DOCSLIB.ORG

Metal Detector Handbook for Humanitarian Demining

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Metal Detector Handbook for Humanitarian Demining Authors: Dieter Guelle, Andy Smith, Adam Lewis, Thomas Bloodworth EUROPEAN COMMISSION A book about metal detectors, covering detection procedures in the field, and the testing and evaluation of metal detectors for humanitarian demining Metal detector handbook for humanitarian demining A book about metal detectors, covering detection procedures in the field, and the testing and evaluation of metal detectors for humanitarian demining Authors Dieter Guelle, Andy Smith, Adam Lewis, Thomas Bloodworth Acknowledgements We acknowledge help, advice and invaluable input from the following individuals. While they share in any merit this book may deserve, any errors and failings remain the authors’ alone. For advice and assistance with technical aspects, special thanks to Yogadhish Das. For help and advice on a wide variety of other aspects, our thanks to Jacky D’Almeda, Roger Hess, Tim Lardner, Russell Gasser, Ken O’ Connell, Franciska Borry, Marta Garotta, Gian Luigi Ruzzante, J. T. (Theo) van Dyk, Edgardo Maffia, Pete Hindy, and Chris Leach. Many other people have helped in small ways — too many to mention by name. Our thanks to you all. © All photographs and diagrams are copyright of the authors unless otherwise acknowledged. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union New freephone number: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2003 ISBN 92-894-6236-1 © European Communities, 2003 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. All photographs and diagrams are copyright of the authors unless otherwise achnowledged. Printed in Italy Foreword Working in a research environment, it is always of con- books available, which present the actual state of knowl- cern when I am confronted with statements, like ‘To date, edge and which are written by experts in both mine clear- technology has had only a marginal impact on mine ance and technical development in easily understandable action equipment.’ Therefore, it was a very rewarding language. The handbook in front of you is such an moment when, earlier this year, I was able to communi- example combining these vital ingredients. cate the results of the European Committee for Standard- isation (CEN) working group on an agreement by an An interesting point that arises from the handbook is that international community of experts on how to test and deminers working in the field can provide useful informa- evaluate metal detectors to be used in humanitarian mine tion to researchers and developers by making simple clearance. measurements to record the conditions that they meet, for example, by measuring the soil properties. During the work on the establishment of this workshop agreement, it became obvious that there are at least two I am pleased that the Joint Research Centre (JRC) has been areas related to metal detectors that need further able to contribute to the production of this handbook research. The first one is the electromagnetic characterisa- and I hope that it will soon become a reference for those tion of soils and terrain in general terms, in order to pre- who are confronted with the challenging task of mine dict the performance of metal detectors in different clearance. mined areas. The second one is the assessment of the per- Dr Alois J. Sieber formance of mine detection on the basis of reliable statis- Head of Unit,‘Humanitarian Security’ tical testing. Work in both demanding areas of research is Institute for the Protection and Security now in progress. of the Citizen (IPSC) Joint Research Centre, European Commission, In order to ensure that our research efforts will make an Ispra (VA), Italy impact in humanitarian mine clearance, it is vital that the results can be implemented by those working in the field. To achieve this, it is important to communicate the results achieved, through training sessions and presentations in a digestible way. It is therefore important to have hand- 3 Introduction Dear readers, This handbook instructs the reader on how to confidently assess their detector’s ability in the place where they must I have been using metal detectors of one kind or another work. The problem of electro-magnetic ground is ad- for over 20 years. First with the US Army, and for the last dressed in detail, including advice on how to predict the five years while establishing and managing humanitarian clearance-depth that will be possible in other areas. The clearance programmes in the Balkans, Asia and Africa. book also includes detailed advice on how to conduct com- Part of my role has been to train local deminers in how to parative trials of metal detectors. use a range of different detectors in both shallow and deep-level searches. None of this is theoretical. It is all based on genuine hands-on experience and the solutions are practical to use in the field. Over the last 10 years, detector designs have changed and The book includes a quick field-user index and is even printed the features available have become more sophisticated. on tough, washable paper so that it will survive