The Main Character's Maturity in Twain's the Adventures

Home , Hopelessly Lost, Tom and Huck, Tom Sawyer

THE MAIN CHARACTER’S MATURITY IN TWAIN’S THE ADVENTURES

A THESIS

Submitted of the Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to obtain a Sarjana Degree

in English.

Written by

IMA ASMIRAWATI

F211 13 046

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES

HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

MAKASSAR

2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirahmanirrahim

First of all, I gratefully thank to Allah SWT, the lord of the universe for love, guidance, spirit and always gives the strength for passing through everything in my life, especially in accomplishing my thesis. Shalawat and

Salam may always be poured by Allah to our great prophet Muhammad

SAW who have successful accompanied us go to the truth way.

The researcher would like to express her deepest gratitude to some parties that have given support, advice, guidance, and suggestion during the accomplishment of this thesis. They are:

1. The writer also wishes to express her special appreciation to her

parents (Muh. Aris Patimbangi and Aminah) and my sisters (Emi

Ismayana and Melisa Astriana) who have patiently given their moral

and financial, advice, support, love, and prayers for me so that I can

finish my study at the University. I love you All.

2. Drs. Raden SM. Assagaf, M. Ed. The first advisor who has given

guidance and correction to the writer. Thank you very much.

3. Abbas, S.S., M. Hum. The second advisor for his helps in giving

valuable correcting, guidance, and suggestion in finishing this

thesis.

4. All lectures of English Department of Faculty of Cultural Sciences in

Hasanuddin University, who had supported and given knowledge to

the writer.

5. My beloved Boyfriend, Andi Afri Taqbir who has patiently given

support, love and prayer for me until I finish my study.

6. Thank you for my KKN friends, Ical, Angga, Ivan, Nurul, Mala and

Rasya for their support and help to complete my thesis.

7. My Girls Day Out (Sarina and Dyna) Thank you for the support, love

and time we shared together.

8. Thank you to My Teman Sekosan (Sherly and Ino) for help, prayer

and love we shared together until I finish my study.

9. My beloved friends (Halim, Rea, Wilda, Sri, Rini, Cali, Eka, Daud,

March, Nanna, Ani, Naya) and all my friends whose names I cannot

tell one by one who have given me support, love and prayers for

me.

10. To my ETCETERA 2013, thank you for the help and time we shared

together in our study. I love you All.

Finally, the writer would like to admit that this thesis might contain many weaknesses. Therefore, I always Invite Criticisms and suggestions for the development of this thesis.

Makassar, 13 September 2017

The writer

vii

ABSTRACT

IMA ASMIRAWATI. 2017. The Main Character’s Maturity in Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Supervised by Raden SM. Assagaf and Abbas). This thesis aims to discuss Tom's maturity process to solve the conflicts through his life full of extraordinary experiences and adventures. Although the main character is a boy, he already has ability to face all the experiences. It shows that he is able to reach maturity in his very young age.

The author uses a Structural Approach in analyzing this research. Structural literary approach is an approach that analyzes the intrinsic literary works contained in literary works, then to related the conflicts and maturity contained within the main character, the author uses the Psychoanalysis Theory. The author uses descriptive analysis that describes what is contained in the literary work in the form of analysis.

Through the analysis, the writer finds that Tom Sawyer is a mischievous boy who often gets and out into troubles. He is also an imaginative, lazy, full of curiosity, and cowardly. Most of them are clearly seen in his speech, his attitude, and his thought in facing his life. Moreover, the analysis shows that the boy experiences some conflicts with other characters; they are Aunt Polly, Huckleberry Finn, and Becky Thatcher. Those are the most important conflicts which help him mature. The conflicts with those other characters change Tom’s mind and attitude. His understanding toward problem in his childhood shows that his maturity begins to attain. Moreover, Tom’s maturity is seen in his self-evaluation, his ability to deal with frustration, and his sense of responsibility. Those criteria prove that his maturity process is already proven in this study.

Keyword: Maturity, The Main character’s, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

viii

ABSTRAK

IMA ASMIRAWATI. 2017. Kedewasaan dari Tokoh Utama dalam Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Dibimbing oleh Raden SM. Assagaf dan Abbas) Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mendiskusikan proses kedewasaan Tom untuk menyelesaikan konflik yang dialaminya melalui kehidupannya yang penuh dengan pengalaman-pengalaman yang luar biasa serta petualangannya. Walaupun tokoh utama tergolong seorang anak, dia mampu menghadapi semua permasalahannya. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Tom telah sampai pada kedewasaan di usianya yang masih sangat muda. Penulis menggunakan Pendekatan Structural dalam menganalisis penelitian ini. Pendekatan structural sastra merupakan pendekatan yang menganalisis karya sastra dari segi intrinsik yang terdapat dalam karya sastra, kemudian untuk menganalisis konflik dan kedewasaan yang terdapat dalam diri tokoh utama, penulis menggunakan Teori Psikoanalisis. Penulis menggunakan Analisis Deskriptif yaitu menggambarkan apa yang terdapat dalam karya sastra dalam bentuk analisis. Penulis menemukan bahwa Tom Sawyer adalah anak yang nakal yang selalu membuat masalah. Ia juga anak yang mempunyai banyak imajinasi, malas, penuh dengan keingintahuan dan penakut. Penggambaran tokoh Tom Sawyer ini terlihat jelas dari perkataannya, tingkah lakunya serta dalam pemikirannya dalam menjalani kehidupan. Lebih lanjut, analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa ia mengalami banyak konflik dengan karakter karakter lain; mereka adalah Aunt Polly, Huckleberry Finn, dan Becky Thatcher. Konflik tersebut merupakan konflik yang paling pokok dalam cerita ini yang nantinya dapat mendewasakan Tom. Konflik-konflik dengan karakter lain telah merubah pikiran dan tingkah laku pada diri Tom. Pengertiannya terhadap masalah di masa kecilnya menunjukkan bahwa kedewasaannya sudah mulai tercapai. Lebih lanjut, kedewasaan Tom terlihat jelas pada kemampuan evaluasinya, pada kemampuan dalam mengatasi kekecewaan, dan pada pengertiannya tentang tanggungjawab. Semua criteria tersebut membuktikan adanya proses kedewasaan Tom dalam studi

Keyword: Maturity, The Main character’s, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE………………………………………………………………………………i AGREEMENT PAGES...... ACKNOWLEDGMENT……………….…………………………………………ii ABSTRACT………………………...…….………...... ………………………….iv TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………...……...…….………..…….vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background...... 1 1.2 Identification of Problem...... 3 1.3 Scope of Problem...... 3 1.4 Statement of the Problem...... 3 1.5 Objective of Writing...... 4 1.6 The sequence of Chapters...... 4 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous Studies...... 6 2.2 Structuralism Approach...... 7 2.2.1 Characters...... 8 2.2.2 Plot...... 10 2.2.3 Setting...... 11 2.2.4 Theme...... 13 2.3 Theory of Psychoanalysis...... 14 2.3.1 Maturity...... 17 2.3.2 Conflict...... 18 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design...... 21 3.1.1 Qualitative Method...... 21 3.1.2 Descriptive Analysis...... 21 3.2 Method of Collecting Data...... 22 3.3 Method of Data Analysis...... 22 3.4 Research Procedures...... 23

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS 4.1 Intrinsic element of the adventures of Tom Sawyer……………………24 4.1.1 Characters……………...……………………………………………24 4.1.2 Plot……………………………………………………………………35 4.1.3 Setting……………………………………………..…………………38 4.1.4 Theme……………………………………..…………………………44 4.2 The Conflict of Characters in the Novel…………………………………45 4.3 The Maturity of Main Character to Solve the Conflicts in The Novel ……………………………………………………………………………...48 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………..………………..57 5.2 Suggestion………………………………………………………....………58 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES 1. Synopsis of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 2. Biography of Mark Twain

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

In this chapter the writer describes Background, Identification of Problem, Scope of Problem, Statement of the Problem, Objective of Writing, and The Sequence of Chapters.

1.1 Background

Maturity is a psychological term used to indicate that a person responds to the circumstances or environment in an appropriate and adaptive manner. This response is learned rather than instinctual, and is not determined by one's age. Maturity also encompasses being aware of the correct time and place to behave and knowing when to act with appropriate emotion for the situation. It is the state or condition of complete or adult from structure, and function of anorganism, whether in respect to a single trait or, more often, all traits.

Maturity related to physical, mental, social, emotional, spiritual, and moral development. Human beings are social creatures for the whole periods of lives. It is a very close association with the attitude of a person's personality, between other behavior, mindset, intellectual intelligence, emotional intelligence, and spritual intelligence.

Therefore, the writer thinks maturity is the level of someone to think right and wise in any capacity, and knowledge possessed receptive to feedback, provide feedback, respectful feedback, resolve differences also do not harm anyone around us. Maturity is not determined by age, and

1 capacity is not only measured by IQ and intelligence, as well as factors that only appear to look physically, but also based on the experience human being have had.

Mark Twain is one of the American writers who existed in the last twenty years of nineteenth century. He published The Gilded Age (1873) and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) along with many other shorter works. Twain‟s works mostly reflect America‟s real lives in post civil war period. Realism on his literary scene is a portrait of ordinary people in their everyday lives. His works, especially The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and

Huckelberry Finn, brought him in to popularity; it is mostly humorous, and focusing on the social condition reflected in Twain‟s The Adventures of

Tom Sawyer.

One of Mark Twain‟s purpose in writing The Adventures of Tom

Sawyer is to criticize types of books written for children at that time. Those books which portrayed admirable boys who always worked hard, behaved themselves perfectly, made touching sacrifices for others, attended church willingly, studied hard, saved their pennies, and never played hooky from school were preachy, unrealistic, and completely lacking in the fun and humour of real children‟s lives.

This novel tells the life of Tom Sawyer who was full of extraordinary experiences along with the existed conflicts. Although he was a little child, he was capable to face his daily life until he matured. Tom sawyer is a mischievous boy who often get and out into trobles. He is also an

2 imaginative , lazy, full of curiosity and cowardly. Most of them are clearly seen in his speech, his attitude and his thought in facing his life. In this novel, there are some conflict with those other characters change Tom‟s mind and attitude. His understanding toward problem in his childhood shows that his maturity begins to attain. Because of those reasons, the writer determines the title of this analysis is The main character maturity in

Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

1.2 Identification of Problem

After reading the Mark twain‟s novel The Adventures of Tom sawyer, the writer finds and identifies some problems below:

a. The conflicts experienced by the main character with the other

characters in the novel.

b. The conflicts influencing the maturing process of the main character in

the novel.

1.3 Scope of Problem

The novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer shows us some issues.

However, according to the title, the writer focuses on some points. In this study, the writer exposes the main character maturity in Mark Twain‟s The

Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The writer also describes the intrinsic elements of the novel.

1.4 Statement of the Problem

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer tells a life story named Tom who was naughty and problematic. He was full of imaginative things, lazy, curious, and a clown. He also had some challenges with other characters such as Aunt Polly, Huckleberry Finn and Becky Thatcher. Those conflicts were the most primary ones in the story that brought Tom to come of age.

