BEHAVIOR, TECHNOLOGY, AND ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com BEHAVIOR, TECHNOLOGY, AND ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

ERIC TRIST ANDTHE TAVISTOCI< INSTITUTE Richard Trahair

ROUTLEDGE Routledge Taylor & Francis Group

LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2015 by Transaction Publishers

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Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2014030054

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Trahair, R. C. S. Behavior, technology, and organizational development : Eric Trist and the Tavistock Institute / Richard Trahair. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-1-4128-5567-9 1. Trist, E. L. 2. Social scientists—Great Britain—Biography. 3. Orga- nizational sociology. 4. Organizational behavior. 5. Industrial sociology. I. Title. H59.T75T73 2015 300.92—dc23 [B] 2014030054 ISBN 13: 978-1-4128-5567-9 (hbk) Contents

Acknowledgments vii

Introduction ix

1 Family and Schooling 1

2 English Studies at Cambridge 11

3 Psychology Studies at Cambridge 25

4 The American Experience, 1933–1934 43

5 The American Experience, 1934–1935 63

6 Back Home in Dundee 77

7 Trist’s War 97

8 At the Tavistock Clinic 115

9 Early Research and Teaching 129

10 Institute Colleagues 147

11 Institute Administration and Funding, 1952–1958 163

12 Early Research with Emery 177

13 Marriage, Palo Alto, and the Split 191

14 Formalizing the Split 207

15 Back to America 221 16 Three-Generation Family 233

17 Projects in the United Kingdom, the Americas, and Canada 245

18 Working Style and Future View 267

19 Retirement to York 281

20 Final Years 297

Writings of Eric Trist, 1925–2001 317

Index 333 Acknowledgments

I am extremely grateful to my family and friends for their patience and help and to my academic colleagues who supported this work with valuable information, discussions, advice, and occasional travel accommodation. At Latrobe University’s Borchardt Library, I had the guidance of several members of the staff, including Eva Fisch and Julie Marshall. Also, I received generous help from the staff at the Yale University Library, the Victorian State Library, and the University of Melbourne Library, as well as from Harry W. Bass at the Business History Collection of the University of Oklahoma, David Farrell at the Library of the University of California, and David Kessler at the Ban- croft Library of the University of California. Also, I am most grateful to Erwin Levold and his associates at the Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York. Funds to travel to Europe and the United States came from La Trobe University’s School of Social Sciences. I thank the secretarial staff in the Department of Sociology who helped type the many interviews that I conducted. In addition, I received valuable help from Heather Eather in this regard. In Australia, I received professional advice and support from Alastair Bain, Roger Buckle, Alf Clark, Robert Cope, Fred and Merrelyn Em- ery, Sam Hammond, Jill Murray, Col Osman, and the archivist Mark Richmond. I received similar help from Stijn Vandevelde in Belgium, John Service in Canada, and Outi Alestalo and Sally Boyd in Sweden. In London, England, I talked with administrators, staff, and retired social scientists at, and associated with, the Tavistock Institute of Hu- man Relations. Among them were Neil Barnes, Lynn Barnett, Elizabeth Bott-Spillius, Harold Bridger, Bill Cooke, John D. Mollon, Gillian Dwyer, John Hall, Frank Heller, Pearl King, John Margarson, Mike Maskill, Hugh Murray, Isabel Menzies-Lyth, and Eric Miller. At the University of Cambridge, I received help from Kerry Wood, Leslie Wilkins, and Jonathon Smith. I received immensely useful information from the staff of Trinity College Library and the Cambridge Psychological Laboratory.

vii Behavior, Technology, and Organizational Development

I am extremely grateful for the support I received from Jane Ringrose, an archivist at Pembroke College in Cambridge, and from the British Psychological Society. I received generous help from the staff of The Guardian, The Times, and The Independent. Late in the 1980s and during the 1990s in Gainesville and Carmel, I talked with members and friends of the Trist family including Alan, Carolyn, and Beulah Trist. Following Eric’s death in June 1993, the Trist Archives were maintained by Beulah in Carmel, California. I received friendly and illuminating editorial support from Alan. Many of Trist’s associates were available to discuss his work and life, including Steve Burgess, Lyman Ketchum, Marvin Weisbord, Stu Winby, Sara Raffetto, Paul Lawrence and George Lombard of the Harvard Business School, Riane Eisler, Bob Dreher, Bob Tannenbaum, Gina White, and Dan A. Wren.

viii Introduction

This life of Eric Lansdown Trist (1909–1993) describes the personal origins of his work on the application of social science theory, knowl- edge, and methods to the organization of working life and its manage- ment. The book outlines his socio-technical theory of organization, and how it applies to the use of group relations in advancing efficiency, productivity, creativeness, and gratification at work. It describes his outstanding educational career, in England, experience in America, his attitude to American and English education, the suffering among the unemployed in America and Scotland in the 1930s, inefficiencies in the UK Army’s method for selecting men to be officers in wartime, and the establishment of Civil Resettlement Units in England to help army veterans to overcome feeling like aliens in the society they defended in World War II. In America Trist married Virginia Traylor, had a son, Alan, in Scotland. For over twenty-five years, his wife suffered from schizophrenia and lived in an institution. Trist’s working life was inspired by the social psychiatrists in the British Army who had practiced community medicine while at the Tavistock Clinic in the years between the world wars. After World War II, as the only non-medical member of the Tavistock Group, Trist helped establish the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations and with A. T. M. Wilson led the management of its work, tirelessly advocated a psycho-dynamic approach to psychiatry, helped select and train man- agers for large British corporations, and while teaching younger fellows at the Institute studied the efficacy of autonomous working groups in the nationalized coal mines of Great Britain. In place of the traditional technology-driven bureaucracies of industry, Trist recommended that social science research reorganize industries on socio-technical lines. His recommendations were recognized by the National Coal Board but were resisted at almost every turn largely because managers and union leaders perceived threats to their personal control at work and the future of their careers. Management of this resistance became a major

