (ie, trees, shrubs, etc.) three climatic zones, (ii) investigate the with one or more annual crops (food or cash structural characteristics of tree species in crop), in an agricultural area superior to 2500 those parklands and (iii) characterize the m² (Wala et al., 2005). In this study, AFP parklands profiles based on dominant species. profile is defined as the woody species 2120 T. NEYA et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(5): 2119-2131, 2018 richness, parkland structure (woody species n Hp lnp density and their diameter at breast ii i1 (1) distribution) and the type of landscape n = total number of species in the community structure (multispecies or mono species). In pi = relative abundance of i species in the each of the three communities, households farm. were selected as described below for data ln: Neperien logarithm collection. H: Shannon indices. Households selection Agroforestry parkland structure In each community representing a The structure of AFP in each climatic climatic zone, five villages were randomly zone was characterised through the selected by using the different name of all computation of relative density of trees in the implemented villages of projects EBA et FIP) farm and establishment of stem diameter and in each village six household farms were structures using the DBH distribution. also randomly selected giving a total of 30 households used to characterise AFP profiles Woody species density in each climatic zone. These 30 households The spatial structure referred to the were selected among farmers who have density of individuals’ tree in a known area participated in similar activities with the and the density was obtained using the total Forestry Investment Programme (FIP) or the number of woody species obtained in the give Ecosystem Based Adaptation Project. In the area over the area in hectare. Later on, the selected farms, woody species diversity and values per plot/farm were upscaled to villages their structure were used to define AFPs and community levels. profile in each zone. The study was focused on smallholder farmers, meaning farmers 2 Size-class distribution owning farms between 2500 to 30000 m , the Distribution of tree diameters at breast maximum size defined for smallholder farm in height (DBH) or diameter at 1.3 m was Burkina Faso (MECV 2009). These sizes are established based on the following ten (10) the minimum plot size to carry out an classes in cm: [2-10], ]10-20], ]20-30] , ]30- agroforestry study (Wala et al., 2005). 40], ]50-60], ]60-70], ]70-80], ]80-90], ]90- 100] and ]100-110] and the total individual Woody species inventory number of woody species per class was
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