Based on the problems, the writer formulates the statement of problem as follows:

a. What are the conflicts found in the novel?

b. How is the maturity of the main character solving the conflicts in the

story?

1.4 Objective of Writing

According to the statement of the problems above, the writer determines two objectives of research, as follows:

a. To describe the conflict found in the novel.

b. To explain the maturity of the main character solving the conflicts in

the story.

1.5 The sequence of Chapters

The chapters of this research will be arranged into five chapters.

Chapter one is an introduction. It covers the outlook of the whole writing which includes, namely background of writing, identification of problem,

4 the scope of problem, the statement of problem, the objective of writing and the sequence of the chapters. Chapter two explains the literature review, which consists of structural approach, intrinsic elements and the psychology theory. Chapter three consists of methodology of the study. It contains of research design, method of collecting data, method of analyzing data and research procedure. Chapter four is the analysis of the main character maturity in the novel The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer.

Finally, chapter five is the conclusion and suggestion for the readers is involved in this chapter.

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, the writer explains Previous Studies, Structuralism Approach, Psychoanalysis Theory, Maturity and Conflict.

2.1 Previous Studies

Mark Twain has several great novels that remain popular until now.

These novels contain some valuable aspects of literariness that attract their readers to explore it. This research is not the first that use this Mark

Twain‟s novel as an object of analysis. There are a lot of studies that have identified his novels. In completing this research, the writer has found some researches that are relevant in approach and objects of research.

These previous researches are carried out by undergraduate students from English Department of Hasanuddin University.

Mardiana M (2002), “Aspek moral dalam novel The Adventure of

Tom Sawyer”, is one of the theses which has identified the same novel with the writer‟s research. It identified the moral aspect in the novel of

Mark Twain the Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The purpose was to know what kind of moral value in this novel . Mardiana used intrinsic and extrinsic approach in this research. The similarity between Mardiana and the writer‟s is the same on Mark Twain‟s novel The Adventures of Tom

Sawyer, but Mardiana focuses analysis on the moral aspect in the novel, while the writer focuses on the main character maturity.

Mahardika Susanto (2011), “Childish behaviors and Moral Dilemma in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain” is another thesis analyzing on Mark Twain‟s novel. Susanto used structural approach in his thesis that identifies the childish behavior and moral dilemma in this novel.

The difference between Mahardika and the writer‟s is the writer also identifies the main character maturity in the novel, but Mahardika focuses on the childish behavior and moral dilemma in the novel.

The last previous study is Hery Azhar Djafar (2008), “The analysis of

Major Characters and Themes of Mark Twain‟s The Adventures of Tom

Sawyer” used Structuralism Approach in his thesis that describes the characteristic of the main characters and to identify the theme. The writer also identifies the characters, but the writer focuses on maturity of the main character.

The review above informs that there is no any research that analyzed The Adventures of Tom Sawyer views on the main character maturity in the novel. The writer used structuralism approach. Thus, the research explores the new subject matter and perspective that are different from the previous research.

2.2 Structuralism Approach

In this research, the writer used a structuralism approach. It is a literary approach that give attention to literature, regardless of the extrinsic aspects of a literary work. According to Aminuddin (1987:52) that

7 literature is a verbal structure which has its own autonomy apart from other elements outside it. Structuralism is focuses on literary text and intrinsic elements as the major analysis to understand the meaning , the message, and the value that are informed in the text.

In Addition, Semi (1993:67) says that literary work as creative ones have to be seen as independent creation free from other elements outside of themselves. So, the writer analyzed this thesis by using this approach, focuses some elements inside it which build up the work itself. Therefore, structural approach is one of the literary approaches which analyze the elements from inside of the literary work.

Literary works have several elements like character, plot, setting, theme, point of view and so on. Those elements are called the structure of story text. Wellek and Warren explain it as follows:

Structural approach, which consists of material and structure of text of the literary works. The material includes elements that are called formal. While a structure is a concept including both content and form so far as they are organized for aesthetic purpose (1956:140- 141).

So, it can be concluded that the structural approach is an approach to the study of literature that works analyzing the structure elements that build literary works from the inside such as characters, plot, theme, setting and so on, as well as finding the relevance or relationship of these elements in order to achieve unanimity meaning.

2.2.1 Characters

Character is one of the most important elements in literature, character holds the main role in a story of literature such as novel, drama and poem. Characters as the person that presented in the literary work, that their appearance is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with desires, motivation, and emotional qualities that are expressed in their saying and action in the story.

Character is related to Abram‟s (1981: 20) says “characters as the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say, they dialogue and what they do the action.”

Another idea about character remarked by Perrine is in the following as:

An author may present his character either directly or indirectly. In direct presentation, he tells us straight out, by exposition or analysis, what a character is like, or has someone else in the story tells us what he is like. In indirect presentation, the author shows us the character in action, we inter what he is like form what he thinks or says or does (1974:68).

In story of the novel, there are two kinds of character that can be seen in the story. They are main or major character and supporting or minor character. A major character is the central figures or the focus of the story. Usually, major character emerged from the beginning to the end of the story. On the other hand, minor character or supporting character is a

9 character that only accompanied or followed the existence of the main character.

From that explanation, the writer understands that the character is the most important in literature. Character is created by the author to get better understanding through the description above, the reader must able to understand what the character‟s do. So, a story can be told interesting when it depends on the play the characters, because the characters are the key of the way of story life. In this case someone, things although the author can be the character.

2.3.2 Plot

Plot is an important element of literary work, because the plot tells the important event that occur in a story. The structure of action is used to indicate almost any kind of action that found in a story, including the closed, the open, and the straight narrative with little or no serious complication, Bocker ( 1963 :91 ). According to Nurgiyanto (2000:142) that theoritically the plot can be sorted or developed into spesific stages in chronological order. However in practice the measures “operational” does the author is forever subject to that theory.

There are some elements which are included the parts of plot according to Sumardjo and Saini ( 1991:51)

1. Exposition is the first elements as the introduction in which the author

introduces the characters, scene, time and situation.

2. Complication is the advanced introduction that depicts how new conflict

is increased in intensity until they reach a climax.

3. Climax is the continuation of complication. It is where the complication

comes to further development and to a moment of crisis.

4. Resolution shows how the conflicts are resolved. All the problem of the

story which is emerged by the characters will end.

5. Conclusion is the last situation of the whole characters and be the end

of the story.

Based on the opinion above, the writer conclude that plot is the sequence of event in a work of literature formed by stages event that has a causal relationship. Plot is also an important element in literature for clarity. Plot is clarity about the linkages between the events depicted in literature facilitate the understanding of the reader in the story are displayed.

2.3.3 Setting

Setting is not only related to place, time, and event, but it also related with tradition, characters, social behaviors and people perspective by the time when the story is written. According to Aminuddin (1993: 67) explained that Setting is background of events on the literatures, as place, time, and also event, and having fiscal and psychological function. It can be the nature, political, temporary environment including everything that characters know and own. It is including the time, location, and everything

11 in which a story take place, and initiates the main backdrop and mood for a story.

Setting has been referred to as story world to include a context beyond the story. It is also including the background, namely aspect of atmosphere, a series of details, nuances which give a certain shape to theme and plot.

Aminuddin (in Kuswari, 2005:16) explained that setting is background of occurance in fiction. Setting is refers to place, time relationship and social environment in which the events taken place. It can be divided into two, namely physical and spiritual setting. Physical setting refers to place and time. Spiritual setting refers to custom, tradition, believe and value of the society where the event happens.

Setting in literary work is important because it may stir the readers imagination as well as reveal the significance of the action. The element of setting can be differentiated into three principle elements: setting of place, setting of time, and setting of society. Although each of these elements offer situation but actually they are closed and influence each other.

Based on that some opinions, the writer understands that setting can be categorized into three parts, namely the setting of the place, setting of time, and setting of atmosphere. A story in the novel must happen in certain time and place because it is very important thing in a story. With setting, people who read a novel know when the event occured in the

12 society or the situation of place where the character live and could know where the character are.

2.3.4 Theme

Theme is view about life and how people behavior. The theme is not intended to teach or preach. In fact, it is not presented directly at all.

People extract it from the characters, action or setting that makes up the story. In other words the writer must figure out the theme ourselves.

Theme is generally have the character of neutrally, in means that author do not mention it directly, hence, reader is free to determine it by himself from the story according to his understanding of the fiction.

The writer's task is to communicate on a common ground with the reader. Although the particulars of human being experience may be different from the details of the story, the general underlying truths behind the story may be just the connection that both reader and the writer are seeking.

According to Nurgiyantoro (1998:70) that theme can be viewed as a basic story or general basic idea of a novel. It means that the story once the story‟s main goal. If development continues at the bottom of the story, it is intended that the basic, common basic idea or something human being want to put forward to be accepted by the reader.

The theme of a literary work is always associated with the meaning

(experience) of life. The presence of the theme in a literary work is one element in building a story together with other element to form a unity. The

13 theme is often also refered to as the basic story according to Sudjiman

(1990:79) explained the theme is the nation, idea, or the main thought in both the revealed literature and that has not been revealed.

Based on that explanation, the writer conclude that the basic idea of the theme is the stories that expose the fundamentals of the development for a story that animates the whole story, as well as being the starting point of the author in the work of creation. Themes cannot be separated from the problems of life are recorded by the literary work.

2.3 Psychoanalysis Theory

Psychoanalysis theory in literary works is started by the expansion of the researcher‟s fields towards the psychologi‟s theories. The main assumption of this approach as stated by Semi (1993:76) that in literary works always talk about human being‟s life. Human always shows various behaviours. If human being want to see and know human better and further, first human being need to comprehend the psychology.

Psychoanalysis is found by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis is one of the streams in the disciplines of psychology, who has obtained some of the definitions and designation. Freud expressed, “Psychoanalysis is a method of medical treatment for people suffering from neurological disorders. Pschoanalysis is a type of therapy aims to treat someone who had mental disorders and nerve “(2002:3).

Furthermore according to Fudyartana (2005:17), Psychoanalysis is the unconcious psychology, attention-attention directed toward the areas of

14 motivation, emotion, conflict, neurotic dreams, and character traits.

Psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud when he was dealing with neurosis and other mental problem.

Psychoanalysis theory of human personality structure consists of Id, ego and superego.

1. Id

The id is the part of the personality that contains such as thirst, anger, hunger and the desire for instant gratification or release. According to

Freud, we are born with our id. The id is an important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met.

The id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the other circumstances of the situation.

The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an infant's needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are satisfied. Because young infants are ruled entirely by the id, there is no reasoning with them when these needs demand satisfaction.

2. Ego

The ego is the part of the personality that maintains a balance between our id and our superego. The ego is based on the reality principle. The ego understands that other people have needs and desires and sometimes being selfish can hurt us in the end. It is the ego‟s job to meet the id, while taking into consideration the reality of the situation. The ego works, in other words, to balance the id and superego.