ix Behavior, Technology, and Organizational Development theme in Trist’s work with the Institute’s clients and the communities surrounding their firms. Trist met this resistance not by publicly denouncing established bureaucratic procedures and management, but with evidence from reliable research studies that showed how inefficient, uncreative, rigid, and ungratifying were organizations that were dominated by technol- ogy-driven bureaucracy and the assumption that work was performed best by people who were considered to be little more than costly extensions of machines. He advocated changing technology-driven employment with the socio-technical work systems to overcome the resistance to changed attitudes at work. Reliable socio-technical re- search was done in the coal industry with colleagues from the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations in the 1950s and was not published fully until 1963 due largely to requests by the National Coal Board, Trist’s workload in editing the interdisciplinary journal, Human Relations, and his heavy teaching and administrative load at the Institute. During these difficult years, Trist raised Alan, insisted he be well-educated, and was supported with the love of Beulah Varney, the Institute’s assistant sec- retary. They married in 1959 and had a daughter, Carolyn in 1962. She would later follow ideas and research of her father. Together Eric and Beulah founded the first Leicester Conference for industrial managers who would learn from personal interaction with others how better to understand themselves and find a more effective and sensitive way to deal with the interpersonal problems that arise in organized life. In the hands of other colleagues, the conference would become one of the more noted achievements of the Institute. The practical application of socio-technical research findings, the action research method and the understanding of oneself through interaction with others through work with staff of in the Tavistock In- stitute of Human Relations, gradually secured an acceptable reputation among a few social scientists in the United Kingdom and a surprising number in Europe and America. However, when Trist was in Palo Alto, the Institute underwent changes without his knowledge that lead to his influence at the Institute being undermined, and a split in the Institute’s collegiate organization and goals. The institute was divided and Trist led the larger of two groups. With his Australian colleague, Fred Emery, Trist established a new action-research method—the Search Conference—to overcome unremitting conflict within a client organization, and they later redefined the environment of industrial/ commercial firms by dispensing with the simple-minded, unrealistic x Introduction market economy and replacing it with the realism of what they named the “Turbulent Environment.” This met extraordinary resistance largely because it showed clearly the ineptness of the practices widely employed from the early Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth cen- tury to the management of modern corporations and firms. With the growth of digital information and the application of the computer to rapid decision making, industry was undergoing a new revolution. Old management procedures had to give over gradually to the new view of work, especially where the Quality of Working Life became central to effective organization. From the mid-1960s until his death in 1993, Trist often spoke on how managers of industrial organization had to face the turbulent en- vironment, the Quality of Work movement, and plan new management practices based upon the revision of human values that had long dom- inated organized working life. His new practices were acknowledged widely in many large corporations, and it was clear that organizational change could not be achieved within less than a generation. The resis- tance to change generally, the limited spread of new aims and ideals, the failure to deal with feelings of envy and jealousy all held back the application of Trist’s practices and ideas. Trist’s working life was like that of a missionary, advocating the es- tablishment with the original Tavistock group collegiate of a system of men and women who practiced social science knowledge, researched the effectiveness of those practices acted upon them and examined the effects of their work, and then modified the new practices and continued to learn from the integration of social action and fresh social research. To Trist universities rightly pursued the accumulation of scientific reliable knowledge for the secure development of disci- plines. But this did not suit the application of social science. Instead, he worked to establish reliable knowledge in the social sciences and put it to use, and from that, further research would refine reliable knowledge and extend it for further use by researchers of goodwill. He returned to America, joined the University of California at Los Angeles briefly and then the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, and retired to the faculty of Environmental Sciences at York University in Toronto. He yearned to spend time in England and never forgot his early years with the Tavistock professionals. His final project was to organize a three-volume anthology of the action research done at the Tavistock Institute with help from his wife, Beulah, Hugh Murray, and Fred Emery. He did not retire in the United Kingdom; after a few years xi Behavior, Technology, and Organizational Development of retirement in Gainesville, Florida, he died in Carmel, California, near his children and friends. The personal origins of Trist’s work on social science can be relat- ed to his upbringing as an unexpected child of elderly parents, their devotion to their special child and his education, and to his discovery at Cambridge university of his lasting love for English literature and the way good work could be applied to social groups, the horror of the col- lapse in the world economy of the 1930s and the dreadful consequence of the highly mechanized World War II. Toward the end of his active mission, he returned to writing poetry and to managing his morbid view of human civilization and his doubts about how far his ideas had been used. His solace lay in a brief but gratifying return to a spirited concern with the socio-cultural relevance of religion as practiced by the radical Bishop of Durham, who like Trist, questioned the myths of Christianity and sought to ennoble the human spirit. The three-volume anthology, E. Trist, H. Murray, F. Emery, and B. Trist (Eds.) The Social Engagement of Social Science: A Tavistock Anthology, Volume 1: The Socio-Psychological Perspective, Volume II The Socio-Technical Perspective, Volume III The Socio-Ecological Per- spective Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania Press is now out of print, but is readily available an the internet address http://www. moderntimesworkplace.com/archives/ericbio/ericbioPub/ericbiopub. html. Also at this address, the reader will find Trist’s reminiscences published in 1993 as “Guilty of Enthusiasm,” a list of his publications and a photograph. For economy’s sake, in the following biography, among the referenc- es, sources, and endnotes at the end of each chapter, four abbreviations are used: “RCA” is the Rockefeller Center Archives; “TIHR” is Tavistock Institute of Human Relations and indicates the document was to be found at the Tavistock Institute in bound files available at the Institute library; “TA” is Trist Archives in the possession of Beulah Trist; “GT” is Gerschenfeld Tapes in those Trist Archives; “SESS” refers to the The Social Engagement of Social Science: A Tavistock Anthology and is fol- lowed by either I, II, or III for the relevant volume. Prior to publication, it was planned that scholars could eventually gain access to all sources on which the biography is based, including Trahair’s archive on Trist, at the Archives of York University in Toronto, Canada.

xii 1

Family and Schooling

Early Family Life When recalling his family’s origins, Trist emphasized misfortune and the unexpected. In nineteenth century Cornwall, the Trists made money in the China trade until they were caught for smuggling from France.1 One cousin made a fortune in the West Australian gold rush but on returning to England left a fortune, but not toward Eric’s side of the family.2 Against the family’s wishes, Eric’s father Frederick Lansdown Trist (1865–1943) ran away to sea, the year his birth was recorded; joined the War Department Service; and eventually became a respected mariner. In 1897, he met Alexina Middleton (1868–1955) a governess/nurse living with a military family in Shoeburyness. Her family had also lost a fortune. Born in Scotland, she had left home at the age of twenty and had gone to work earlier in Edinburgh. In 1897 they were married3 and in their early forties they had given up the idea of having a child. Their only child was forceps delivered on Sep- tember 11, 1909, at 21 Monins Road, Elms Vale, Dover in Kent. Because the family doctor was away, his inept local had been called. Alexina contracted septicemia, was hospitalized, and nearly died. For six weeks, little Eric did not see her. Worse, in hospital his health was in hazard because he could not digest any baby food until one was found that he could tolerate. Eric believed this early experience must have had a deep effect on him, but recalled also that he and Alexina developed a good personal relationship.4 For his first two years, a teenage cousin, Milly, lived in the Trist household doing her nursing training. Later, she would come to visit Eric and after nursing training, she would visit him during holidays. Eric’s childhood family without siblings comprised his parents’ older relatives, and their grown children, whom he saw rarely since his family lived far from relations, in Scotland, Cornwall, and Devonshire.

1 Behavior, Technology, and Organizational Development

In the first eighteen months of Eric’s life, Great Britain’s popula- tion reached 45 million, and the British Empire occupied one-fifth of Earth’s land surface holding 400 million inhabitants. As an alter- native to the Conservative rule, the Liberal party had emerged in the nineteenth century and with the support of commercial and growing industrial interest, utilitarian reformists, and the Welsh and Scottish non- conformists as well as England’s rising middle class. These policies were congruent with both Trist and Middleton family interests in the nineteenth century and they supported important liberal reforms, such as voting by secret ballot and introduction of elementary education. Education was most important to Alexina who saw it as a way to regain her family’s lost reputation, and in her commonplace books, she kept a magnificent sepia reproduction of the Royal family of Great Britain 1897 celebrating the Diamond Jubilee.5 During the summer of 1910, in Great Britain and Ireland, strikes were frequent among shop assistants, cotton mill workers, Welsh miners, stevedores, transport workers, painters and decorators, coal miners, and doctors. Fifty girls died in a factory fire in July 1913, 100,000 Yorkshire coal miners quit work in April 1914, and by June 1914 Great Britain had two million employees on strike. While these kinds of conflicts were daily news to Frederick and Alexina Trist, Eric was surviving the early life of a small person. Aged three years in 1912–1913, he suffered severe gastritis, and between four and seven years, endured usual childhood infections. When he was five, just as the Great War began, Eric suffered measles, encephalitis, and had a mastoid operation. In 1916, he went to hospital with diphtheria. From childhood illness he recovered well enough to play many of the outdoor games of a healthy boy. In August 1914, the War Department Service, which Eric would later liken to the Naval section of the Army, employed his father as a sea captain with his command at Dover. Throughout the Great War, Eric recalled frequent air raids on Dover, and saw a hospital ship, the HMAS Anglia, sink, believing it had been torpedoed, and learned that his father had rescued over twenty men and two officers from the water after the sinking.6 School In 1916–1920 Eric attended a Dover elementary school, St Martin’s Council School for Boys, was in the Young Worshippers League, the school’s rugby team, and by October 1919 was proficient in swimming.