field-use. With this, I have had to learn constantly about the strengths and weaknesses of the new equipment. Manu- For those who want to understand how detectors work in facturers have usually done their best to assist, but they more detail, there is a technical chapter. Even this is writ- rarely understand exactly what we need in the field or the ten in simple language so that most people will be able to understand it. conditions we will be using it in. So I have usually had to find my own ways of getting the answers I was looking for. I recommend all trainers to read this book and all site managers to carry a copy into the field. If the rules out- Over the past 10 years, accidents have occurred because lined in this book are followed and adapted when neces- deminers and their supervisors have not understood the sary, deminers/operators will be safer and we will all be limitations of the detector they were using. It is essential able to have greater confidence in the depth and for the user to know the real detection depth that can be thoroughness of clearance that has been achieved. achieved at the task site and what is a safe rate of for- ward advance. Both of these depend on what the de- Cheers, miner is searching for, but fortunately the smallest target Roger Hess that may be present in a particular area can usually be Demining and Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technical predicted. Consultant 5 Abbreviations and acronyms Throughout this book, the following abbreviations and EMI electromagnetic interference acronyms are used. EOD explosive ordnance disposal ADP Accelerated Demining Programme ERW explosive remnants of war AG anti-group (mine) FFE free from explosive AP anti-personnel (mine) FNA fast neutron analysis AT anti-tank (anti-vehicle) (mine) GC ground compensating (of metal detectors) CCW United Nations Convention on Conventional GICHD Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Weapons Demining CEN European Committee for Standardisation GPR ground-penetrating radar CWA European Committee for Standardisation GPS Global Positioning System workshop agreement GRH ground reference height DDAS Database of Demining Accidents HD humanitarian demining DNT dinitroluene HE high explosive EDD explosive detecting dog ICBL International Campaign to Ban Landmines EDR explosive detecting rat IMAS International Mine Action Standards EIT electrical impedance tomography IPPTC International Pilot Project for Technical EM electromagnetic Cooperation 7 IR infrared UXO unexploded ordnance ITEP International Test and Evaluation Programme WWI World War One ITOP International Test Operational Procedures WWII World War Two standards NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NGO non-governmental organisation NQR nuclear quadrupole resonance PE plastic explosive QA quality assurance RDX Research Department Explosive (cyclonite) SD self-destruct SDA self-deactivate TNA thermal neutron analysis TNT trinitrotoluene (explosive) UN United Nations UNADP United Nations Accelerated Demining Programme UNMAS United Nations Mine Action Service 8 Definitions To prevent constant repetition, the authors have adopted detected. The greater the distance between the search- some simple definitions that the reader should under- head and the target at which a detector signals, the stand before reading the book. Each follows what we greater its ‘sensitivity’. believe is the ‘normal’ field-use of terminology. Magnetic ground: The expression ‘magnetic ground’ is Contaminated ground: The expression ‘contaminated used throughout this book to indicate ground that has ground’ is used to refer to ground with pieces of manu- electro-magnetic properties that make a metal detector factured metallic material in it. The metallic material may signal. The cause may be spread throughout the ground be fragments from explosive devices, bullets, casings or over a wide area, or may be erratic such as when some discarded material with a metallic content. rocks, stones or building blocks make the detector signal. Detector sensitivity: The expression ‘detector sensitiv- Search-heads or coils: Metal detector search-heads are ity’ is used to refer to the metal detector’s ability to locate sometimes called the ‘coil’ or ‘coils’. Throughout this book a target at varying depths, so is directly related to the dis- the terms are used to refer to the same part of the metal tance from the search-head at which a target can be detector. 9 Contents Chapter 1: Background to humanitarian 15 2.3.3. Batteries 34 demining 2.3.4. Locating metal/mines 35 1.1. The development of mines 18 2.4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Users' Guide for Hand-Held and Walk-Through Metal Detectors