Freud compared the id to a horse and the ego to the horse's rider.

The horse provides the power and motion, yet the rider provides the direction and guidance. Without its rider, the horse may simply wander wherever it wished and do whatever it pleased. The rider instead gives the horse directions and commands to guide it in the direction he or she wishes to go.The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id's primary process.

3. Superego

The superego is the part of the personality that represents the conscience, the moral part of us. The superego develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers. It dictates our belief of right and wrong. The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behavior.

It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic

16 principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.

Based on that explanation, the writer understands that psychoanalysis have three elements that is Id, ego and superego to form complex human behaviors. Id, ego and superego are influence a person, especially the personality development. A personality development is the development of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that makes a person distinctive. So, Id is seen a biological component personality, Ego is seen psychological component and Superego is seen social component.

2.3.1 Maturity

Maturity is an end result of growth and physical development is accompanied by a change in behavior. It can not be categorized as a genetic or innate, because it is a common solitariness of the individual in the form and period of time. Maturity is a very close association with the attitude of a person's personality, between Other, namely behavior, mindset, intellectual intelligence, emotional intelligence, and intelligence spritual.

Maturity is a psychological term used to indicate that a person responds to the circumstances or environment in an appropriate and adaptive manner. This response is generally learned rather than instinctual, and is not determined by one's age. Maturity also

17 encompasses being aware of the correct time and place to behave and knowing when to act with appropriate emotion for the situation.

Therefore the writer thinks maturity is the level of someone to think right and wise in any capacity and knowledge possessed receptive to feedback, provide feedback, respectful feedback, resolve differences also do not harm anyone around us. Maturity is not determined by age and capacity are not only measured by IQ and intelligence, as well as factors that only appear to look physically but also based on the experience human being have had. So, it not just based on the physical changes but is accompanied by changes in behavior that is able to think and act appropriately in certain circumstances.

2.3.2 Conflict

Conflict is something that dramatic, referring to the battle between the two forces balanced and implies the action and retaliation (Wellek &

Warren, 1989: 285). These two classes are to each other could not adjust to each other's will, effort and intentions. Conflict is something unpleasant

(negative connotation). That is why people prefer to choose to avoid conflict and want a quiet life. The definition of conflict is stated by Robert

(1995: 1694) as :

Conflict is the opposition between two characters, between large groups of people or between protagonist and and large forces such as natural object, ideas, modes of behavior, public opinion, and the like. Conflict may also be internal and physiological, involving choices facing a protagonist.

Conflict is one of social process which happened in our life which involves some of people or group of people which challenge each other which has inviolacy impact. Conflict is not always has negative impact.

With the conflict, people can get the best solution in every problem that happened in human life.

Conflict can be a centre of a story. Confict becomes the basic of plot, are the conflict of the protagonist. It is the element of the story which shows the concerns of the central characters. However, a literary work such as a novel or short story where there is no conflict, the storyline will seem flat and beautiful. To the authors usually always raises a variety of conflict in a story, so that the story will seem meaningless to anyone who read it. The bottom line with any conflict, can make the reader want to keep reading the story to the end.

According to Stanton (in Nurgiyantoro, 2002: 124) conflict can be divided into two categories, namely internal and external conflicts.

1. The internal conflict or psychological conflict is in the heart of soul of a

character story. So this conflict is the conflict experienced by humans

with himself.

2. The external conflict is a conflict between a character with something

outside himself.

Conflict comes as a shadow figure life's journey and the twists that

must pass a character in the story. The more twists it provided the

authors, then the long journey of life and the time frames of figures for the

19 end of the story. In the novel, the conflict is an important part of building the structure of the groove. Conflict in a literary work it into something that is in need of the reader as a life experience and the needs of the soul.

Based on that explanation, the writer conclude that the types of conflicts can be divided into two catagories namely the internal conflict and the external conflict. The internal conflict is known as struggle within one‟s self, a person must make someone decision, overcome problem, quite their temper, resist an urge, respond the idea, against a mode or behavior, and the like. On the other hand, the external conflict is the struggle of the character against the force from outside. There are several kinds of these external conflicts that the character might face such as the character against another character, the character against the society and the character against the nature force.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the writer describes Research design namely Qualitative Method, Descriptive Analysis, Method of collecting data, Method of Data Analysis and Research Procedures.

3.1 Research Design The research design is basically a scientific way to get data with a specific purpose and usefulness. According to Arikunto (2006) , research method is a method used in obtaining and collecting data from multiple informants.”

3.1.1 Qualitative method

There are two types of research, qualitative and quantitative. This analysis ia a qualitative method. Qualitative method is a study aimed at describing and analyzing phenomena, events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions thinking people individually or in groups (Nana, 2013:

94). Some descriptions are used to discover the principles and explanations that lead to the inference. This method is inductive which researchers let the problems arise from the data or left open to interpretation.

3.1.2 Descriptive Analysis

Descriptive analysis is an analysis method that attempted to describe the object or subjects in the study based on the reality, with the aim of describing systematically, facts and characteristic of the object that

21 analyzed appropriately. Definition about descriptive analysis is stated by

Sukmadinata (2006:72), descriptive analysis is a form of descriptive study aimed to describe the phenomena that exist, whether a natural phenomenon or human-made phenomenon. The phenomenon could be the shape, activity, characteristics, changes, relationships, similarities and differences between the phenomena with each other phenomenon.

Based on the above explanation, the writer understands that the descriptive analysis aims to illustrate the truth of the facts that exist and explains About the relationship between variables was investigated by collecting data, Process, analyze, and interpret data.

3.2 Method of Collecting data

In this research , the writer applied library research as method of collecting data. The Primary data is obtained from the novel itself. The novel consists of 353 pages and is divided into 35 chapters. The collecting data is done by close reading and the writer notes down everything that is relevant to the existing problem in this novel.

3.3 Method of Data Analysis

Data analysis is the process of systematically searching for and compiling data obtained from field notes, and other materials, so it can be easily understood, and its findings can be communicated to others

(Bogdan in Sugiyono, 2013: 244). In Analyzing the data, the writer used structuralism approach to focus on the main character maturity in the novel. The writer interpreted the data by giving more explanation.

3.4 Research Procedures

In research procedures, the writer used a several procedures :

1. Reading the novel of The Adventure of Tom Sawyer itself.

2. Determining the object of the research.

3. Making a note or remark about all problems and other supporting

ideas of the novel.

4. Limiting and formulating the research questions.

5. Determining the basic theory or approach to be used in analyzing

the problem.

6. Making several notes about the intrinsic elements related to main

objectives.

7. Collecting and classifying the data based on the main problems.

8. Commiting the initial consultation to actually determine the research

plan that will be developed.

9. Analyzing and describing the data by applying the basic theory or

approach that has been determined before.

10. Concluding the research and present the result in the form of a

thesis.

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer describes the main character maturity in the novel the adventures of tom sawyer. In analyzing the novel, the writer begins with intrinsic elements, namely character, plot, setting, and theme.

After that, the writer analyzes the statement of problems in the first chapter.

4.1 Intrinsic Elements of the adventures of Tom Sawyer

The writer analyzes the intrinsic elements such as character, plot, setting, and theme before elaborating the main character maturity.

4.1.1 Characters

There are some character in this novel the adventures of tom sawyer, but the writer only analyzed the main character and other characters who influence the main character maturity.

1. Tom sawyer

Tom is the main character in this novel, Mark Twain did not mention clearly the age of Tom, but in conclusion mark twain writes, “So endeth this chronicle. It being strictly a history of a boy, it must stop here; the story could not go much further without becoming the history of a man” (Twain,

1876: 336). From the quotation above, it shows that Tom is a boy who was a teenager, because of his behavior as stole the jam that looks childish but on the other hand, Tom shows his mature side. It can be seen when he goes to camping for a few days with his friends.

Tom is an orphan who lives with her mother‟s sister, aunt Polly, since he was a little boy. He is a mischievous boy with a high imagination.

His behavior has always made her aunt annoyed and irritated.

“I never did see the beat of that boy! „You Tom!‟ There was a slight noise behind her and she turned just in time to seize a small boy by the slack of his roundabout and arrest his flight. There! I might a thought of that closet. What you been doing in there? Nothing. Nothing! Look at your hands. And look at your mouth. What is that truck? I do not know, aunt Well, I know. It is jam that‟s what it is. Forty times I‟ve said if you did not let that jam alone I‟d skin you. Hand me that switch” (Twain, 1876: 03-04).

Tom is also a very stubborn child. He often leaves his job, work on his friends, fighting, lazy bath, cheating in class, and so on. One of the scenes was when he was assigned by his aunt to paint the fence. For avoidance of these duties, Tom made the other kids jealous with him to paint the fence.

Tom gave up the brush with reluctance in his face, but alacrity in his heart. And while the late steamer big Missouri worked and sweated in the sun, the retired artist sat on a barrel in the shade close by, dangled his legs, munched his apple, and planned the slaughter of more innocents. There was no lack of material; boys happened along every little while; they came to jeer, but remained to whitewash. By the time Ben was fagged out, Tom had traded the next chance to Billy Fisher for a kite, in good repair; and when he played out, Johnny Miller bought in for a dead rat and a string to swing it with ---- and so on, and so on, hour after hour” (Twain, 1876: 23).

From the quotation above, it shows that Tom is changing his job from the punishment into an advantage for him just by renting out the paint

25 and brushes as well as provide an opportunity for his friends felt the job paint the fence. The reward tom gets out of it like a horn broken, rusty locks, dead rats and so on.

Tom does not like to sit quietly at home or at school. He prefers to play and explore the outside world, such as forests, vacant homes and cemeteries. He likes adventure with her best friend named Huckleberry

Finn. as their favorite place for an adventure in a strange place, bring tom and Huck on an adventure that changed their lives. Their adventure begins when they are in the grave before midnight with the dead cat to heal the disease but they saw a thief. Unfortunately, they are a silent witness to a murder that turns real murderer distort facts. However, Tom and Huck had promised untold anyone what really happened for their own safety.

Who‟ll tell? We? What are you talking about? S‟pose something happened and Injun Joe didn‟t hang? Why, he‟d kill us some time or other, just as dead sure as we‟re a laying here. That‟s just what I was thinking to myself, Huck. If anybody tells, let Muff Potter do it, if he‟s fool enough. He‟s generally drunk enough. After another reflective silence, Tom said: Hucky, you sure you can keep mum? Tom, we got to keep mum. You know that. That Injun devil wouldn‟t make any more of drownd-ing us than a couple of cats, if we was to squeak bout this and they didn‟t hang him. Now, look-a-here, Tom, less take and swear to one another− that‟s what we got to do− swear to keep mum” (Twain, 1876: 110 -111).

From the quotation above, it shows that Tom and Huck becomes a witness in a murder that occurred cemetery involving muff potter, Injun Joe and dr. Robinson. After that, they negotiate over who will be telling the

26 truth but for fear of the figure of Injun joe, Tom and Huck promise not to tell the incident to anyone.