2 Family and Schooling

His parents had insufficient income for a private secondary school, so Eric went to the Dover County School for Boys.7 In class, Trist was outstanding, and his careful determination re- vealed abilities and interests that contributed much to his later life. Consistently among the top (1921–1925), he was rarely absent from class, and his form masters’ comments were consistently favorable. His was top in Holy Scripture and Geography, and was poor at Manual Work. Aged fifteen Eric quit studies in Physics, Chemistry, and Manual Work, and concentrated on Arts, excelling in Holy Scripture, and Ge- ography, and was outstanding in History, Reading, Recitation, English, French, and Algebra. School reports suggest Eric had little interest in practical matters, and little opportunity to learn practical skills from his father’s ship board life apart from use of maritime maps to study the geography of sea travel. Eric’s grasp of religion and scripture probably owes much to his mother’s religiosity and romantic views on education, poetry, and learning generally. His entries in school magazines also show that Eric was maturing in the direction of an academic scholar rather than a man of practical matters. Only once, when he was ill from January to April 1923 with jaundice, a bile disorder, was he absent for much of a school term; nevertheless his teachers were satisfied with his work. In poor health in September 1924, Eric suffered from a meningitis mastoid that led to his first experience of narcolepsy, short attacks of irresistible drowsiness. By December 1925, he had passed the School Certificate A of the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination and was awarded the Oxford and Cambridge Joint Board School Certificate. He eventually qualified for matriculation to London University. He was awarded several school prizes and earned high regard from his teachers. Eric’s classroom work was augmented by activities in the school’s Literary and Scientific Society, for example, photography, debates on life in Shakespeare’s day,8 debates on Science and Art, mock elections, discussions of political policies relating to the League of Nations, Bolshevism, and Great Britain’s Near-East policy. He wrote “On the Atlas” for the school magazine,9 published poetry,10 reviewed works on stage, and attracted fine reviews for his acting.11 Trist came to secondary school a capable swimmer and footballer, and in spite of various periods of illness in the winter of 1922–1923, he managed that summer to do well in the high jump, and in the school’s swimming sports. A year later he was a fine long-distance racer and capable batsmen, won his school’s sporting colors and developed his

3 Behavior, Technology, and Organizational Development interest in tennis.12 He was in the School’s Cadet company, attended Cadet Corps Camp, and wrote reports on infantry platoons.13 An out- standing figure at a growing school of four hundred boys, Trist was made a prefect with his close friend Henry Garland and was awarded the senior Tunnell History Prize at Speech Day in 1926.14 Future Prospects At the end of 1922, when Eric had turned thirteen, his father, fifty-seven, was approaching retirement, and his mother was fifty-four. The question arose: what should he do if it became necessary for him to leave school? There were serious difficulties in finding work for school leavers. Youth unemployment was largely due to the need to employ former servicemen. Positions were expected in the coal industry. Many young boys were waiting for vacancies in Britain’s industry and for exams to enter the Home Civil Service. To earn a certificate that would allow one to be considered for any office position, it was necessary to have three consecutive years of education. Also a “pass” was not enough to secure a respected post, and many employers sought “honours or matriculation” for work as a clerk.15 By November 1927, Frederick Trist, aged sixty-two, had retired and was recognized for his service to War Department Fleet with the Im- perial Service Medal. Owing to his injury in the service he was totally incapacitated and was unable to attend the ceremony with his former colleagues at Dover where the King was to give him a medal. With a retired, ill father and mother approaching sixty, what would Eric do? And what should Eric do about his own future when he had completed his schooling in March 1928? He wanted to quit school and go to sea on an adventure, but his father did not want that, and indicated that he could arrange instead to have Eric apprenticed on a naval training ship. Earlier in 1927, among Britain’s unemployed were a large number of boys between fourteen and eighteen. Eric’s headmaster had advised parents then to allow the boys to stay at school as long as possible, and that the best method of getting a post or starting on a career depended on gaining a school leaving certificate. Boys were advised to consider the Consular Service Examination; others were advised to consider a wire- less telegraphy career with the Marconi Wireless Telegram Company. A valued school certificate was the London Matriculation Certificate and the Oxford and Cambridge Joint Board School Certificate. Busi- nesses were asking for better-educated personnel, and qualifications were becoming necessary even for boys wishing to be architects.

4 Family and Schooling

Opportunities were appearing in colonial farming, the railways, public works, electric power generation, and mining in New Zealand and Australia. Several boys had been placed in careers because they had served at least a year in the school’s Sixth form before leaving school, and the headmaster noted that the Royal Air Force apprentices and clerks had to be aged seventeen before they could sit for entrance examinations; and for positions in the Royal Navy and Royal Marines, a lad had to be between seventeen and eighteen, and must have passed well in final school exams. The Customs and Excise Service had fifty vacancies for older lads, and Lloyd’s of London was offering a scholarship for a boy with high intellectual ability and practical efficiency. Industrialists were also recommending that boys remain at school longer because in this way they would have the best chance of employment. Employers were looking for lads with habits of careful observation, a readiness to think things out by a process of scientific reasoning, a high grade of intelligence, and the power of application.16 Faced with a high level of vocational uncertainty among young men, Thomas Watt, Eric’s French master, chose Eric and his remaining school friend, a brilliant boy, Clifford Jarrett, and sent them to the headmaster. Watt insisted the two boys must be entered for Kent State Scholarships so that they could attend university. To each lad, he described university life at Oxford and Cambridge, and told them how boys went away from home, lived alone, and studied. He convinced them that they would have a future if they chose to attend university.17 Choosing University In April 1927, Eric’s parents were advised by his headmaster that their son should apply for a Higher Exhibition to help him complete education at university. Exhibitions were available under a scheme of loans. The scholarship loan would be made to selected candidates who, it was thought, should benefit from university education and would be otherwise prevented, through a lack of means, from undertaking such training. The scholarship would pay for Eric’s time at university, a cost that his parents would not be able to bear. The appropriate award would be a Class A Exhibition suitable for students to read at university for an honors degree with a view to entering a profession like engineering, law, medicine, or commerce, and awards were available to provide teacher training. To be eligible, Eric would have to pass an approved secondary school examination or its equivalent. So Eric set to work on

5 Behavior, Technology, and Organizational Development what he needed to know and write about for a scholarship that would allow him to enter university. It would not be easy for Eric to gain such a scholarship, and the strain was evident in his efforts to win one. He set to work early in March on what he needed to know and write about for the university entrance scholarship. Early in his studies, his school teachers remarked that he worked extremely hard in English, but had to be careful not to over- strain himself and spoil a promising effort; in History his teacher wrote that he was a thoroughly keen worker with an honesty of purpose, and that because his standard was being maintained he should do well in Geography too; his Latin appeared to be excellent, and in French he was a “hard, serious, worker, . . . now well in hand, and must not spoil his chances by over worry.”18 Eric never missed a class between March and July 1927. At the end of July, shortly before he sat the exam his teachers thought that in English he was a “hard conscientious worker and fully deserves success,” and a pupil whose “keenness, despite occasional nervousness has been maintained.” In History, his master wrote that he “did very good work, and will continue to do so [but] he must not be over-anxious about the result of all his work.” In Latin the master wrote “preparations and class work are excellent and show a keen appreciation of literature, but unfortunately, in composition too often he makes elementary mistakes, although his style is very good indeed.” Finally, in French, his master thought he completed excellent work, and showed “exceptional powers of appreciation and detailed knowledge, but there are still traces of nervous pressure which shows itself in extraordinary errors of syntax. I hope there are not too many in the [July] examinations.”19 In July 1927, probably very nervous, Eric sat the exam for entry to university, was successful, and was awarded a Higher School Certif- icate A of the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board. The award stated that he had pursued the course of higher study in Modern Studies from January 1926 (English, French, Latin, History, Geography, and Arts). He satisfied the examiners with distinctions in two subjects—French and English, also in subsidiary subjects, Latin and European History—and by passing the exam so well, Eric was awarded a State Scholarship.20 Eric was in the middle of his nineteenth year, February 1928, when he was awarded the scholarship. Still, he had to satisfy the Board of Education that he needed a grant to attend university. If he could satisfy the Board, he would receive financial aid for his fees, and up to £80 a