    U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice National Institute of Justice Users’ Guide for Hand-Held and Walk-Through Metal Detectors NIJ Guide 600–00 ABOUT THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CORRECTIONS STANDARDS AND TESTING PROGRAM The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is sponsored by the Office of Science and Technology of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), U.S. Department of Justice. The program responds to the mandate of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979, which directed NIJ to encourage research and development to improve the criminal justice system and to disseminate the results to Federal, State, and local agencies. The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is an applied research effort that determines the technological needs of justice system agencies, sets minimum performance standards for specific devices, tests commercially available equipment against those standards, and disseminates the standards and the test results to criminal justice agencies nationally and internationally. The program operates through: The Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council (LECTAC), consisting of nationally recognized criminal justice practitioners from Federal, State, and local agencies, which assesses technological needs and sets priorities for research programs and items to be evaluated and tested. The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which develops voluntary national performance standards for compliance testing to ensure that individual items of equipment are suitable for use by criminal justice agencies. The standards are based upon laboratory testing and evaluation of representative samples of each item of equipment to determine the key attributes, develop test methods, and establish minimum performance requirements for each essential attribute.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Radar (STO-TR-SET-227)
    NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(SET-227)TP/947 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-SET-227 Cognitive Radar (Radar cognitif) Final Report of Task Group SET-227. Published October 2020 Distribution and Availability on Back Cover NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(SET-227)TP/947 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-SET-227 Cognitive Radar (Radar cognitif) Final Report of Task Group SET-227. The NATO Science and Technology Organization Science & Technology (S&T) in the NATO context is defined as the selective and rigorous generation and application of state-of-the-art, validated knowledge for defence and security purposes. S&T activities embrace scientific research, technology development, transition, application and field-testing, experimentation and a range of related scientific activities that include systems engineering, operational research and analysis, synthesis, integration and validation of knowledge derived through the scientific method. In NATO, S&T is addressed using different business models, namely a collaborative business model where NATO provides a forum where NATO Nations and partner Nations elect to use their national resources to define, conduct and promote cooperative research and information exchange, and secondly an in-house delivery business model where S&T activities are conducted in a NATO dedicated executive body, having its own personnel, capabilities and infrastructure. The mission of the NATO Science & Technology Organization
    [Show full text]
  • Clearing the Mines
    CLEARING THE MINES REPORT BY THE MINE ACTION TEAM FOR THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE ANTIPERSONNEL MINE BAN TREATY June 2014 REPORT FOR THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE ANTI-PERSONNEL MINE BAN TREATY CONTENTS Report for the Third Review Conference INTRODUCTION ANNEXES of the Antipersonnel Mine Ban Treaty ASSESSING 15 YEARS OF AFFECTED STATES NOT PARTY ARTICLE 5 IMPLEMENTATION 1 Armenia 158 2 Azerbaijan 162 Progress in mine clearance 05 3 China 165 The remaining challenge 08 4 Cuba 166 The architecture of an effective and 10 Armenia efficient mine action program 5 Egypt 167 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 Georgia 168 Sudan 7 India 169 Turkey THE TEN MOST CONTAMINATED Tajikistan Somalia Russia STATES PARTIES 8 Iran 170 United Kingdom 9 Israel 174 1 Afghanistan 14 Yemen Iran South Sudan 10 Kyrgyzstan 176 2 Angola 20 Afghanistan 11 Lao PDR 177 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 26 Croatia Serbia 12 Lebanon 178 * 4 Cambodia 32 13 Libya 182 5 Chad 38 14 Morocco 184 6 Croatia 40 15 Myanmar 186 7 Iraq 46 16 North Korea 188 8 Thailand 50 17 Pakistan 189 9 Turkey 56 China 18 Palestine 190 Angola 10 Zimbabwe 62 19 Russia 192 Myanmar Morocco 20 South Korea 194 OTHER AFFECTED STATES PARTIES 21 Sri Lanka 196 Ecuador Vietnam 22 Syria 200 1 Algeria 67 Chad Kosovo Cambodia 23 Uzbekistan 202 2 Argentina 71 Eritrea Iraq 24 Vietnam 203 Algeria 3 Chile 72 Peru Sri Lanka 4 Colombia 76 5 Cyprus 80 AFFECTED OTHER AREAS Chile Colombia Zimbabwe 6 Democratic Republic of the Congo 82 1 Kosovo 206 Mozambique Somaliland 7 Ecuador 86 2 Nagorno-Karabakh 208 Israel 8 Eritrea 90
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Anti-Personnel Mines the Next Generations Landmine Action Consists of the Following Co-Operating Organisations