Tom Sawyer is also teaching us to be honest. Although Tom was frightened when asked for information about the murder of a doctor by

Injun Joe, Tom finally went on to tell the truth. As a result, he was praised by all the inhabitants of the city as a brave boy.

Tom began hesitatingly at first, but as he warmed to his subject his words flowed more and more easily; in a little while every sound ceased but his own voice; every eye fixed itself upon him; with parted lips and bated breath the audience hung upon his words, taking no note of time, rapt in the ghastly fascinations of the tale. The strain upon pent emotion reached its climax when the boy said …….. and as the doctor fetched the board around and Muff Potter fell, Injun Joe jumped with the knife and (Twain, 1876: 238).

From the statement above, it can be seen that Tom began to dare to tell the truth about who the real culprit in the Robinson murder case even though at first, he was still hesitant because the testimony that he told it cornered Injun joe. Because of the testimony he gave, he became a hero who was praised at St. Petersburg and his name engraved in the newspaper in the city.

Besides making friends with Huck, Tom also has a friend named

Joe Harper. They are enjoys doing the same things: playing hooky, pretending to be Robin Hood, and just generally having fun. Every

Saturday, Tom and Joe face to face in the battlefield because they are the leaders of the two great troops who must finish their battle on that day too.

Tom‟s bosom friend sat next him, suffering just as Tom had been, and now he was deeply and gratefully interested in this entertainment in an instant. This bosom friend was Joe Harper. The

two boys were sworn friends all the week, and embattled enemies on Saturdays (Twain, 1876: 80).

From the quotation above, it can be seen that beside making friends with Huck, Tom also has a classmate named Joe harper. Their friendship is not only in school but in doing an adventure, they are also often doing things that are not usually done by the other children. Another thing of these two friends is they are friends every week except Saturday.

When Tom passes through Jeff thatcher's house, he sees a girl in the garden. Tom stopped and then fascinated by the beautiful face of the girl. He fells in love with the girl who turned out to becomes her classmate named Becky thatcher. Finally, Tom expressed his feelings to Becky and she even return his love.

Oh, no, NOW. Please, Becky — I‟ll whisper it, I‟ll whisper it ever so easy. Becky hesitating, Tom took silence for consent, and passed his arm about her waist and whispered the tale ever so softly, with his mouth close to her ear. And then he added: Now you whisper it to me — just the same. ‟She resisted, for a while, and then said: „You turn your face away so you can‟t see, and then I will. But you mustn‟t ever tell anybody — WILL you, Tom? Now you won‟t, WILL you?‟ „No, indeed, indeed I won‟t. Now, Becky.‟ He turned his face away. She bent timidly around till her breath stirred his curls and whispered, „I —love — you!‟ (Twain, 1876: 84 - 85).

From the explanation above, it can be seen on Tom to response

Becky after expressing his feelings. At first, Becky seemed embarrassed to express his feelings but in the end, he returned love from tom. They hug each other and promised to love each other.

2. Huckleberry Finn

Huckleberry Finn is the second main character in this novel. He is a son of the town drunkard. He was cordially hated and dreaded by all the mothers of the town, because he was idle and lawless and vulgar, bad and because all their children admired him so, and delighted in his forbidden society, and wished they dared to be like him. He also often wears oversized clothes, his daily life is also very free without rules, he does whatever he wants without any prohibit.

Huckleberry came and went, at his own free will. He slept on doorsteps in fine weather and in empty hogsheads in wet; he did not have to go to school or to church, or call any being master or obey anybody; he could go fishing or swimming when and where he chose, and stay as long as it suited him; nobody forbade him to fight; he could sit up as late as he pleased; he was always the first boy that went barefoot in the spring and the last to resume leather in the fall; he never had to wash, nor put on clean clothes; he could swear wonderfully. In a word, everything that goes to make life precious that boy had (Twain, 1876:67).

From the explanation above, it can be seen that Huck‟s daily life is kind of free, such as not going to school or church, he seldom to takes a bath and always fight whenever he wants. All the children in the city of St.

Petersburg are very fond of Huck including Tom because Huck can do anything he likes. Hence Tom very like hanging out with Huck who is the happiest and free boy in the town.

Another case with Tom who went to school, Huck did not get education as a child his age. Huck is known by the citizens of the city St.

Petersburg as the son of a drunkard make him isolated because the mothers in that city forbids his children play with Huck, so he spent much

29 time playing his own. Therefore, he was very happy when friends with

Tom, he was amazed by his friend's intelligence in talking and stringing words, which made him always ask everything he did not know.

Huckleberry was filled with admiration of Tom‟s facility in writing, and the sublimity of his language. He at once took a pin from his lapel and was going to prick his flesh, but Tom said: Hold on! Don‟t do that. A pin‟s brass. It might have verdigrease on it.‟ What‟s verdigrease?‟ It‟s p‟ison. That‟s what it is. You just swaller some of it once — you‟ll see (Twain, 1876: 112).

Another quotation above:

Do you know Robin Hood, Huck? No. Who‟s Robin Hood? Why, he was one of the greatest men that was ever in England — and the best. He was a rob- ber.„ Cracky, I wisht I was. Who did he rob? Only sheriffs and bishops and rich people and kings, and such like. But he never bothered the poor. He loved „em. He always divided up with „em perfectly square. „Well, he must „a‟ been a brick (Twain, 1876: 253).

Huck reveals himself to be modest, vulnerable, and caring. He appreciates the help that he is given by Ben Rogers and Uncle Jake, and he does his best to repay the favor by helping to tote water when he can.

He is embarrassed to admit that he associates so closely with a slave, but only because there is a social stigma attached. His response to Tom is so bashful and so guileless, it totally dispels the "bad boy" aura that surrounds him.

That‟s all right. Now, where you going to sleep? Said Tom In Ben Rogers‟ hayloft. He lets me, and so does his pap‟s nigger man, Uncle Jake. I tote water for Uncle Jake whenever he wants me to, and any time I ask him he gives me a little something to eat if

he can spare it. That‟s a mighty good nigger, Tom. He likes me, becuz I don‟t ever act as if I was above him. Sometime I‟ve set right down and eat WITH him. But you needn‟t tell that. A body‟s got to do things when he‟s awful hungry he wouldn‟t want to do as a steady thing (Twain, 1876: 275-276).

3. Joe Harper

Tom's closest friend. He is not as clever as Tom and also not the leader when on the Jackson Island. On the Island, over time the spirit of

Joe Harper almost destroyed. He was attacked by longing for his family.

Therefore, Joe is the first to become seriously homesick on the island and the first tries to leave.

Oh, boys, let‟s give it up. I want to go home. It‟s so lonesome. Oh no, Joe, you‟ll feel better by and by, said Tom. Just think of the fishing that‟s here. I don‟t care for fishing. I want to go home. But, Joe, there ain‟t such another swimming-place anywhere. Swimming‟s no good. I don‟t seem to care for it, somehow, when there ain‟t anybody to say I sha‟n‟t go in. I mean to go home. Oh, shucks! Baby! You want to see your mother, I reckon. Yes, I DO want to see my mother — and you would, too, if you had one. I ain‟t any more baby than you are. And Joe snuffled a little. Well, we‟ll let the cry-baby go home to his mother, won‟t we, Huck? Poor thing — does it want to see its mother? And so it shall. You like it here, don‟t you, Huck? We‟ll stay, won‟t we? Huck said, Y-e-s‟ — without any heart in it. I‟ll never speak to you again as long as I live, said Joe, rising. „There now!‟ And he moved moodily away and began to dress himself (Twain, 1876: 168-169).

From the quotation above, it can be seen that Joe is really miss the atmosphere of his hometown especially his house. He missed his mother's advice and prohibitions. The freedom he once wished, became something he did not want anymore because the freedom actually made him isolated from the city where he lived. He is aware of his plans to live independently

31 on the Jackson island with tom is a mistake that keeps him away from his family.

4. Aunt Polly

Aunt Polly takes over the guardianship of Tom after the death of his mother, her sister. Aunt Polly is a kind-hearted woman who suffers much internal conflict regarding how to deal with Tom. She feels that she should discipline him, but when she does, she feels guilty and sorry for him.

I ain‟t doing my duty by that boy, and that‟s the Lord‟s truth, goodness knows. Spare the rod and spile the child, as the Good Book says. I‟m a laying up sin and suffering for us both, I know. He‟s full of the Old Scratch, but laws-a-me! he‟s my own dead sister‟s boy, poor thing, and I ain‟t got the heart to lash him, somehow. Every time I let him off, my conscience does hurt me so, and every time I hit him my old heart most breaks. Well-a-well, man that is born of woman is of few days and full of trouble, as the Scripture says, and I reckon it‟s so. He‟ll play hookey this evening, * and [* Southwestern for „afternoon"] I‟ll just be obleeged to make him work, to-morrow, to punish him (Twain, 1876: 05).

From the quotation, it can be seen Aunt Polly is very careful and full of love to educates tom. On the other hand, she shows to Tom that every action has a logical consequence as when he plays hockey and skipped school Aunt Polly had to punish him by having him work tomorrow.

Although the heart of Aunt Polly is very sad if Tom has to work on a day off while his friends playing.

5. Injun Joe

Injun joe is a villain in this novel, he is known to be evil, clever, brave and cunning by the townspeople of St. Petersburg. He killed dr.

Robinson was heartbroken after being expelled from the doctor's kitchen

32 when he was starving and asked for a piece of bread and increasingly grew his revenge when the doctor's father put him in jail.

„Five years ago, you drove me away from your father‟s kitchen one night, when I come to ask for something to eat, and you said I warn‟t there for any good; and when I swore I‟d get even with you if it took a hundred years, your father had me jailed for a vagrant. Did you think I‟d forget? The Injun blood ain‟t in me for nothing. And now I‟ve GOT you, and you got to SETTLE, you know!‟ (Twain, 1876: 104).

From the quotation above, it can be seen that the motive of dr.

Robinson murder because Injun joe is getting hurt for the treatment of his doctor and father who made him revenge to dr. Robinson. On the other hand, Injun joe proves that he is a clever guy when he receives a job offer from a doctor that makes him have a chance to avenge his hurt.

6. Becky Thatcher

Becky was the girl Tom liked since the first time he saw her in the garden. Tom portrayal of this preferred girl as in the following quote:

As he was passing by the house where Jeff Thatcher lived, he saw a new girl in the garden, a lovely little blue-eyed creature with yellow hair plaited into two longtails, white summer frock and embroidered pan- talettes (Twain, 1876:28).

From the statement above, it can be seen that Tom describes

Becky as a beautiful girl with blue-eyed and yellow hair. In contrast with

Tom, Becky never been in trouble and is used to obey her mother's words.

Becky is a polite child, respectful of the elders, and well behaved.

She is never punished in school. However, in some ways, she becomes cruel and pretends to be interested in Alfred Temple when allowing him to mock Tom. She did not defend Tom when accused of spilling ink into his

33 spelling book because she wanted him punished. She becomes disobedient. She is agreed with Tom's plan to visit Mrs. Douglas's house.