6 Family and Schooling year to maintain himself. Eric’s parents had to testify to their son’s total annual resources and indicate what he would need in maintenance. It was up to Eric to make his own arrangements for securing admission to the university he wanted to attend.21 So, for three days, in the middle of March 1928, Eric had to be examined again to see if he would be suitable for election to, and residence at, Pembroke College, Cambridge. Candidates had to be under nineteen years of age, and the application for examination cost £1, refundable if successful. Eric had to choose one of the following examination subjects: Mathematics, Classics, Natural Sciences, History, Modern Languages, or English. Candidates who chose to be examined in Modern Languages had to be the sons of British-born parents, and preferably still at school. At that time, the commissioners for all colleges at Cambridge had established new provisions regarding the nominal value of scholarships and exhibitions. In the beginning, a scholar would receive £30 a year only as allowance for rooms. Further payments could be made only if the scholar and his family were in need.22 Eric chose English and had to sit five different examinations. The first contained passages of prose and verse for him to interpret and appre- ciate, and a few questions of literary criticism; the second paper asked about Shakespeare and the history of English literature; the third was a general paper on questions about the history, politics, and social life of Great Britain since 1485, when the long civil war in England—War of the Roses—was drawing to a close; the fourth task was to write an English essay, and the final paper consisted of passages from a Latin prose author for translation into English. In the last paper, Eric had to attain a fair standard to be considered for election to Pembroke College. Unlike his friend Clifford Jarrett, who won a scholarship to Sydney Sussex College, and travel expenses to Germany to enhance his ability to study modern languages at Cambridge, Eric was not immediately successful in gaining entrance to Pembroke College. He was made proxime accessit, that is, “came next.” At the March exam he had asked the tutor at Pembroke College, “if I don’t get one of these, if I get a State scholarship later in the year, would you have me?” The Tutor said, “Yes.” It was announced in July 1928 that Trist had won a State scholarship. Trist recalled that in those days the remuneration was £150 a year, and he felt this was very high. Three days after his birthday in 1928 Eric Trist applied for entrance to Pembroke College, Cambridge. His application described briefly his 7 Behavior, Technology, and Organizational Development school record, and stated that he lived with his parents in the Dover suburb of Elms Vale, and gave his standing in the school’s Cadet Corps and the dramatic society. He planned to read for the English tripos, be proficient in French, and become a teacher.23 His application was accepted. Notes 1. Trist in conversation with the Clatworthys, December 16, 1987, Trist Archives (TA). 2. Eric L. Trist, “Guilty of Enthusiasm,” in Management Laureates: A Collection of Autobiographical Essays, ed. Arthur G. Bedeian (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1993), 193–221; Trist to Trahair May and December 1989. 3. Parent’s files: Permit book of A Trist and Permit Book of F Trist, October 11, 1916, TA. 4. Trist to Bowlby, no date, probably 1985, TA. 5. Parent’s files, TA. 6. GT 1, TA. The ship was not torpedoed. On November 17, 1915 at noon when returning from Calais to Dover HMAS Anglia struck a mine laid by a German torpedo boat. Many nearby ships, including the SS Langdon, came to the rescue. Over 130 people were killed. Frederick Trist was cap- tain of the SS Langdon. The Admiralty to FJ Trist, January 7, 1916, TA. A picture post card shows a fragment of a bomb dropped on Dover, mounted, and then respectfully presented to George V by the Anti-Aircraft Corps, Dover, TA. 7. Certificate, December 31, 1920, TA. In conversation with Trahair, December 1989 Trist said both parents were inclined to education and thought it the “central thing.” The county school copied the mores of private schools in Great Britain like Eton and Harrow, and when Trist left became a “grammar school,” now commanding a high social and academic reputation. Common- wealth Fund Fellowship Application February 2, 1933. Trist in conversation with Trahair—December 1989. 8. Medical notes, 1989; School Report March 28, 1923; the swimming badge could be bought for 2s 6d in November 1923; The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 13, no. 43 (July 1923): 45; The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 13, 43: 47; The Pharos: Twenty First Birthday Number, Dover County School for Boys, 1905–1926 53, no. 16 (December 1926): 97–98, TA. 9. Eric L. Trist, “On an Atlas,” The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 15, no. 49 (1925): 52–53. 10. Eric L. Trist, “Nocturne,” The Pharos: Twenty First Birthday Number, Dover County School for Boys, 1905–1926 16, no. 53 (1926): 114–16. 11. Eric L. Trist, Dramatic Society. The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 17, no. 54 (1927): 11; The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 17, no. 56 (December 1927): 70, 87; The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 18, no. 57 (March 1928); The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 18,

8 Family and Schooling

nos. 15–18 (March 1928). All copies of The Pharos are in TA and in www. dovergrammar.uk/archives. A photo of the cast appears on page 17, and a copy of the original photo is in TA. 12. Medical notes, 1989, TA; School Report March 28, 1923; The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 13, no. 43 (July 1923): 45; The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 13, no. 43 (July 1923): 47; The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 14, no. 45 (July 1924): 15; The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 14, no. 46 (July 1924): 46–47; The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 15, no. 49 (December 1925): 39, 40–42, 45. Photograph in TA. In March 1926, Eric Trist was awarded his School colors, “not only for playing in the School elevens, but also for the keenness [he had] shown in all branches of sport.” The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 16, no. 51 (March 1926): 16–17, TA. 13. Eric Lansdown Trist (E. L. T.), “1st Cadet Company. C.P. (F.) R.E.,” The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 16, no. 51 (March 1926): 14–15. See also T. S. Newing, “Summary of Results, 1st XI for Tist’s cricket performance,” The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 16, no. 52 (July 1926): 50–51. 14. The Pharos: Twenty First Birthday Number, County School for Boys, Dover, 1905–1926 53, no. 16: 97–98. 15. F. Whitehouse, “Headmaster’s Notes,” The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 12 (December 1922): 41; F. W., “Headmaster’s Notes,” The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 13 (December 1923): 42. 16. The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 51 (1926): 3; The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 54, no. 17 (1927): 15. 17. Trist in conversation with Trahair—December 1989. 18. School Report April 6, 1927, TA. 19. School Report July 27, 1927, TA. 20. In July 1928, he was “proceeding to University” according to Anonymous (1928) “Valete,” The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys 18, no. 58 (July 1928): 70; in the article Trist was describes as a Senior Prefect, Sergeant in the Cadet Corps, Member of the School 1st XI, awarded Cricket and Football Colors, Vice-Captain of Maxton House, Secretary of the School Musical Society, a Royal Life Saving Society Bronze Medallist, and awarded a Kent Education Committee Higher Exhibition. Also, Trist was awarded a State Scholarship and the County Exhibition and received distinc- tions in English, French and History in the Oxford and Cambridge Higher Certificate examination. Commonwealth Fund Fellowship Application, February 2, 1933, TA. 21. Board of Education State Scholarships (England and Wales) Tenable at Universities; Description and Conditions. Form 1 U, 1928, TA. 22. Pembroke College, Cambridge, [Information for applicants seeking] Entrance Scholarships and Exhibitions for March 1928, TA.

9 Behavior, Technology, and Organizational Development

23. According to the Board of Education Document’s description of conditions in 1928, the amount was up to £80 per year for personal maintenance for three years, in addition to a grant for fees. Trist’s parents had to indicate in a statuary declaration their total resources; and the Board considered any recommendations that might come from the university. Grants could be varied from time to time if changes arose in the scholar’s financial circum- stances. The scholarship could be extended to four years, TA. Ringrose, Jayne S. Letter to Trahair on Eric Lansdown Trist at Pembroke College, Cambridge. August 6, 2003.