    Alternative anti-personnel mines The next generations Landmine Action consists of the following co-operating organisations: ActionAid International Alert Refugee Council Action for Southern Africa Jaipur Limb Campaign Royal College of Paediatrics & Action on Disability and Development Jesuit Refugee Service Child Health Adopt-A-Minefield UK MEDACT Saferworld Afghanaid Medical & Scientific Aid for Vietnam Laos & Save the Children UK Amnesty International UK Cambodia Soroptimist International UK Programme Action Committee CAFOD Medical Educational Trust Tearfund Cambodia Trust Merlin United Nations Association Campaign Against Arms Trade Mines Advisory Group United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) UK Child Advocacy International Motivation VERTIC Christian Aid Mozambique Angola Committee War Child Comic Relief Omega Foundation War on Want Concern Worldwide One World Action Welsh Centre for International Affairs Disability Awareness in Action Oxfam GB Women’s International League for Peace & Environmental Investigation Agency Pax Christi Freedom Global Witness Peace Pledge Union World Vision UK Handicap International (UK) People and Planet Hope for Children POWER Human Rights Watch Quaker Peace & Service The member organisations of the German Initiative to Ban Landmines are: Bread for the World Social Service Agency of the Evangelical Church Misereor Christoffel Mission for the Blind in Germany Oxfam Germany German Justitia et Pax Commission Eirene International Pax Christi German Committee for Freedom from Hunger Handicap International Germany
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Metal Detectors Tahoe National Forest
    Use of Metal Detectors Tahoe National Forest Metal Detector Use Definitions Metal detectors are used by both hobbyists and professionals to look for hidden coins, pipes, and other metallic objects. Due to the need to protect Treasure Trove archaeological sites, we’ve prepared this guide for the Treasure trove includes money, gems, precious metal use of metal detectors on Tahoe National Forest lands. coins, plate, or bullion that has been deliberately hidden If you have questions, contact information is listed on the with the intention of recovering it later. The search for back of this document. buried treasure can involve methods that are damaging to natural and cultural resources, thus a special-use permit from the Forest Service is required. Each permit Help Protect History request is evaluated before such permits are granted. Archaeological sites throughout California provide important insights and knowledge about the past that Archaeological Sites can be gained nowhere else. They are the repositories The use of metal detectors to locate objects of historical for people and cultures not represented in history books. or archaeological value is permitted subject to the Removing artifacts from sites destroys the context of the provisions of the Archaeological Resource Protection Act site, much like tearing pages from a book. Professional of 1979 and the Secretary of Agriculture’s Regulations. archaeologists depend on finding artifacts in their This activity requires a special-use permit. Permits are original location and association to other objects, so they only issued for legitimate research conducted by can accurately understand and interpret the story of that qualified professional archaeologists.
    [Show full text]
  • Landmines, Detection, Explosives, Thermography, Temperature
    Frontiers in Science 2013, 3(1): 27-42 DOI: 10.5923/j.fs.20130301.05 Literature Review on Landmines and Detection Methods Rasaq Bello Department of Physics Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria Abstract Detection of buried antipersonnel landmines (APL) is a demanding task in which one tries to obtain information about characteristics of the soil and of objects buried in it. Various methods that are used to detect buried landmines have been examined. None of these methods meets the standards that have been set by authorities such as the United Nations or the United States Army. Therefore there is an urgent need for new and improved methods to be developed, particularly in view of the threat that abandoned landmines pose to civilian populations. Various researches reviewed in this work showed thermography to be a good method to detect shallowly buried objects. Detection systems capable of quickly and accurately detecting buried landmines are the only possibility to significantly improve the demining process. Due to low signal-to-noise ratio, changing environment conditions that influence measurements and existence of other natural or man-made objects that give sensor readings similar to the landmine, interpretation of sensor data for landmine detection is a complicated task. Keywords Landmines, Detection, Explosives, Thermography, Temperature and as area-denial weapons. The latter use seeks to deny 1. Introduction access to large areas, since they are often unmarked and affect civilian populations after the cessation of military A land mine is a type of self-contained explosive device operations or hostilities. When used as a tactical barrier, they which is placed onto or into the ground, exploding when serve as deterrent to direct attack from or over a well defined triggered by a vehicle, a person, or an animal.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Find GOLD