However, Becky is basically warm and caring. Lost in the cave, she regains hope to make Tom stop blaming herself for their misery.

Before she was half way home, however, she had changed her mind. The thought of Tom‟s treatment of her when she was talking about her picnic came scorching back and filled her with shame. She resolved to let him get whipped on the damaged spelling- book‟s account, and to hate him forever, into the bargain (Twain‟s, 1876:200).

Tom begged her to pluck up hope again, and she said she could not. He fell to blaming and abusing himself for getting her into this miserable situation; this had a better effect. She said she would try to hope again, she would get up and follow wherever he might lead if only he would not talk like that anymore. For he was no more to blame than she, she said (Twain‟s, 1876: 309).

7. Widow douglas

She is a hospitable and attractive woman in her early forties. She likes children, and they visit her often. She took care of Huck from his illness. When huck disappears, she is so distressed that she spends two days hunting for him. She is a very kindly rich woman. He is willing to make huck as his adopted son, allow huck stay at home and willing to send huck go to school.

So, the Widow Douglas came and took charge of the patient. She said she would do her best by him, because, whether he was good, bad, or indifferent, he was the Lord‟s, and nothing that was the Lord‟s was a thing to be neglected (Twain‟s, 1876:300-301).

The widow said she meant to give Huck a home under her roof and have him educated; and that when she could spare the money she would start him in business in a modest way (Twain,1876:342).

4.1.1 Plot

The writer explains exposition, complication, climax, resolution and conclusion as the plot of story.

1. Exposition

Exposition in the novel starts with lives and characteristic of Tom

Sawyer. He lives in St. Petersburg, Missouri with his aunt Polly, cousin

Mary, and brother Sid. Tom is a mischievous boy with a vivid imagination.

The story begins when Tom makes his friends jealous about whitewashing. He tricks the other boys in Town to do it for him, and in turn he gets something from them so that they could do it.

Say, Tom, let ME whitewash a little.‟Tom considered, was about to consent; but he altered his mind: „No — no — I reckon it wouldn‟t hardly do, Ben. You see, Aunt Polly‟s awful particular about this fence — right here on the street, you know — but if it was the back fence I wouldn‟t mind and SHE wouldn‟t. Yes, she‟s awful particular about this fence; it‟s got to be done very careful; I reckon there ain‟t one boy in a thousand, maybe two thousand, that can do it the way it‟s got to be done.‟ „No — is that so? Oh come, now — lemme just try. Only just a little — I‟d let YOU, if you was me, Tom (Twain, 1876:22).

Although Tom is a naughty child in his environment but he can be a smart kid in deceiving his friends. From the quotation above, it can be seen when Tom used his brilliant idea to make his friend jealous of his punishment for painting the fence. Finally one of his friends namely Ben

Roger wants to do the job.

2. Complication

When Tom and Huck were visit the cemetery at night with a dead black cat. With that cat, they hope to escape from signs of mother. Arrived

35 at the cemetery, they had an unexpected surprise. Three men named

Injun Joe, Dr. Robinson and Muff Potter trying to dig up a cemetery suddenly between those men was, a strife followed the assassination of

Dr. Robinson. They are a two witness that Injun Joe murdered Dr.

Robinson. They discover that Muff Potter has been arrested for the murder and they are too afraid to reveal the truth. Find horrified by what they saw, the boys ran home. In the morning people found the horrific crime.

The two frightened boys went speeding away in the dark. Presently, when the moon emerged again, Injun Joe was standing over the two forms, contemplating them. The doctor murmured inarticulately, gave a long gasp or two and was still. The half-breed mut- tered: „THAT score is settled — damn you.‟ Then he robbed the body. After which he put the fatal knife in Potter‟s open right hand, and sat down on the dismantled coffin (Twain, 1876:105-106).

3. Climax

When Huck overhears Injun Joe‟s plans to kill the Widow Douglas and risks his neck to send help. On the other hand, When Tom and Becky went on the trip they visited a cave like a labyrinth. They are lost and stayed in the cave for 2,3 days. Everybody was looking for Tom and

Becky. While the kids stayed in the cave Tom saw Injun Joe. The people could not found them, but Tom founded the way out from the cave. The way out founded by Tom was near the river Mississippi.

Tom, Tom, we‟re lost! we‟re lost! We never can get out of this awful place! Oh, why DID we ever leave the others (Twain‟s, 1876:309).

Tom lifted up a glorious shout, and instantly that hand was followed by the body it belonged to — Injun Joe‟s! Tom was paralyzed; he could not move. He was vastly gratified the next moment, to see the „Spaniard‟ take to his heels and get himself out of sight. Tom wondered that Joe had not recognized his voice and come over and killed him for testifying in court. But the echoes must have disguised the voice (Twain‟s, 1876: 316).

4. Resolution

Safe from Injun Joe, Widow Douglas takes in Huck and cares for him while he is sick. After escape from the cave, Tom heard that the cave has been closed he told everyone that Injun Joe is in there. Almost every people went to that cave to search him but when the cave was opened, they founded Joe dead at the entrance of the cave.

The old Welshman came home toward daylight, spattered with candle-grease, smeared with clay, and almost worn out. He found Huck still in the bed that had been provided for him, and delirious with fever. The physicians were all at the cave, so the Widow Douglas came and took charge of the patient (Twain‟s, 1876:300).

When the cave door was unlocked, a sorrowful sight presented itself in the dim twilight of the place. Injun Joe lay stretched upon the ground, dead, with his face close to the crack of the door, as if his longing eyes had been fixed, to the latest moment, upon the light and the cheer of the free world outside (Twain‟s, 1876:323).

5. Conclusion

Tom and Huck went in that cave after the treasure hided by Injun

Joe. So, they becomes the richiest people in the town and Huck is adopted by the Widow Douglas. Between their adventures and heroism, they becomes a celebrated pair in St. Petersburg.

The widow said she meant to give Huck a home under her roof and have him educated; and that when she could spare the money she would start him in business in a modest way (Twain,1876:342).

Wherever Tom and Huck appeared they were courted, admired, stared at. The boys were not able to remem- ber that their remarks had possessed weight before; but now their sayings were treasured and repeated; everything they did seemed somehow to be regarded as remarkable; they had evidently lost the power of doing and saying commonplace things; moreover, their past history was raked up and discovered to bear marks of conspicuous originality. The; village paper published biographical sketches of the boys (Twain, 1876:345).

4.1.3 Setting

The writer explains setting, including setting of time, setting of place and setting of atmosphere.

1. Setting of time

In the beginning of the novel, the first setting of time is the summer evening, Monday morning and so on. a. The summer evenings

The first setting of time in the novel. On summer evening, Tom continued his journey with a whistle and he saw a boy a shade larger than himself.

The summer evenings were long. It was not dark, yet. Presently Tom checked his whistle. A stranger was before him — a boy a shade larger than himself. A new comer of any age or either sex was an im- pressive curiosity in the poor little shabby village of St. Petersburg (Twain, 1876: 9-10). b. The sun rose

After breakfast, Aunt Polly performed religious activities with all the inhabitants of the house including Tom. He read some verses of the Bible.

After that, Tom and Sid should read a few verses that must be memorized.

THE sun rose upon a tranquil world, and beamed down upon the peaceful village like a benediction. Breakfast over, Aunt Polly had family worship: it began with a prayer built from the ground up of solid courses of Scriptural quotations, welded together with a thin mortar of originality; and from the summit of this she delivered a grim chapter of the Mosaic Law, as from Sinai. Then Tom girded up his loins, so to speak, and went to work to „get his verses.‟ Sid had learned his lesson days before (Twain, 1876:36). c. Monday morning

On Monday morning, Tom woke up with a tumultuous heart. Because he always felt that every Monday morning was the day he first went to school for six days in a row.

MONDAY morning found Tom Sawyer miserable. Monday morning always found him so — because it began another week‟s slow suffering in school. He generally began that day with wishing he had had no intervening holiday, it made the going into captivity and fetters again so much more odious (Twain, 1876:61). d. At Half-past nine

At ten-thirty, Tom and Sid were usually ordered into his room. After praying, Sid sleeps early while Tom waits for midnight to see the clock chiming.

AT half-past nine, that night, Tom and Sid were sent to bed, as usual. They said their prayers, and Sid was soon asleep. Tom lay awake and waited, in restless impatience. When it seemed to him that it must be nearly daylight, he heard the clock strike ten! This was despair. He would have tossed and fidgeted, as his nerves demanded, but he was afraid he might wake Sid (Twain, 1876:98). e. Wednesday night

Tom tells his dream is the truth when he sees my aunt Polly sitting on the bed, Sid sits in a wooden casket and Mary sits beside her while praying for herself who is said to have died.

„Why, Wednesday night I dreamt that you was sitting over there by the bed, and Sid was sitting by the woodbox, and Mary next to him.„Well, so we did. So we always do. I‟m glad your dreams could take even that much trouble about us.‟ And I dreamt that Joe Harper‟s mother was here.„Why, she was here! Did you dream any more? Oh, lots. But it‟s so dim, now (Twain, 1876:189). f. Fourth of July

Tom joined the new order of cadets of temperance. But not yet forty- eight hours into a member, he has resigned. And on that day, he also heard the news that Frazer's judge was seriously ill.

Fourth of July was coming; but he soon gave that up — gave it up before he had worn his shackles over forty-eight hours — and fixed his hopes upon old Judge Frazer, justice of the peace, who was apparently on his deathbed and would have a big public funeral, since he was so high an official (Twain, 1876:224). g. On Friday morning

Tom heard the good news that last night Judge Thatcher's family had returned to St. Petersburg. Therefore, he begins to forget about Joe's injured problems and the treasure.

THE first thing Tom heard on Friday morning was a glad piece of news — Judge Thatcher‟s family had come back to town the night before. Both Injun Joe and the treasure sunk into secondary importance for a moment, and Becky took the chief place in the boy‟s interest (Twain, 1876:314). h. Tuesday afternoon

When Becky and Tom lost in the cave have not been found. All residents held a prayer together hoping the two-child survived. But still not heard good news about the search for the two-child.

private prayer that had the petitioner‟s whole heart in it; but still no good news came from the cave. The majority of the searchers had given up the quest and gone back to their daily avocations, saying that it was plain the children could never be found (Twain, 1876:318).

2. Setting of place

There are many setting of place in this novel such as St. Petersburg,

Crdiff hill, graveyard and so on. a. Cardiff hill

When tom is punished to paint a fence with a very large size. He opened the door of his house and brought a bucket of paint and brush with sadness For having to struggle with a very tiring job.

Cardiff Hill, beyond the village and above it, was green with vegetation and it lay just far enough away to seem a Delectable Land, dreamy, reposeful, and inviting. Tom appeared on the sidewalk with a bucket of whitewash and a long-handled brush. He surveyed the fence, and all gladness left him and a deep mel- ancholy settled down upon his spirit (Twain, 1876:16). b. Jeff Thatcher’s house

When tom saw a very beautiful and charming girl who was in the garden of Jeff Thatcher's house. Instantly he forgot about the amy

Lawrence who he had admired.