10 References Trist, Eric L. “With the Cadets in Camp, Sandwich Bay.” The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys (1925): 83–87. Trist, Eric L. “On an Atlas.” The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys (1925): 52–53. Trist, Eric L. “Report on School Cadet Camp.” The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys (1926): 14–15. Trist, Eric L. “Nocturne.” The Pharos: Twenty First Birthday Number, County School for Boys, Dover, 1905–1926 (1926): 114–116. Trist, Eric L. “The Spirit of Cambridge.” The Pharos: The Magazine of the Dover County School for Boys (1928): 27–29. Trist, Eric L. “Letter to A. H. K and M. H. K.” The Harkness Hoot: A Yale Undergraduate Review 4, no. 5 (1934): 25. Trist, Eric L. “The Functional Penetration of a Social Field (3.30 pm).” Paper Presented at the Report of the Annual Meeting, of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Blackpool, September 9–16, 1936. Trist, Eric L. , and Virginia Trist . A Glance at Grey Lodge Clubs: From a Psychologist’s Point of View., Dundee: Dundee Social Union and Grey Lodge Settlement Association, 1936. Trist, Eric L. “America Today: The Indians and the South-West.” The Listener (1937): 1132–1135.318 Trist, Eric L. “Short Tests of Low-Grade Intelligence III.” Occupational Psychology 15, no. 3 (1941): 120–128. Trist, Eric L. , and Virginia Trist . “Psychiatric Studies of Unemployment.” Trist Archives, 1943. Trist, Eric L. , and Virginia Trist . “The Quality of Mental Test Performance in Intellectual Deterioration. Reprinted from Discussion on the Quality of Mental Test Performance in Intellectual Deterioration.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine XXXVI, no. 5 (1943): 243–249. Trist, Eric L. , and John D. Sutherland . Preliminary Technical Appreciation of the Problem of Selecting Higher Grade Civil Servants during the Reconstruction Period., Hampstead, London: Research and Training Centre 25 W0SB (OCTUs), 1944. Trist, Eric L. , and J. D. Sutherland . Preliminary Technical Appreciation of the Problem of Selecting Higher Grade Civil Servants during the Reconstruction Period., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 423, 1946. Trist, Eric L. , and Adam Curle . “Transitional Communities and Social Reconnection: A Study of the Civil Resettlement of British Prisoners of War.” Human Relations I, no. 1 (1947): 42–68. Trist, Eric L. , and Adam Curle . “Transitional Communities and Social Reconstruction: A Study of the Civil Resettlement of British Prisoners of War.” Human Relations I, no. 2 (1947): 240–290. Trist, Eric L. “Culture as a Psycho-Social Process.” Paper Presented at the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Anthropological Section), September 1950. Revised for “Celebration Book” for Sir Frederic Bartlett, 1967. Revised for the Social Engagement of Social Science. Edited by Eric Trist and Hugh Murray . Assistant Editor: Beulah Trist . Volume I: The Socio-Psychological Perspective, 539–545. Philadelphia, PA: The University of Pennsylvania Press. Trist, Eric L. “The Relations of Social and Technical Systems in Coal-Mining.” Paper Presented at the British Psychological Society (Industrial Section), London, January 1950. Trist, Eric L. “The Relations of Social and Technical Systems in Coal-Mining.” Paper Presented at the British Psychological Society (Industrial Section), London, January. 319 Trist, Eric L. , A. K. Rice , and J. M. M. Hill . “The Representation of Labour Turnover as a Social Process.” Human Relations III, no. 4 (1950): 349–372. Trist, Eric L. , and K. W. Bamforth . “Some Social Psychological Consequences of the Longwall Method of Coal-Getting.” Human Relations IV, no. 1 (1951): 3–38. Trist, Eric L. , and A. K. Rice . “Institutional and Sub Institutional Determinants of Change in Labour Turnover.” Human Relations V, no. 4 (1952): 347–371. Trist, Eric L. , A. T. M. Wilson , and Adam Curle . “Transitional Communities and Social Reconnection: A Study of the Civil Resettlement of British Soldiers of War.” In Readings in Social Psychology, edited by T. M. New-combe , G. E. Swanson , and L. E. Hartley , 561–579. New York: H. Holt and Co., 1952. Trist, Eric L. Some Observations of the Machine Face as a Socio-Technical System., A Report to the Area General Manager, No. I Area, East Midlands Division. London: Tavistock Institute, Document 341 (Restricted), 1953. Trist, Eric L. An Area Training School in the National Coal Board., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 342, 1953. Trist, Eric L. Area Organization in the National Coal Board., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 343 (Restricted), 1953. Trist, Eric L. A Policy Appreciation of Management Training and Development, Unilever Ltd, 45. London: Tavistock Institute, Document 355 (Restricted), 1953. Trist, Eric L. , and E. L. Herbert . “The Institution of an Absent Leader by a Students’ Discussion Group.” Human Relations VI, no. 3 (1953): 215–248. Trist, Eric L. , and John Hill . “A Consideration of Industrial Accidents as a Means of Withdrawal from the Work Situation.” Human Relations VI, no. 4 (1953): 357–380. Trist, Eric L. , and J. M. M. Hill . “Changes in Accidents and Other Absences with Length of Service.” Human Relations VIII, no. 2 (1955): 121–152. Trist, Eric L. An Appreciation of the Retail Conference in Bournemouth, 11 London: Tavistock Institute, Document 392, 1955. Trist, Eric L. , G. W. Higgin , H. Murray , and A. B. Pollock . The West Townley Double Unit Longwalls at Chopwell Colliery. Paper I. The General Perspective, 26., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 395, 1955. Trist, Eric L. The West Townley Double Unit Longwalls at Chopwell Colliery. Paper II; the Task Rotation System, 35, London: Tavistock Institute, Document 398, 1955. 320 Trist, Eric L. Notes on NCB Payment of Team Captains, 7, London: Tavistock Institute, Document 424, 1955. Trist, Eric L. The Selection of a General Works Manager, 7., London: Tavistock Institute, Typewritten, 1955. Trist, Eric L. Comparative Study of Some Aspects of Mining Systems in a Northern Coal Field, Progress Report,v 24., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 434, 1956. Trist, Eric L. The West Townley Double Unit Longwalls at Chopwell Colliery: Motor and General Characteristics, 12., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 422, 1956. Trist, Eric L. Studies in the Social Management of Technological Change Processes., Request for Support of a Three-Year Research Program, 6. London: Tavistock Institute, Document 433, 1956. Trist, Eric L. Comparative Study of Some Aspects of Mining Systems in a Northern Coal Field (Revision of Document 420), 24., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 434, 1956. Trist, Eric L. Composite Cutting Longwalls: Their Emergence and General Characteristics., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 462, 1957. Trist, Eric L. , G. W. Higgin , H. Murray , and A. B. Pollock . Comparative Study of Mining Systems. Composite Cutting; the Long Walls the Development of Task-Shift Rotation Systems, 26., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 470, 1957. Trist, Eric L. , and H. Murray . Comparative Study of Mining Systems. Composite Cutting the Long Walls I. Their Emergence and General Characteristics, 10., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 402, 1957. Trist, Eric L. The Problem of the Appraisal of Work Systems., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 434a, 1957. Trist, Eric L. A Note on Emergent Management Role in the Production Organisation of a Lingerie Factory, 4., London: Tavistock Institute, Typewritten, 1957. Trist, Eric L. The Selection of Staff for P. E. (Management Group) Ltd, 10., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 448, 1957. Trist, Eric L. The Institute in Retrospect and Prospect. Annual General Meeting of the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations., London: Tavistock Institute, 1957. Trist, Eric L. “Human Relations in Industry.” Paper Presented at the Congress for Cultural Freedom Seminar on Workers’ Participation in Management, Vienna, August 1958. Trist, Eric L. Work Organization at the Coal Face. A Comparative Study of Mining Systems., London: Tavistock, Document 506, 1958. 321 Trist, Eric L. The Use of Group Methods in Selecting for Higher Appointments, 3, London: Tavistock Institute, Mimeograph, 1958. Trist, Eric L. Notes on Production Management Reorganisation in a Lingerie Company, 5 London: Tavistock Institute, Typewritten, 1958. Trist, Eric L. “Social Structure and Psychological Stress.” Paper Presented at the Mental Health Research Fund Conference at Lincoln College, Oxford University, 1958. Trist, Eric L. , P. G. Herbst , G. W. Higgin , H. Murray , and A. B. Pollock . Work Organisation at the Coalface – A Comparative Study of Mining Systems, 75 London: Tavistock Institute, Document 506, 1958. Trist, Eric L. , and B. Semeonoff . Diagnostic Performance Tests., London: Tavistock, Document 507, 1958. Trist, Eric L. “On Sociotechnical Systems. An Open University Lecture Jointly Sponsored by the Departments of Engineering and Psychology at the University of Cambridge. 