    FIND GOLD TO HOW “Whether you hunt for gold How to Find in the field and stream or in old mines, mine dumps or dredge piles, this book will guide you on your quest to GOLD recover more gold.” Metal Detecting and Panning GARRETT/L Learn effective use of a metal detector and gold pan for: AGAL • Dry panning • Wet panning • Nugget hunting • Field searching Ram Publishing Company A subsidiary of Garrett Metal Detectors ISBN-13: 978-0-915920-98-3 ISBN-10: 0-915920-98-0 $3.95 R 1881 West State Street 50395 Garland, TX 75042 AM PN 1509400 ISBN 0-915920-98-0 9 780915 920983 Charles Garrett / Roy Lagal How to Find GOLD Metal Detecting and Panning Charles Garrett/Roy Lagal HOW TO FIND GOLD © Charles L. Garrett/Roy Lagal 2007 Manufactured in the United States of America. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address all inquiries to Editor, Ram Publishing Company. First printing: July 2007 2 www.garrett.com CONTENTS About the Author ...................................................5 Introduction ............................................................9 Basic Tools.............................................................11 Additional Tools ...............................................12 Using a Pan to Find Gold ....................................13 Wet Panning .....................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Use of Radar Detection Equipment in Europe1 Navigation System Radar Detectors Country with Programmed Penalty Remarks Allowed? 3 Radars Allowed? 2
    Legal use of radar detection equipment in Europe1 Navigation System Radar Detectors Country with programmed Penalty Remarks allowed? 3 radars allowed? 2 Austria yes legislation not clear up to 4000 € if no license between 100 € and 1000 € and/or imprisonment between 15 days Belgium yes no and up to 1 year and confiscation of the equipment up to 50 BGN and withdrawal of 10 Bulgaria yes no control points of control driving ticket Cyprus yes yes Attempts to regulate legally are being made Czech Republic yes yes It is not forbidden to own or use a radar detector (also known as a police detector). However all canals regarding police, rescue services Denmark yes yes and military are encrypted, so it is not possible to reach the information. up to 100 fine unites Estonia yes no not prohibited to own the device, but so to use it (1 fine unit = 4 €) Finland yes no fine Only the "assistant d'aide à la conduite" are authorized by the law. A France no no 1500 € and loss of 3 points list of the conform products is available here : http://a2c.infocert.org/ 75 € and 4 points in the central it is not prohibited to own such devices, but it is prohibited to use Germany no no traffic registry them 2000 € and confiscation of the The use of a radar detector can be permitted if a state licence has Greece yes no driving licence for 30 days been granted to the user Legal use of radar detection equipment in Europe1 Navigation System Radar Detectors Country with programmed Penalty Remarks allowed? 3 radars allowed? 2 Hungary yes yes Iceland yes yes Ireland no no no specific penalty yes (the Police also provides a map of from €761,00 to €3.047,00 (Art.
    [Show full text]
  • LONG RANGE Radar/Laser Detector User's Manual R7
    R7 LONG RANGE Radar/Laser Detector User’s Manual © 2019 Uniden America Corporation Issue 1, March 2019 Irving, Texas Printed in Korea CUSTOMER CARE At Uniden®, we care about you! If you need assistance, please do NOT return this product to your place of purchase Save your receipt/proof of purchase for warranty. Quickly find answers to your questions by: • Reading this User’s Manual. • Visiting our customer support website at www.uniden.com. Images in this manual may differ slightly from your actual product. DISCLAIMER: Radar detectors are illegal in some states. Some states prohibit mounting any object on your windshield. Check applicable law in your state and any state in which you use the product to verify that using and mounting a radar detector is legal. Uniden radar detectors are not manufactured and/or sold with the intent to be used for illegal purposes. Drive safely and exercise caution while using this product. Do not change settings of the product while driving. Uniden expects consumer’s use of these products to be in compliance with all local, state, and federal law. Uniden expressly disclaims any liability arising out of or related to your use of this product. CONTENTS CUSTOMER CARE .......................................................................................................... 2 R7 OVERVIEW .............................................................................................5 FEATURES .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Remote Explosive Scent Tracing REST