As he was passing by the house where Jeff Thatcher lived, he saw a new girl in the garden — a lovely little blue-eyed creature with yellow hair plaited into two longtails, white summer frock and embroidered pan- talettes (Twain, 1876: 28).

41 c. At the Church

As a devout Christians, Tom and his family went to the church for worship. Before the worship began, a Sunday school was held for the children of the city.

The church‟s highbacked, uncushioned pews would seat about three hundred persons; the edifice was but a small, plain affair, with a sort of pine board tree-box on top of it for a steeple. At the door Tom dropped back a step and accosted a Sunday-dressed (Twain, 1876: 40-41). d. St. Peterburg

When Tom and Becky get lost in the cave. They are lost in a cave that has never entered a human. For several days Tom and Becky got lost in the cave, the whole town searched for them and grieved. Becky's mother and Aunt Polly are sad and continue to cry for them. Everyone is busy looking for them all over the island, even looking into the cave.

TUESDAY afternoon came, and waned to the twilight. The village of St. Peters- burg still mourned. The lost children had not been found. Public prayers had been offered up for them, and many and many a private prayer that had the petitioner‟s whole heart in it; but still no good news came from the cave (Twain, 1876: 318). e. Graveyard

When Tom and Huck visit the graveyard at night with a dead black cat. With that cat, they hope to escape from signs of mother. But, at the cemetery, they had an unexpected surprise. Three men named Injun Joe,

Dr. Robinson and Muff Potter trying to dig up a cemetery.

The boys moved off and disap- peared in the gloom. At the end of half an hour they were wading through the tall grass of the graveyard. It was a graveyard of the old-fashioned Western kind. It was on a hill, about a mile and a half from the village. It had a crazy board fence

around it, which leaned inward in places, and outward the rest of the time, but stood upright nowhere. Grass and weeds grew rank over the whole cemetery (Twain,1876:99). f. School-house

When Tom arrives at school in a noisy voice by hanging his hat on the hanger of hat and running to his seat. On the other hand, the school teacher who listened to the noise awoke and scolded Tom.

When Tom reached the little isolated frame school- house, he strode in briskly, with the manner of one who had come with all honest speed. He hung his hat on a peg and flung himself into his seat with business-like alacrity. The master, throned on high in his great splintbottom arm-chair, was dozing, lulled by the drowsy hum of study. The interruption roused him. „Thomas Sawyer! (Twain, 1876:73). g. Widow Douglas’s House

Tom was in the great and beautiful Madame Douglas's house. He is really happy with a nice dinner at that home. On the other hand, Tom is also remembered his plan with Huck and Becky for picnics with his friends.

The Widow Douglas‟ splendid hospitality was a tempting bait. It and Tom‟s persuasions presently carried the day. So it was decided to say nothing anybody about the night‟s programme. Presently it occurred to Tom that maybe Huck might come this very night and give thesignal (Twain,1876:279).

3. Setting of atmospheres

In the setting of atmosphere there is a hatefully, suspense, fear and so on. a. Hatefully

When Tom did not like to be assigned to take water from a town pump on the roadside because He viewed the assignment as despicable.

Bringing water from the town pump had always been hateful work in Tom‟s eyes, before, but now it did not strike him so. He remembered that there was company at the pump (Twain‟s 1876: 16-17). b. Suspense and fear

When Huck and Tom witness the murder of Dr. Robinson by Injun

Joe, there is a sense of fear and suspense.

THE two boys flew on and on, toward the village, speechless with horror. They glanced backward over their shoulders from time to time, apprehensively, as if they feared they might be followed. Every stump that started up in their path seemed a man and an enemy, and made them catch their breath; and as they sped by some outlying cot- tages that lay near the village, the barking of the aroused watch-dogs seemed to give wings to their feet (Twain‟s 1876: 109). c. Happiness

The happiness of the aunt Polly and the Harper family when tom and his friends return to the village after being revealed for several days.

Tom in the lead, Joe next, and Huck, a ruin of drooping rags, sneaking sheepishly in the rear! They had been hiding in the nused gallery listening to their own funeral sermon! Aunt Polly, Mary, and the Harpers threw themselves upon their restored ones, smothered them with kisses and poured out thanksgivings (Twain‟s, 1876:185).

4.1.4 Theme

After reading and analyzed the novel, the writer concludes that the theme of novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is Moral and Maturation. In the beginning of the novel Tom is young and loves to play pranks. As the novel progresses Tom slowly matures putting the concern for others above the concern for Tom show more maturity, competence and moral integrity. In the beginning, Tom Sawyer was being portrayed as a childish character in the beginning of the story. As the story proceeds, he became

44 a more mature adolescent as claimed by the author himself in the conclusion as follow: "It being strictly a history of a boy, it must stop here; the story could not go much farther without becoming a history of a man"

(Twain‟s, 1876:353)

Another theme such as love and imagination. One of the major themes that portrays in the book is childhood love. It can clearly see the associated emotions overcoming the boy (Tom sawyer) when he first notices Becky Thatcher, as stated: "He worshiped this new angel with furtive eye. He portrayal of this preferred girl as in the following quote:

4.2 The Conflict Of Characters In The Novel

Firstly, when Tom and Huck goes out to a graveyard to perform a said to be ritual but instead there was a murder and a man framed over it as the town finds out who the real murderer was Injun Joe. Tom and Huck witnessed Injun Joe murdered Dr. Robinson and ran away. After the incident, Tom and Huck promised each other untold anybody, but they were shocked when innocent Muff Potter who was drunk that night was being blamed of murdering the young doctor.

to keep mum. You know that. That Injun devil wouldn‟t make any more of drownd-ing us than a couple of cats, if we was to squeak bout this and they didn‟t hang him. Now, look-a-here, Tom, less take and swear to one another− that‟s what we got to do− swear to keep mum (Twain, 1876: 110 -111).

Secondly, when Tom ran away from his problems to Jackson's Island with his comrades. Tom, Huckleberry Finn and joe decided to being pirates. One night everybody brought food and then left to an island near town. While they stayed on the island, the people from the town searched without rest, but this search was in vain because they have not been founded. While the funeral was officially, the kids entered to the church‟s door. Everybody was happy especially aunt Polly and lady Harper have embraces the children and even Huckleberry.

Three miles below St. Petersburg, at a point where the Mississippi River was a trifle over a mile wide, there was a long, narrow, wooded island, with a shallow bar at the head of it, and this offered well as a ren- dezvous. It was not inhabited; it lay far over toward the further shore, abreast a dense and almost wholly unpeopled forest. So Jackson‟s Island was chosen (Twain‟s, 1876:137-138).

Tom in the lead, Joe next, and Huck, a ruin of drooping rags, sneaking sheepishly in the rear! They had been hid in the unused gallery listening to their own funeral sermon! Aunt Polly, Mary, and the Harpers threw themselves upon their restored ones, smothered them with kisses and poured out thanksgivings, while poor Huck stood abashed and uncomfortable, not knowing exactly what to do orwhere to hide from so many unwelcoming eyes (Twain‟s, 1876: 185).

Thirsty, when Tom and Becky went on the trip they visited a cave like a labyrinth. They lost stayed in the cave for 2,3 days. Everybody was looking for Tom and Becky. While the kids stayed in the cave Tom saw

Injun Joe The people could not found them but Tom founded the way out

46 from the cave. The way out founded by Tom was near the river

Mississippi. All of them was very happy after the appearance of the kids.

Becky's father for being sure that nobody will never enter in that cave decided to close it. When Tom heard that the cave has been closed he told everyone that Injun Joe is in there. Almost every people went to that cave to search him, but when the cave was opened they founded Joe dead at the entrance of the cave.

Finally, when Tom and Huck started to search after the treasure they heard noises so they hide on the rooftop. The ones who made the noise was Injun Joe and a friend of his. They came to that house to hide a treasure. They saw the tools left from Tom and Huck and thought to bury the treasure somewhere else. At the end, Tom and Huck are finds the treasure as the following quotes: They searched everywhere once more, and then sat down discouraged. Huck could suggest nothing (Twain‟s,

1876:334).

My goodness, Huck, lookyhere!‟It was the treasure-box, sure enough, occupying a snug little cavern, along with an empty powder- keg, a couple of guns in leather cases, two or three pairs of old moccasins, a leather belt, and some other rubbish well soaked with the water-drip (Twain‟s, 1876:334-335).

4.3 The Maturity Of Main Character To Solve The Conflicts In The Novel

Maturity of the protagonist character namely Thomas Sawyer or favorably known as Tom Sawyer was being portrayed as a childish character at the commencement. Apart from that, his childish acts were found mostly at the beginning of the story before he indulged himself in the adventures that changed him to be more mature.

1. Adventures with Huckleberry Finn

The adventures that Tom Sawyer had with Huck include many incidents that showed maturity. One of the maturations that Tom had portrayed included an incident where he realized the importance of justice when he testified at Muff Potter's trial. Tom and Huck witnessed Injun Joe murdered Dr. Robinson and ran away. After the incident, Tom and Huck promised each other untold anybody, but they were shocked when innocent Muff Potter was drunk that night was being blamed of murdering the young doctor. Tom and Huck visited Muff Potter while he was in jail and from that moment, there was a change in Tom's behavior.

If Doctor Robinson dies, I reckon hanging‟ll come of it.‟ „Do you though?‟ „Why, I KNOW it, Tom.‟ Tom thought a while, then he said: „Who‟ll tell? We?‟ „What are you talking about? S‟pose something happened and Injun Joe DIDN‟T hang? Why, he‟d kill us some time or other, just as dead sure as we‟re a laying here.‟ „That‟s just what I was thinking to myself, Huck.‟ „If anybody tells, let Muff Potter do it, if he‟s fool enough. He‟s generally drunk enough (Twain‟s, 1876:110).

After another reflective silence, Tom said: Hucky, you sure you can keep mum? Tom, we got to keep mum. You know that. That Injun devil wouldn‟t make any more of drownd-ing us than a couple of cats, if we was to

squeak bout this and they didn‟t hang him. Now, look-a-here, Tom, less take and swear to one another− that‟s what we got to do− swear to keep mum” (Twain, 1876: 110 -111).

This incident showed maturity in Tom Sawyer because he started to realize that an innocent person was being accused for something that the person did not do and this was definitely wrong. He knew that it was right or wrong. He wished that Injun Joe was struck by lightning when he was lying. The writer thinks, deciding to testify was a brave decision and reflected grace and maturity in him. Since Muff Potter was being such a nice friend to them and he expressed his gratitude to the boys because they came and paid him a visit, guilt overwhelmed them.

The boys did as they had often done before — went to the cell grating and gave Potter some tobacco and matches. He was on the ground floor and there were no guards his gratitude for their gifts had always smote their consciences before — it cut deeper than ever, this time. They felt cowardly and treacherous to the last degree when Potter said: „You‟ve been mighty good to me, boys — better‟n anybody else in this town. And I don‟t forget it, I don‟t. Often, I says to myself, (Twain‟s, 1876:232).