18th of November. Cambridge, 1959.” In Socio-Technical Systems: A Source-Book, edited by W. A. Pasmore and J. Jerry Sherwood , 43–57. La Jolla, CA: University Associates, 1978. Trist, Eric L. Comparative Study of Mining Systems – Feedback of the Results into the Training Systems of Industry, 6, London: Tavistock Institute, Document 521, 1959. Trist, Eric L. , and H. Murray . Work Organisation at the Coalface, 125, London: Tavistock Institute, Document 506, 1959. Trist, Eric L. A Department Studies Itself. Report of a Training Experiment in the Technical Services Department, 30., London: Tavistock Institute, Typewritten, 1959. Trist, Eric L. Socio-Technical Systems in Higher Mechanisation and Automation., Progress Report January–July 1959, 6. London: Tavistock Institute, Mimeograph, 1959. Trist, Eric L. Socio-Technical Systems in Higher Mechanisation and Automation, 6. London: Tavistock Institute, Document 554, 1959. Trist, Eric L. Some Preliminary Observations on the Effects of Higher Mechanisation and Automation, 10., London: Tavistock Institute, Typewritten, 1959. Trist, Eric L. , and C. Sofer . Exploration in Group Relations., Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1959. Trist, Eric L. , G. W. Higgin , and F. E. Emery . Communications in the National Farmers’ Union, 58., London: National Farmers’ Union, Tavistock Institute, 1959. Trist, Eric L. , and H. Murray . “Organization du Travail dans les Tailles Etude Comparative des Methods d’Exploitation Miniere.” Bulletin CERP VIII, no. 4 (1959): 333–342. Trist, Eric L. Socio-Technical Systems. With Appendices, I–III, 19., London: Tavistock Institute, Documents 572, 510, T. 266, 1960. 322 Trist, Eric L. Notes on the “School” in Relation to the Operating Clinic and the Operating Institute., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 587A, 1960. Trist, Eric L. “Social Structure and Psychological Stress.” Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the Second Oxford Conference of the Mental Health Research Conference, edited by J. M. Tanner , Oxford, 1960. Trist, Eric L. “Introduction.” In Explorations in Management, edited by Wilfred Brown , 60. London: Heinemann, 1960. Trist, Eric L. , and Fred Emery . Reports on the Barford Course for Bristol Siddley Aero- Space Corporation, 11. London: Tavistock Institute, Document 598, 1960. Trist, Eric L. , and FredE. Emery . “Socio-Technical Systems.” In Management Signs: Models and Techniques. Volume 2, edited by C. W. Churchman and M. Verhulst , 83–97. London: Pergamon, 1960. Trist, Eric L. , and H. Murray . “Adoption Progressive d’une Organisation de Travail en Equipe.” Bulletin CEEP IX, no. 2 (1960): 153–164. Trist, Eric L. Note on the Task of in This Institution for Collaboration between a Professional Institute and Another Enterprise, 3., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 629, 1961. Trist, Eric L. , and J. D. Sutherland . Memorandum on Needs for Postgraduate Departments of Psychiatry and the Behavioural (Social) Sciences., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 64, 1961. Trist, Eric L. , and J. D. Sutherland . Robbins Committee on Higher Education. Memo on Needs for Postgraduate Departments, 6., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 64, 1961. Trist, Eric L. Central Management Courses in a Large Organisation, Unilever Ltd., London: Tavistock Institute, Unrestricted, 1961. Trist, Eric L. , and H. Murray . “Dispositions de Prendre en Vue d’une Mecanisation Plus Poussee.” Bulletin CEEP X, no. 1 (1961): 39–53. Trist, Eric L. The Growth of the Tavistock Institute, with Special Reference to the Period Immediately Following World War II, 10. London: Tavistock Institute, Document 696, 1962. Also with undated marginal comments, Trist Archives. Trist, Eric L. “The Emergence of Systems Theory in the Study of Organisations.” Inaugural Lecture in the Tavistock Theoretical Series Presented at the Royal Society of Medicine, London, Tavistock Institute Document T. 40, 1962. Trist, Eric L. “Social Structure and Psychological Stress.” In Modern Technology and Civilisation, edited by C. Walker . New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962. Trist, Eric L. , and Harold Bridger . Laboratory Training in Human Relations in Europe. Report of an Informal Meeting 28–29 of July, 41., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 4, 1962. Trist, Eric L. , and H. Bridger . Human Relations Training in Europe: Report of the First International Meeting of I.M.E.D.E., Lausanne: I.M.E.D.E., 1962. Trist, Eric L. Journey Structure and Psychological Needs, 6., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 114, 1963. Trist, EricL. , G. W. Higgin , H. Murray , and A. B. Pollock . Organisational Choice. Capabilities of Groups at the Cold Face under Changing Technologies, 5., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 157, 1963. Trist, Eric L. , Gurth W. Higgin , Henry A. Murray , and A. B. Pollock . Organizational Choice: Capabilities of Groups at the Coal Face under Changing Technologies, the Loss, Re- Discovery & Transformation of a Work Tradition., London: Tavistock Publications, 1963. Trist, Eric L. Driving Stress. Preliminary Considerations, 2., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 299, 1963. Trist, Eric L. , and F. E. Emery . The Causal Texture of Organisational Environments, 12. London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 134 XVIIIth; International Congress of Psychology, Washington DC, August 1963. Trist, Eric L. “Wider Organizational Networks and Their Environments.” Paper Presented at the Third Social Science of Organizations Seminar, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 1964. Wider Organisational Networks and Their Environments, 7., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 332, 1964. Trist, Eric L. “Research Strategy for Depth Study of National Planning in the UK (A Strategy for Depth Research on British Planning Processes).” Paper Presented also at Minnowbrook Conference, Syracuse, London, July 1964. Trist, Eric L. The Media to Influence a Wider Social Networks and Their Environments, 10., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 385, 1964. Trist, Eric L. Evaluation of General Management Conference, 6., London: Tavistock Institute, Typewritten, 1964. Trist, Eric L. Notes on the Group of Process at the Woodstock Conference, 6., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 448, 1964. Trist, Eric L. “The Need of the Social Psychiatrists to Influence Wider Social Networks and Their Environments.” Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Psychotherapy, London, August 1964. Trist, Eric L. Wider Organisational Networks and Their Environments. Pittsburgh, PA: Third Social Science of Organisations Seminar, June 1964. Trist, Eric L. , and Sir Hugh Beaver . Social Research and a National Policy for Science, 47., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 325. Summarized in seven pages, Tavistock Document T. 422; also Tavistock Pamphlet No. 7, 1–44, 1964. Trist, Eric L. , and Rosemary Cass-Beggs . Catering for the Motorist. An Exploration of the Psychological and Sociological Requirements, 24., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 298, 1964. Trist, Eric L. , Einar Thorsrud , and F. E. Emery . Industrielt Demokrati., Oslo: Universitetsforlagt, 1964. Trist, Eric L. Central Management Courses in a Large Organisation, 21., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 471, 1965. Trist, Eric L. Exploratory Study of Cross-Cultural Effects and Headquarters Affiliate Relations in International Business, 2., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 529, 1965. Trist, Eric L. A Preliminary Appreciation of Some Psychological Factors Affecting the Shortage of Engineers. Appendix II, 6., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T. 539 (B), 1965. Trist, Eric L. , and G. W. Higgin . Problems Affecting the Shortage of Quality Engineers, 9., London: Tavistock Institute, Document 605, 1965. Trist, Eric L. Attitude Change through Informed the Use of Mass Media. Appendix III, 2., London: Tavistock Institute, Document T 537 (C), 1965. Trist, Eric L. Problems Affecting the Shortage of Quality Engineers, 16., London: Tavistock Institute, Typewritten, 1965. Trist, Eric L. “Contributions to Symposium on Community Psychiatry.” International Journal of Psychiatry 1, no. 4 (1965). Trist, Eric L. Contrasting Experiences in the Study of Work Organisation, 9., London: Tavistock Institute, Typewritten, 1965. Trist, Eric L. , and D. Armstrong . “A Preliminary Survey of National Planning in Britain Considered as a Social Process.” Prepared for Developed Nations, edited by Bertram Gross . New York: Macmillan, 1965. F. E. Emery . “The Causal Texture of Organisational Environments.” Human Relations 18, no. 1 (1965): 21–32. A paper read at the XVII International Psychology Conference, Washington, DC, 1963, reprinted in Sociologie du Travail 4 (1964): 64–75. Trist, Eric L. Notes on the Requirements of Independent Institutes in the Relation to the Special Facilities They Offer, 8 London: Tavistock Institute, Typewritten, 1966. Trist, Eric L. Contributions to the CIBA Foundation Conference on Conflict in Society., London: Tavistock Institute, 1966. Trist, Eric L. “Sponsor’s Contribution to Symposium on Conflict Resolution.” Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the Cambridge Conference on Operational Research and the Social Sciences, University of Cambridge, 1966. Trist, Eric L. British Social Psychiatry Workshop Progress Report., London: Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, Document T, 1967. Trist, Eric L. “Engaging with Large Scale Systems.” Paper Presented at the McGregor Memeorial Conference on Organisational Development, Endicott House Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tavistock Institute, Document: HRC 325, November 1967. In Experimenting with Organizational Life, edited by A. W. Clark , 43–57. London: Plenum, 1976. 325 Trist, Eric L. “The Relations of Concept of Welfare and Development (in Preindustrial, Industrial and Post-Industrial Societies): Systems Theory and Sociocultural Analysis.” Canadian Centre for Community Studies, Ottawa, November 1967. Trist, Eric L. “Environmental Factors.” In Appraising Administrative Capability in Developmental Planning. A Division of Public Administration, United Nations. Workgroup Meeting July 1967 and 1968, Publication 1969 New York United Nations, edited by Bertram M. Gross . New York: United Nations, Forthcoming. Trist, Eric L. “The Relations of Concepts of Welfare and Development in Pre-Industrial, Industrial and Post-Industrial Societies. A Systems Theory and Socio-Cultural Analysis.” Seminar on Welfare and Development Programs, Canadian Centre for Community Studies, Ottawa, November 1967; Working Paper 1, Socio-Technical Division, Western Management Science Institute, 1967. Trist, Eric L. , and D. Armstrong . Social Science Activities in Eight Target Countries., Paris: UNESCO Panel Meeting, Paris, July 1967. Final Version 1969, UNESCO, and International Council of the Social Sciences, 1967. Trist, Eric L. “Urban North America: The Challenge of the Next 30 Years.” Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of the Canadian Institute of Town That Planners, Minaki, Ontario. Published as Working Paper No. 2 Los Angeles: Sociotechnical Systems Division, Western Management Institute, University of California, 1968. Trist, Eric L. “The Professional Facilitation of Plan to Change in Organisations.” Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the XVIth International Conference of the International Association of Applied Psychology in Amsterdam, 1968. Reprinted in Group Dynamics in Society, edited by T. Johnstad . Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlages, Gunn and Hain. Trist, E. L. “The Relations of Concept of Welfare and Development: Systems Theory and Socio-Cultural Analysis.” Working Paper No. 1. Los Angeles, CA: University of California, Socio-Technical Division, Western Management Science Institute, 1968. Trist, Eric L. “Urban North America: The Challenge of the Next 30 Years. Keynote Address to the Annual Meeting and Conference of the Town Planning Institute of Canada.” Town Planning Institute of Canada, 1968. Trist, Eric L. “Notes on a History of the Tavistock Clinic,” 1–14. Trist Archives Carmel, C.A. , 1968. See E. L. Trist and Hugh Murray , “Historical Overview. The Foundation and Development of the Tavistock Institute.” In The Social Engagement of Social Science, edited by Eric Trist and Hugh Murray , 1–34. Assistant Editor: Beulah Trist . Volume I: The Socio- Psychological Perspective., Philadelphia, PA: The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989. Trist, Eric L. , and D. Armstrong . “Social Science Activities in Eight Target Countries.” Main Trends in the Social and Human Sciences. Paris: UNESCO, 1968.326 Trist, Eric L. Science Policy and the Organization and Financing of Social Research., Paris: UNESCO Panel Meeting, June 1967 to be published in 1969 in Main Trends of Research in the Social and Human Sciences, 1969. Trist, Eric L. “Key Aspects of Environmental Relations.” In Appraising Administrative Capability for Development Planning, edited by B. M. Gross , 91–97. New York: Division of Public Administration, United Nations, 1969. Trist, Eric L. “Social Aspects of Science Policy.” Paper Presented at the Round Table on Social Aspects of Science Policy, University of Toronto. In Senate of Canada, Proceedings of the Special Committee on Science Policy, 4820–4894. Ottawa: Queen’s Printers, 1969. Trist, Eric L. “Science Policy and the Development of Social Research: The Organisation and Financing of Research.” Paper Presented at the Main Trends of Research in the Social and Human Sciences, Sections 3, Paris, UNESCO, 1970. Trist, Eric L. “Social Research Institutions: Types, Structures, Scale.” International Social Science Journal 22 (1970): 301–324. Trist, E. L. , and W. Schmidt . “Urban North America: The Challenge of the Next 30 Years.” Journal of the Town Planning Institute of Canada 10, no. 3 (1970): 1–20. Trist, Eric L. “Organisation et Systeme.” Revue Francaise de Sociologie XI–XII, Special Number (1971): 123–139. Trist, E. L. “Critique of Scientific Management in Terms of Socio-Technical Theory.” Prakseologia 39–40 (1971): 157–174. Paper Contributed to the Edinburgh Conference on the Impact of Science and Technology, 1971. Trist, Eric L. “Epilogue.” In Towards a New Philosophy of Management, edited by C. P. J. M. Hill . London: Gower Press, 1971. Trist, Eric L. The Human Intake System: A Socio-Psychological and Socio-Ecological Appreciation in a Futures Perspective., Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, Management and Behavioural Science Centre, 1971. Trist, Eric L. , C. Dwyer , and T. Gilmour . Planning and Designing for Juvenile Justice., Washington, DC: LEAA, 1972. Trist, Eric L. “Types of Output, Mix of Research Organisations and Their Complementarity.” In Social Science and Government: Policies and Problems, edited by A. B. Cherns , W. I. Kenkins , and R. Sinclair , 101–141. London: Tavistock Publications, 1973. Trist, Eric L. Organisations and Technical Change., London: Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, 1973. 327 Emery, F. E. Towards a Social Ecology: Contextual Appreciation of the Future in the Present., London: Plenum, 1973. Trist, Eric L. Labour-Management Committees and the Quality of Working Life in Jamestown, New York., Working Papers 1 and 2. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, Management and Behavioural Science Centre, 1974. Trist, Eric L. “Planning in an Era of Change and Uncertainty.” Keynote Address at the 21st Anniversary Conference, School of Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia Vancouver, Vancouver, June 1974. Trist, Eric L. The New Work Ethic in Europe and America., Atlanta, GA: Georgia State University, the Franklin Foundation Lecture Series, 1974. Trist, Eric L. “Work Improvement and Industrial Democracy.” EEC Conference on Work Organisation, Technical Development and Motivation of the Individual, Brussels, Belgium, 1974. Trist, E. L. , and L. E. Davis . “Improving the Quality of Working Life: Socio-Technical Case Studies.” In Work and the Quality of Life: Resource Papers for Work in America, edited by James O’Toole , 246–284. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974. Emery, F. E. “Planning the First Steps towards Quality of Working Life in a Developing Country.” In Quality of Working Life: Problems, Prospects and the State of the Art, edited by L. E. Davies and A. B. Cherns , 78–85. New York: Free Press, 1975. Trist, Eric L. “Action Research and Adaptive Planning.” In Experimenting with Organisational Life; the Action Research Approach, edited by Alfred W. Clark , 223–236. London and New York: Plenum Press, 1976. Trist, Eric L. “Engaging with Large-Scale Systems.” In Experimenting with Organizational Life, edited by Alfred W. Clark , 43–57. London and New York: Plenum, 1976. Trist, E. L. “A Concept of Organizational Ecology.” National Labour Institute Bulletin, New Delhi 12 (1976): 483–496. Trist, Eric L. “Critique of Scientific Management in Terms of Socio-Technical Theory.” In Job Satisfaction Challenge and Response in Modern Britain, edited by M. Weir . Glasgow: Fontana Collins, 1976. Trist, Eric L. “A Socio-Technical Critique of Scientific Management.” In The Social Engagement of Social Science: A Tavistock Anthology. Volume II. The Socio-Technical Perspective, edited by Eric Trist and Hugh Murray , 580–598. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. Paper Contributed to the Edinburgh Conference on the Impact of Science and Technology, 1971. Trist, E. L. “The Culture of the Post-Industrial Society.” In Work Organisation and Society, edited by R. Dubin , 1011–1033. New York: Macmillan, 1976. Trist, E. L. “A Concept of Organizational Ecology.” Australian Journal of Management 2, no. 2 (1977): 161–175. Trist, Eric L. , Gerald I. Susman , and G. R. Brown . “An Experiment in Autonomous Working in an American Underground Coal Mine.” Human Relations 30, no. 3 (1977): 201–236. Trist, E. L. “Collaboration in Work Settings. A Personal Perspective.” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 13 (1977): 268–278. Trist, E. L. “New Concepts of Productivity.” Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the Ottawa Conference on Shaping Canada’s Future in a Global Perspective, Ottowa, August 1978, published in 1979. Trist, E. L. “Private Communication to Fred Emery [Sent in] 1977.” In The Emergence of a New Paradigm of Work, edited by F. E. Emery , 5–10. Canberra: Australian National University, Centre for Continuing Education, 1978. Trist, E. L. “Adapting to a Changing World.” In Readings in Quality of Working Life, edited by G. F. Sanderson , 10–20. Ottawa: Labour Canada, 1978. Reprinted as Adapting to a Changing World, Labour Gazette 78: 14–20. Trist, E. L. New Directions of Hope. John Madge Memorial Lecture. Glasgow: Glasgow University, November 1978. Trist, E. L. “The Environment and Systems Response Capability – A Futures Perspective.” Keynote Address at First European Forum on Organizational Development, Aachen, November 1978. Trist, E. L. “Developing an Adaptive Planning Capability in Public Enterprise and Government Agencies.” In Management Handbook for Public Administrators, edited by J. W. Sutherland and A. Legasto Jr. , 389–422. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1978. Trist, Eric L. “On Sociotechnical Systems.” In Sociotechnical Systems: A Source-Book, edited by W. A. Pasmore and J. J. Sherwood , 43–57. La Jolla, CA: University Associates, 1978. Trist, E. L. , J. Eldred , and R. W. Keidel . “A New Approach to Economic Development.” Human Futures 1 (1978): 11–12. Trist, E. L. “The Quality of Working Life and Organisational Development.” Keynote Address, First International Conference on Organisational Development, Toronto, October 1978. Trist, E. L. “A Framework for Analysing the International Work Environment.” In Industrial Democracy Today, edited by G. H. Sanderson . New York: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1979. Trist, E. L. “New Directions of Hope.” Human Futures 2, no. 3 (1979): 175–185. Trist, Eric L. “Employment Alternatives for the Eighties.” Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the Urban Seminar Six on Public Enterprises and Government Agencies, Toronto Social Planning Council, Toronto, 1979. 329 Trist, Eric L. “The Environment and System Response Capability: A Futures Perspective.” Futures 12 (1979): 113–127. Trist, Eric L. , and S. Burgess . “Multiple Deprivation: A Human and Economic Approach.” Linkage 3 (1979): 8–9. Trist, Eric L. , and C. H. Pava . Project Network-Labour Management Co-Operation in the Public Sector: Developments in 10 American Cities., Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, Management and Behavioral Science Center, 1980. Trist, E. L. “New Concepts of Productivity.” Proceedings of the Ottawa Conference on Shaping Canada’s Future in A Global Perspective, August 1978. Published in 1979. Trist, E. L. “New Directions of Hope: Recent Innovations Interconnecting Organizational, Industrial, Community and Person Development.” Regional Studies 13 (1979): 439–451. Trist, E. L. “Referent Organizations and the Development of Inter-Organizational Domains.” Paper Presented at the 39th Annual Convention of the Academy of Management, Distinguished Lecture, Organization and Management Theory Division, Atlanta, GA, 1979. Reprinted in The Social Engagement of Social Science, edited by Eric Trist and Hugh Murray , 170–184. Assistant Editor: Beulah Trist. Volume III: The Socio-Ecological Perspective. Philadelphia, PA: The University of Pennsylvania Press. Trist, E. L. “The Quality of Working Life and Organisational Improvement.” Chemistry in Canada 32, no. 6 (1980): 33–37. Trist, E. L. “The Environment and Systems Response Capability – A Futures Perspective.” Futures April (1980): 113–127. Trist, E. L. “Networking for Social Change.” In Making Cities Work, edited by D. Morley et al. London: Croom Helm, 1980. Trist, E. L. “‘The Micro-Region as a Context for Sociotechnical Change’ Alternate Title ‘Micro- Regions and QWL.’ Also the Closing Address ‘QWL and the 80’s.’” Proceedings of the International Conference on Quality of Working Life, Toronto, Ontario, August 1981. Trist, E. L. , and W. A. Westley . QWL in the Federal Public Service., Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada, 1981. Trist, E. L. The Evolution of Socio-Technical Systems. A Conceptual Framework and an Action Research Program [Occasional Paper]., Toronto, ON: Ontario Quality of Working Life Centre, 1981. Trist, E. L. “Micro-Regions and QWL.” Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the International Conference on the Quality of Working Life, Toronto, Ontario, 1981. Trist, E. L. , and P. Bradshaw . Feasibility of QWL. Projects in the Sudbury Region., Toronto, ON: QWL Center, 1981. Trist, Eric L. , and L. Clarke . Sudbury 2001: An Evolutionary Analysis., Toronto, ON: QWL Center, 1981. 330 Trist, E. L. , and D. Morley . Children: Power Number One Resource., Saskatoon: Saskatchewan Search Conference on Day Care, Cooperative College of Canada, 1981. Trist, Eric L. “Afterword.” In Managing New Office Technology. And Organisational Strategy, edited by C. Pava . New York: Wiley, 1982. Bridger, H. , S. G. Gray , and N. Samford . “The Early Years of the Tavistock Institute.” Paper Presented at the Academy of Management, History of Management Division, New York, August 1982. Trist, Eric L. , and C. Dwyer . “The Limits of an Laissez-Fair as a Socio-Technical Strategy.” In The Innovative Organisation: Productivity Programs in Action, edited by R. Zag and M. P. Rosow , 149–183. New York: Pergamon Press, 1982. Trist, Eric L. “QWL and the 80s.” In The Quality of Working Life and the 1980s, edited by H. F. Kolodny and H. I. J. van Beinam . New York: Praeger, 1983. Trist, Eric L. “Referent Organisations and the Development of Inter-Organisational Domains.” Human Relations 36, no. 3 (1983): 269–284. Trist, E. L. “Epilogue.” In Patients’ Rights and Organisational Models: Sociotechnical Systems Research in Mental Health Programs, edited by J. T. Ziegenfuss . Washington DC: University Press of America, 1983. Trist, Eric L. “Preface.” In Quality of Working Life: Contemporary Cases, edited by J. B. Cunningham and T. H. White . Ottawa: Labour Canada, Ministry of Supply and Services, 1984. Trist, Eric L. “Working with Bion in the 1940s: The Group Decade.” In Bion and Group Psychotherapy, edited by Malcolm Pines , 1–46. London: Rouledge and Kegan Paul, 1985. Trist, Eric L. “After Dinner Remarks.” Paper Presented at the Conference on Explorations in Human Futures, Orillia, October 1985. Trist, Eric L. “Intervention Strategies for Inter-Organisational Domains.” In Human Systems Development: Perspectives on People and Organisations, edited by R. Tannenbaum et al. , 167–197. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1985. 331 Trist, Eric L. “Quality of Working Life and Community Development.” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 22 (1986): 223–237. Reprinted in Trist, Eric L. , Fred Emery , and Hugh Murray , eds. The Social Engagement of Social Science: A Tavistock Anthology. The Socio- Ecological Perspective. Volume III, 551–569. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997. Trist, Eric L. “Quality of Working Life and Community Development: Some Reflections on the Jamestown Experience.” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 22 (1986): 223–237. Trist, Eric L. “Transition: Discussion of Harold Bridger’s ‘To Explore the Unconscious Dynamics of Attention as It Affects the Interdependence of Individual, Group and Organizations Aims in Paradigm change.’” Paper Presented at the International Society for the Psychoanalytic Study of Organizations, October 1987. Trist, Eric L. “Keynote Address.” Paper Presented at the Einar Thorsrud, Memorial Conference on Industrial Democracy, Work Research Institute, Oslo, June 1987. Trist, E. L. “The Assumptions of Ordinariness as a Denial Mechanism: Innovation and Conflict in a Coal Mine.” Human Resource Management 28, no. 2 (1989): 253–263. Trist, Eric L. , and Hugh Murray , eds. The Social Engagement of Social Science: A Tavistock Anthology. Vol. 1. The Socio-Psychological Perspective., Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990. Trist, Eric L. , and Hugh Murray . “Historical Overview: The Foundation and Development of the Tavistock Institute.” In The Social Engagement of Social Science: A Tavistock Anthology, Volume I: The Socio-Psychological Perspective, edited by Eric Trist and Hugh Murray , 1–34. Philadelphia, PA: The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990. Trist, Eric L. “Review: The Ailment and Other Psycho Analytic Essays by Tom Main.” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 72 (1991): 184–186. Trist, Eric L. “Andras Angyal and Systems Thinking.” In Festschrift for Russell Ackoff, 111–132. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992. Trist, Eric L. “Guilty of Enthusiasm.” In Management Laureates: A Collection of Autobiographical Essays, edited by Arthur G. Bedeian , 193–221. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1993. Trist, Eric L. , and Hugh Murray , eds. The Social Engagement of Social Science: A Tavistock Anthology. Volume II. The Socio-Technical Perspective., Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. Trist, Eric L. , Fred Emery , and Hugh Murray , eds. The Social Engagement of Social Science: A Tavistock Anthology. The Socio-Ecological Perspective. Volume III., Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997. Trist, Eric L. “Prologue to Transitional Approach to Change.” In The Transitional Approach to Change, edited by Giles Amado , Anthony Ambrose , and Rachel Amato , xxi–xxvii. London: H. Karnac (Books), 2001.