    Remote Explosive Scent Tracing REST REMOTE EXPLOSIVE SCENT TRACING | REST NOVEMBER 2011 CONTENTS FOREWORD 6 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 7 > Challenges to the Morogoro REST project 12 > The current status of REST 15 CHAPTER 2 THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM AND OLFACTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR REST 19 > Introduction 20 > What every dog trainer should know about the olfactory system 20 > Genetics of olfaction 21 > What every dog trainer should know about olfactory perception 23 > The perception of mixes 24 > Salience and overshadowing 25 > Previous experience with odours 25 > Experience with components in mixtures 27 > What is the key odour for detecting an explosive 28 > Species specificity and configurational processing 30 > Changes in thresholds as a function of experience 31 > The role of odour intensity 32 > Masking 32 > Adaptation to odours 33 > Sniffing 34 > Afterthought: Olfactory enrichment, rats mice and dogs 35 > Summary 36 > Appendix: extra sections, maybe worth reading 37 > Species differences 37 > Problems with the combinatorial theory 38 > References 39 CHAPTER 3 ANALYTICAL AND PHYSICAL-CHEMISTRY OF EXPLOSIVES IN REST 45 > Introduction 46 > Chemical analysis of REST samples 48 > High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) (US-Environmental Protection, EPA Method 8330) 49 > Gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detector (ECD) (US-EPA Method 8095) 50 > GC with Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector (GC-NPD) 51 > GC mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 51 > REST sampling for detecting landmines 52 > Storage and presentation of dust REST samples 53 > Variables that influence the availability of detectable chemicals 54 > Background information 55 > Time lag after rain before the mine search can be resumed 56 > Soil type 56 > Vegetation 56 > Temperature 57 > Climate 57 > Locating mines 57 > Preparing training samples 57 > Summary and conclusions 58 > References 59 CHAPTER 4 STRATEGIES FOR THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTAL OF REST USING ANIMALS AS THE PRIMARY DETECTORS 61 > Introduction 62 > What is Applied Behaviour Analysis? 62 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal of ERW and Mine Action Issue 15.3 (2011)
    The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction Volume 15 Issue 3 The Journal of ERW and Mine Action Article 1 October 2011 The Journal of ERW and Mine Action Issue 15.3 (2011) CISR JOURNAL Center for International Stabilization and Recovery at JMU (CISR) Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-journal Part of the Other Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons, and the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons Recommended Citation JOURNAL, CISR (2011) "The Journal of ERW and Mine Action Issue 15.3 (2011)," The Journal of ERW and Mine Action : Vol. 15 : Iss. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-journal/vol15/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for International Stabilization and Recovery at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction by an authorized editor of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JOURNAL: The Journal of ERW and Mine Action Issue 15.3 Issue 15.3 | Fall 2011 Focus: Cluster Munitions Feature: Government Stability & Mine-action Support Plus: Notes from the Field and Research & Development Published by JMU Scholarly Commons, 2011 1 The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction, Vol. 15, Iss. 3 [2011], Art. 1 ON THE WEB: http://cisr.jmu.edu/journal/15.3/index.htm The Journal of ERW and Mine Action Center for International Stabilization and Recovery at James Madison University Cover Photo Issue 15.3 Fall 2011 | ISSN: 2154-1469 Cluster bombs, such as these in Lebanon, continue to kill civilians in many Print Date: November 2011 countries of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Scoping Study of the Effects of Aging on Landmines Daniele Ressler Center for International Stabilization and Recovery, [email protected]
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons CISR Studies and Reports CISR Resources 6-2009 Scoping Study of the Effects of Aging on Landmines Daniele Ressler Center for International Stabilization and Recovery, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-studiesreports Part of the Environmental Policy Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, and the Policy Design, Analysis, and Evaluation Commons Recommended Citation Ressler, Daniele, "Scoping Study of the Effects of Aging on Landmines" (2009). CISR Studies and Reports. Paper 2. http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-studiesreports/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the CISR Resources at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in CISR Studies and Reports by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scoping Study of the Effects of Aging on Landmines Scoping Study of the Effects of Aging on Landmines Presented to United States Department of State Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement June 1, 2009 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary .............................................................. 3 2. Introduction ....................................................................... 4 2.1. Background to the problem................................................. 4 2.2. Funding ........................................................................ 4 2.3. Project goal ..................................................................
    [Show full text]