The turning points in his life, because Tom realized the importance of justice and because of friendship, he had the guts to testify in the trial.

Besides, he showed a sense of responsibility when he testified during the trial. Only Tom and Huck witnessed the crime and they were the only hope to reveal the truth in order to save Muff Potter from this mess.

Testifying at Muff Potter's trial should be the turning point where he became a mature adolescent and also the maturity in him can solve the conflict because Tom sawyer becomes a hero when he reveal the truth to

49 the judge that Muff Potter‟s did not kill the doctor in order to save Muff

Potter‟s from the mess.

Tom began — hesitatingly at first, but as he warmed to his subject his words flowed more and more easily; in a little while every sound ceased but his own voice; every eye fixed itself upon him; with parted lips and bated breath the audience hung upon his words, taking no note of time, rapt in the ghastly fascinations of the tale. The strain upon pent emotion reached its climax when the boy said: „— and as the doctor fetched the board around and Muff Potter fell, Injun Joe jumped with the knife and —„Crash! Quick as lightning the half-breed sprang for a window, tore his way through all opposers, and was gone! (Twain‟s, 1876:238).

Tom was ran away to Jackson's Island with his comrades was also one of the incidents which illustrated maturity. Although running away from his problems did not show maturity but as Tom was on that island, he was showed maturity. On that island, he is learnt to be independent and listen to his conscience. He cooked his own food said his own prayers and many more. Before leaving St. Petersburg, Tom was stole cold ham as his source of food for that particular day. At night, He started to think about his wrong doings which were running away and stealing food. From that moment, Tom is swore not to steal in their piracy anymore.

In the end, that there was no getting around the stubborn fact that taking sweetmeats was only „hooking,‟ while taking bacon and hams and such valuables was plain simple stealing — and there was a command against that in the Bible. So they inwardly resolved that so long as they remained in the business, their piracies should not again be sullied with the crime of stealing. Then conscience granted a truce, and these curiously inconsistent pirates fell peacefully to sleep (Twain‟s, 1876: 147).

Apart from that, Tom showed his friendship was concerned towards

Huck and shared the love that he and Joe received. Consequently, these

50 actions portrayed maturity in him. They attended their own funeral, everyone was shocked. Tom and Joe Harper were greeted with kisses and hugs from their beloved ones, but Huck just stood there without knowing what to do. Feeling uncomfortable, Huck did not know what to do or where to hide from the unwelcoming eyes.

Aunt Polly, Mary, and the Harpers threw themselves upon their restored ones, smothered them with kisses and poured out thanksgivings, while poor Huck stood abashed and uncomfortable, not knowing exactly what to do or where to hide from so many unwelcoming eyes. He wavered, and started to slink away, but Tom seized him and said: „Aunt Polly, it ain‟t fair. Somebody‟s got to be glad to see Huck.‟ „And so they shall. I‟m glad to see him, poor motherless thing!‟ And the loving attentions Aunt Polly lavished upon him were the one thing capable of making him more uncomfortable than he was before (Twain‟s, 1876: 185).

Realizing that his best friend was lonely, not showered with love from anyone and felt left behind, he came to the rescue. He wanted Huck to feel and share the love that he and Joe Harper were receiving from their loved ones. The friendship that he shared with Huck triggered him to be concerned about how Huck felt towards something. Tom showed his friendship was through being concerned towards Huck and shared the love that he and Joe received illustrates maturity in him.

2. His relationship with Becky Thatcher

Tom's relationship with Becky Thatcher had also made him more mature in certain ways. Tom saved Becky from the punishment that she should receive and this definitely illustrated maturity in Tom. Becky went to the empty school house. She saw Mr. Dobbins had left a key at the drawer lock of his desk. Every day, Mr. Dobbins would take out a mysterious book

51 out of his desk and read it when he did not have any class. Becky, who was feeling very curious, opened the drawer and took out the book. The title of the book was 'Professor Somebody Anatomy.'

She glanced around; found herself alone, and the next instant she had the book in her hands. The title-page — Professor Some- body‟s ANATOMY — carried no information to her mind; so she began to turn the leaves. She came at once upon a handsomely engraved and colored frontispiece — a human figure, stark naked. At that moment a shadow fell on the page and Tom Sawyer stepped in at the door and caught a glimpse of the picture. Becky snatched at the book to close it, and had the hard luck to tear the pictured page half down the middle (Twain‟s, 1876: 206).

Becky accidentally tore the book down the middle. Realizing that she was going to be punished, Becky yelled angrily at Tom. When Mr. Dobbins found out that his book was being torn, he asked every child at school.

When he asked Becky, she was looking very nervous. Tom who realized that she was going to say something suddenly admitted that he tore the book although he did not do it. For the sake of saving Becky from the punishment, he rather took the blame. This incident showed maturity in

Tom because the way he responded to the situation was very noble.

A thought shot like lightning through Tom‟s brain. He sprang to his feet and shouted — „I done it!‟ The school stared in perplexity at this incredible folly. Tom stood a moment, to gather his dismem- bered faculties; and when he stepped forward to go to his punishment the surprise, the gratitude, the adoration that shone upon him out of poor Becky‟s eyes seemed pay enough for a hundred floggings. Inspired by the splendor of his own act, he took without an outcry the most merciless flaying that even Mr. Dobbins had ever administered (Twain‟s, 1876: 211).

Another scene, Tom and Becky were lost in the cave was also one of the incidents that portrayed maturity in him. The writer finds this incident shows maturity in the main character because he seemed to know what to do and which precautionary steps to be taken in order to get them out of the cave safely. He asked Becky to blow her candle and used his candle to conserve the wick and they shared a piece of cake bit by bit that Tom had in his pocket to avoid starvation. When Becky was tired, Tom asked her to rest and held the kite strings while he went to find a way out. This was to avoid Tom and Becky got separated while Tom was walking.

He took a kite-line from his pocket, tied it to a projection, and he and Becky started, Tom in the lead, unwinding the line as he groped along. At the end of twenty steps the corridor ended in a „jumping- off place.‟ Tom got down on his knees and felt below, and then as far around the corner as he could reach with his hands conveniently (Twain‟s, 1876: 316).

The writer understands that protecting the one that you love from any kind of danger is a caring and a noble act that a mature person possesses. Tom also learnt to overcome his fear of Injun Joe while he was in the cave. Starvation was a bigger issue to him rather than Injun Joe.

Tom was given credit for his heroic navigation by the critics. Nevertheless, they were lost in the cave at the first place because of Tom. He should be held responsible for their activities in the cave and finding the searchers to escape from the cave.

Tom kissed her, with a choking sensation in his throat, and made a show of being confident of finding the searchers or an escape from the cave; then he took the kite-line in his hand and went groping

down one of the passages on his hands and knees, distressed with hunger and sick with bodings of coming doom (Twain‟s, 1876: 317).

3. Daily experiences

The act of persuading Huck to continue staying with Widow Douglas was a mature act. This was because, Tom knew that Huck had nobody to take good care of him and he had no rules in life. Staying with Widow

Douglas to him was the best choice for his best friend. The connection that

Huck and Widow Douglas had dragged him into the society. Huck accepted her offer. While staying with her, he needed to wear clean clothes, use proper utensils while eating and go to school just like other boys in town. Huck found that he was not comfortable and convenient in that kind of life and he ran away after three weeks of staying there. He did not have the freedom that he used to have anymore.

Don‟t talk about it, Tom. I‟ve tried it, and it don‟t work; it don‟t work, Tom. It ain‟t for me; I ain‟t used to it. The widder‟s good to me, and friendly; but I can‟t stand them ways. She makes me get up just at the same time every morning; she makes me wash, they comb me all to thunder; she won‟t let me sleep in the woodshed; I got to wear them blamed clothes that just smothers me, Tom (Twain‟s, 1876: 348).

Tom was matured in this situation because he started realizing what is the best choice in life and the reasons for it. He was able to distinguish between the good and bad. The way he persuaded Huck was also very unique. He knew about Huck's interests, strengths and weaknesses. The friendship that they shared caused Tom to know more about Huck. In order for Huck to be in Tom Sawyer's Gang, Huck needed to be respected. If not, he could not join the gang anymore. That was the

54 condition that Tom makes Huck would stay with the widow. He wanted to be in the gang so he was willing to stay with the widow as long as he was in the group.

Huck, I wouldn‟t want to, and I DON‟T want to — but what would people say? Why, they‟d say, „Mph! Tom Sawyer‟s Gang! pretty low characters in it!‟ They‟d mean you, Huck. You wouldn‟t like that, and I wouldn‟t.‟ Huck was silent for some time, engaged in a mental struggle. Finally he said: Well, I‟ll go back to the widder for a month and tackle it and see if I can come to stand it, if you‟ll let me b‟long to the gang, Tom.‟„All right, Huck, it‟s a whiz! Come along, old chap, and I‟ll ask the widow to let up on you a little, Huck (Twain‟s, 1876: 351).

Furthermore, the incident where Tom witnessed the murder of Dr.

Robinson also showed that Tom really cared for his Aunt Polly's feelings.

He was being caring towards the person that he loved. He went out late that night where he witnessed the murder and this caused Aunt Polly to worry about him. Despite all the troubles that he got himself into, he did not have any intention to hurt the old lady. There was no doubt of his honesty of asking for forgiveness. Although he loved to indulge himself in troubles he was still good at heart and this portrays maturity in him.

His aunt wept over him and asked him how he could go and break her old heart so; and finally told him to go on, and ruin himself and bring her gray hairs with sorrow to the grave, for it was no use for her to try any more. This was worse than a thousand whippings, and Tom‟s heart was sorer now than his body. He cried, he pleaded for forgiveness, promised to reform over and over again, and then received his dismissal, feeling that he had won but an imperfect forgiveness and established but a feeble confidence (Twain‟s, 1876: 118).

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

In this Chapter, the writer explains the conclusion and suggestion of this Thesis.

5.1 Conclusion The main character namely Tom sawyer was portrays maturity in his act as the story proceeds. He becomes mature in three aspects which include his adventures with Huckleberry Finn, his courtship with Becky and also his daily experiences. There are many incidents in the novel that shows Tom is transforming from a whimsical troublemaker into a mature young man. The experiences that Tom has are developing his character into a much more mature person.

Therefore, the main character has some problem with the other characters, he becomes mature in that situation such as give a solution to solve the problem in any conflict he has had. Twains writes that the story must end here because it is strictly a story about a boy. Were the story to continue, he states, it would quickly become the story of a man.

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer also fits the genres of satire, and comedy. Finally, through this novel Mark Twain satires and exposes the childishness of social institutions such as school, church, and the law, as well as public opinion. In this novel also portray childhood love when the main character first meets the girl in the village.

5.2 Suggestion

After conducting the analysis, the writer needs to convey some suggestions, the writer expects the readers to read more literature works especially English novel. Reading English novel is one of the ways to improve their skill in mastering English as well as to broaden their knowledge about literature. Besides, reading novel can be a good way in understanding other people‟s culture. Through novel, the reader can learn how they live as well as their custom and social life.

The writer also expected that there will be next study related to this topic that can discuss other element of a literature. It will be beneficial as a reference in English literature teaching. The reader will have more sources in learning the elements of a literature if each elements of literature are studied in deeper analysis with a research. Also, teacher can use the study as a source in teaching about literature elements in the classroom.

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APPENDICES

1. Synopsis of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

Aunt Polly searches and screams for Tom Sawyer: she wants to confront her nephew about some missing jam. Tom, however, is able to outwit his aunt and slips away. But

Aunt Polly loves him so much she cannot be too harsh with him. She is concerned that he will play hooky that afternoon, and sure enough he does. During the afternoon, Tom meets a boy from St. Louis with whom he fights. That night at home, Tom's clothes are so soiled from the fight that Aunt Polly punishes him by taking away his Saturday's freedom and assigns him the unpleasant task of whitewashing the fence.

On Saturday morning, the forlorn Tom begins his tedious task of whitewashing the fence, fully aware that all of his friends are playing in the town's square. As he begins his task, Aunt Polly's slave, Jim, comes by and Tom tries to bribe him into helping, but

Aunt Polly sends Jim on his business. Suddenly, Tom is horrified because one of his friends is about to come by and see him actually working on a Saturday morning. Tom pretends that what he is doing is not work because he is so thoroughly enjoying himself.

Soon Ben wants to try his hand and offers Tom his apple. As Ben is painting, other friends come by and also want to try their hands at this fun game. Each boy gives Tom some sort of prize for allowing him to do some whitewashing, and Tom ends up with his fence whitewashed and a small treasury of gifts.

After the fence is painted, Tom heads for the square and, on the way, stops to watch a very pretty young girl who is moving into a house down the street. He shows off for her, and she pretends to ignore him. He is attracted to her and finds out her name is

Becky Thatcher. He joins his friends in fun and games where he is the leader of an army which defeats the opposing army. The next day, Sunday, he is forced to attend

Sunday school and is bored with the tedium but finds ways to distract himself.

Monday, after offering many excuses for not going to school, he is finally forced to go. On the way, he meets Huckleberry Finn, the son of the town drunk. Huck never goes to school and is the envy of all the boys because of his complete freedom. Huck arranges for Tom to meet him that night so they can bury a dead cat in the cemetery. At school, Tom is punished for being late and is required to sit in the "girls' section." This pleases him because the only empty seat is next to Becky Thatcher. At lunch, he meets her, and they pledge their troth to each other.

At midnight, Huck arrives, and they go to the cemetery where they come upon Dr.

Robinson, Injun Joe, and Muff Potter who are digging up a recently buried corpse.

There is an argument, Muff is knocked unconscious, and Injun Joe murders the doctor and places the murder weapon next to Muff. The horrified boys flee and take a blood oath never to reveal what they have seen. The next day, the town is in an uproar

(school is dismissed), and Injun Joe identifies Muff Potter as the murderer. Tom is fearful that Injun Joe will discover that he was a witness.

Tom, his friend Joe Harper, and Huck Finn decide to become pirates. The three boys find a raft and establish camp on Jackson's Island, where they enjoy a carefree life of fishing, swimming, smoking, and exploring and playing. When a steamboat filled with most of the important townspeople passes by firing cannons over the water, the boys realize that they are presumed to be drowned. Tom sneaks home at night in order to leave Aunt Polly a reassuring note that they are all right, but he changes his mind when he overhears that church services are planned for the "deceased boys" if they are not found by Sunday. The funeral services are secretly attended by the boys, and all rejoice when the dead boys casually stroll down the aisle.

Back at school, Tom finally wins Becky's heart when he takes the blame for one of her indiscretions and heroically suffers the punishment for her misdeeds.At Muff Potter's trial, it is generally accepted that Muff Potter killed Dr. Robinson and will be hanged.

Tom, in spite of his oath with Huck to not reveal what he has seen, cannot stand to see an innocent person hanged for a crime he did not commit. He bravely relates what actually happened. Injun Joe makes his escape by jumping out the second story window.

One day, while Tom and Huck are looking for buried treasure, they explore an old abandoned house. When two men arrive, the boys are trapped upstairs. One man is

Injun Joe in disguise. The two criminals retrieve a box of silver coins they had concealed and then, by chance, discover a horde of gold coins that had been buried by some outlaws long ago. They decide to take the gold coins to Injun Joe's other hideout.

The terrified boys overhear Injun Joe planning a horrible revenge before leaving the country. The boys fear that they are the subject of his planned vengeance but are fortunate enough to narrowly escape detection. The boys try to discover a place in town that would be the other hideout, but they only find a room filled with an abundant supply of whiskey in a Temperance Tavern. At the picnic celebrating Becky Thatcher's birthday, several of the boys and girls enter McDougal's Cave. Tom and Becky wander away from the others in search of privacy and become hopelessly lost.

Meanwhile, Huck Finn, who is watching to discover Injun Joe's hideout, follows the two men toward Cardiff Hill, the home of the Widow Douglas and of a Welshman named

Jones. Hiding behind a bush, he overhears Injun Joe telling of his intentions to mutilate the Widow Douglas because her husband, the judge, had once had him publicly horsewhipped. Huck hastens to inform Mr. Jones of the plot, and the Welshman and his sons drive off the vicious Injun Joe and his cohort. Huck has been so frightened that he becomes seriously ill, and the Widow Douglas comes to the Welshman's home and nurses the homeless boy back to health.

At the same time, it is discovered that Tom and Becky are missing; they have not been seen since the cave. All the available men in the community meet and carry out a thorough search of the cave. Tom and Becky hear the search party in the distance but are too weak to call loudly enough to be heard. At one point in their ordeal, Tom catches sight of Injun Joe in a nearby passage. After they have been underground for about three days, Tom discovers a way out of the cave. He and Becky then make their way back to the town.

Both are sick for a while, but Tom recovers more quickly than does Becky. Tom also discovers that Judge Thatcher has had the second exit to the cave completely sealed off. Tom reveals that Injun Joe was in the cave. In spite of Injun Joe's evil, Tom cannot let any human face the ordeal of starving that he and Becky just endured. The men go back to the cave and discover Injun Joe's body just inside the cave where he had futilely tried to dig his way out with a knife.

Later, Tom and Huck return to the cave and search for Injun Joe's treasure. After many false starts and using various clues, they recover approximately $12,000 worth of gold coins. This money is invested for them, and they are rich. The Widow Douglas takes

Huck into her home to educate him and train him in the ways of civilization. Huck finds schooling, not cussing, and all other things connected with civilization to be completely intolerable, and he runs away. He eventually agrees to give civilized living another try if he can join Tom's band of robbers.

Sources:https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/a/the-adventures-of-tom-sawyer/book- summary

2. Biography of Mark Twain

Samuel Clemens was born on November 30‚ 1835 in Florida‚ Missouri‚ the sixth of seven children. At the age of 4‚ Sam and his family moved to the small frontier town of

Hannibal‚ Missouri‚ on the banks of the Mississippi River. Missouri‚ at the time‚ was a fairly new state (it had gained statehood in 1821) and comprised part of the country’s western border. It was also a slave state. Sam’s father owned one slave and his uncle owned several. In fact, it was on his uncle’s farm that Sam spent many boyhood summers playing in the slave quarters‚ listening to tall tales and the slave spirituals that he would enjoy throughout his life.

In 1847‚ when Sam was 11‚ his father died. Shortly thereafter he left school‚ having completed the fifth grade‚ to work as a printer’s apprentice for a local newspaper. His job was to arrange the type for each of the newspaper’s stories‚ allowing Sam to read the news of the world while completing his work. At 18‚ Sam headed east to New York

City and Philadelphia‚ where he worked on several different newspapers and found some success at writing articles. By 1857‚ he had returned home to embark on a new career as a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River. With the outbreak of the Civil War in

1861‚ however‚ all traffic along the river came to a halt‚ as did Sam’s pilot career.

Inspired by the times‚ Sam joined a volunteer Confederate unit called the Marion

Rangers‚ but he quit after just two weeks.

In search of a new career‚ Sam headed west in July of 1861‚ at the invitation of his brother‚ Orion‚ who had just been appointed Secretary of the Nevada Territory. Lured by the infectious hope of striking it rich in Nevada’s silver rush‚ Sam traveled across the open frontier from Missouri to Nevada by stagecoach. Along the journey Sam encountered Native American tribes for the first time as well as a variety of unique characters‚ mishaps and disappointments. These events would find a way into his short stories and books‚ particularly Roughing It. After failing as a silver prospector‚ Sam began writing for the Territorial Enterprise‚ a Virginia City‚ Nevada‚ newspaper where he used‚ for the first time‚ his pen name‚ Mark Twain. Wanting a change by 1864‚ Sam headed for San Francisco where he continued to write for local papers.

In 1865‚ Sam’s first “big break” came with the publication of his short story‚ “Jim

Smiley and His Jumping Frog” in papers across the country. A year later‚ Sam was hired by the Sacramento Union to visit and report on the Sandwich Islands (now

Hawaii). His writings were so popular that‚ upon his return‚ he embarked upon his first lecture tour‚ which established him as a successful stage performer. Hired by the Alta

California to continue his travel writing from the east‚ Sam arrived in New York City in

1867. He quickly signed up for a steamship tour of Europe and the Holy Land. His travel letters‚ full of vivid descriptions and tongue-in-cheek observations‚ met with such audience approval that they were later reworked into his first book‚ The Innocents

Abroad in 1869. It was also on this trip that Clemens met his future brother-in-law‚

Charles Langdon. Langdon reportedly showed Sam a picture of his sister‚ Olivia‚ and

Sam fell in love at first sight.

After courting for two years‚ Sam Clemens and Olivia (Livy) Langdon were married in 1870. They settled in Buffalo‚ New York‚ where Sam had become a partner‚ editor and writer for the daily newspaper the Buffalo Express. While living in Buffalo‚ their first child‚ Langdon Clemens‚ was born. In 1871‚ Sam moved his family to Hartford‚

Connecticut‚ a city he had come to love while visiting his publisher there‚ and where he had made friends. Livy also had family connections to the city. For the first few years the Clemens’s rented a house in the heart of Nook Farm‚ a residential area that was home to numerous writers‚ publishers and other prominent figures. In 1872‚ Sam’s recollections and tall tales from his frontier adventures were published in his book‚

Roughing It. That same year the Clemens’s’ first daughter Susy was born‚ but their son‚

Langdon‚ died at the age of two from diphtheria.

In 1873‚ Sam’s focus turned toward social criticism. He and Hartford Courant publisher Charles Dudley Warner co-wrote The Gilded Age‚ a novel that attacked political corruption‚ big business and the American obsession with getting rich that seemed to dominate the era. Ironically‚ a year after its publication‚ the Clemens’s’ elaborate 25-room house on Farmington Avenue‚ which had cost the then-huge sum of

$40‚000-$45‚000‚ was completed.

Sources: http://www.marktwainhouse.org/man/biography_main.php