Soil Art –Transdisciplinary Approaches to Soil Protection

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Soil Art –Transdisciplinary Approaches to Soil Protection Soil Art –Transdisciplinary Approaches to Soil Protection vorgelegt von Dipl.-Ing. Alexandra Regan Toland geb. in Boston von der Fakultät VI – Planen Bauen Umwelt der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie - Dr. phil - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Martin Kaupenjohann Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Gerd Wessolek Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas Scholten Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 21. April 2015 Berlin 2015 To Ulf, Tilia, Taavi, Peter & Gerry II „Somebody once explained very clearly where they thought this sci-art thing was going with the enigmatic phrase, ‘doors need handles.’ I quite like that. Science can unlock the door, but you need a handle to get it open. And art is partly providing that handle.“ Excerpt from Interview with Daro Montag, March 12, 2012 Figure 1: Daro Montag, Bioglyph Radiance 2, 1994 Ilfochrome print from 35mm slide, courtesy of the artist III Zusammenfassung In einem Zeitalter der beschleunigten globalen Bodendegradation, auch "Anthropozän" genannt, sind mehr als je zuvor kreative und kulturell relevante Ansätze für den Schutz des Bodens notwendig. Neben den wissenschaftlichen Kenntnissen muss sich ein Bodenbewusstsein entwickeln. Die Stimulation der Sinne, die Konfrontation mit der Thematik, die Vermittlung eines Verantwortungsbewusstseins sowie der humorvolle und spielerische Umgang sollen eine individuelle und kollektive Identifizierung mit dem Ort erleichtern. Die Künstler der Gegenwart evozieren all diese Erfahrungen und mehr. Sie stellen kritische Fragen zum Gebrauch, dem Missbrauch und der Bewirtschaftung und Kultivierung des Bodens. Zudem sind sie Experten in der Erschließung der emotionalen Zustände und der ästhetischen Reaktionen der Menschen, der Navigation in unterschiedlichen sozialen Umfeldern sowie bei der Auseinandersetzung mit den verschiedenen Zielgruppen. Ihre Kreativität und kritische Autonomie gepaart mit ihrer visuellen Kommunikation und der Präsenz in sozialen Netzwerken machen Künstler zu starken Partnern im Bodenschutz und im Nachhaltigkeitsdiskurse. Mit formalen Methoden und Weltbildern erweitern die Künstler unser Verständnis und unsere Wertschätzung für den Boden. Es dient als unerschöpfliches Werkzeug in jeglicher Kunstgeschichte, in der Umweltästhetik und in den Bild- und Kunstwissenschaften, welches eine Reihe von Kunstwerken in Form von konkreten Objekten und Ereignissen hervorbringt um unseren Fokus auf den Boden sowie den Bodenschütz zu lenken. Obwohl die künstlerische Darstellung des Bodens eine spezielle Nische in der Kunstgeschichte einnimmt (siehe z.B. Busch, 2002; Feller et al., 2010; van Breemen, 2010; Zika, 2001) ist nicht viel bekannt über das Wissen und das Verständnis der Künstler, die zugrunde liegenden Ziele, die Kommunikationsstrategien sowie über die Produktions- und Ausstellungsbedingungen. Eine Vielzahl von literarischen Werken entstanden durch Kunsthistoriker, Kritiker und Theoretiker (z.B. Kastner and Wallis, 1998; Matilsky, 1992; Sonfist, 1983; Spaid, 2002) und setzen sich mit der Umwelt künstlerisch auseinander. Außerhalb der Welt der Kunst gibt es nur wenige Studien, die sich mit den tatsächlichen Praktiken und Perspektiven der Künstler, die die Umwelt thematisieren, beschäftigen - nicht zu erwähnen welchen Einfluss die künstlerische Arbeit auf die wissenschaftliche Gemeinschaft und auf die Öffentlichkeit haben könne. Diese Arbeit zielt darauf ab solche Wissenslücken durch eine umfassende Analyse der zeitgenössischen künstlerischen Ansätze, die den Boden und Bodenschutz betreffen, zu schließen. In wie fern diese Ansätze in einen breiteren Diskurs zu Erhöhung des Bewusstseins passen und wie die Kunst das Verständnis, die Praxis und die Kommunikation des Bodenschutzes in Zusammenhang stellt, gilt es zu zeigen. Soil Art – Transdisciplinary Approaches to Soil Protection ist eine mixed-methods Studie mit über hundert Beispielen zeitgenössischer Kunstwerke, die in jeglicher Weise unser Verständnis und unsere Wertschätzung des Bodens erweitern. Schließlich ist die Arbeit innerhalb einer größeren Diskussion über relationale Ästhetik, oder die Entwicklung der zeitgenössischen Kunst zu prozessbasierten, gesellschaftlich relevante kreative Praxis geankert. Key Words Zeitgenössische Kunst, Bodenkunde, Bodenschutz, Transdisziplinäre Nachhaltigkeitsforschung, Mixed Methods, Relationalen Ästhetik IV Abstract In an age of accelerated global soil degradation, sometimes referred to as “the Anthropocene,” creative and culturally relevant approaches to protecting the soil are needed now more than ever. In addition to scientific knowledge, raising soil awareness must facilitate appreciation and wonder, first hand stimulation of the senses, confrontation and empowerment, humor and play, and individual and collective identification with place. Contemporary artists evoke all these experiences and more. They expose critical issues regarding the use, misuse and stewardship of the soil. They are experts in tapping into people‘s aesthetic responses and emotional states, navigating between different social settings, and engaging with different audiences. Their creativity and critical autonomy paired with their visual communication and social networking skills make artists powerful partners in soil protection and sustainability communication. Artists expand our understanding and appreciation of the soil. They also offer a set of formal methodologies and worldviews in which to do so. Like an inexhaustible tool kit that draws on all of art history, environmental aesthetics, visual and cultural studies, the artworks presented in this thesis constitute a set of concrete objects and events upon which we may focus our ideas about soil and soil protection. Although artistic representation of soil fills a special niche in art history (see e.g. Busch, 2002; Feller et al., 2010; van Breemen, 2010; Zika, 2001) not much is known about the knowledge and understanding of artists working with soils, their underlying goals and communication strategies, or the production and exhibition conditions in which they work. Furthermore, although an abundance of literature on environmental art has been written by art historians, critics, and theorists (e.g. Kastner and Wallis, 1998; Matilsky, 1992; Sonfist, 1983; Spaid, 2002), there are very few studies outside the art world that focus on the actual practices and perspectives of artists working with environmental issues – not to mention the influence such artistic practice might have on the scientific community or general public. This thesis aims to close such knowledge gaps by providing a comprehensive analysis of contemporary artistic approaches that relate to soil and soil protection issues, to explore how these approaches fit into a wider discourse on raising soil awareness, and to show how art can expand the contexts in which soil protection may be understood, practiced, and communicated. Soil Art – Transdisciplinary Approaches to Soil Protection presents a transdisciplinary, mixed-methods study of over one hundred examples of contemporary artworks that in some way expand our understanding and appreciation of the soil. My main argument is framed within a larger discussion on relational aesthetics, or the trend in contemporary art towards process-based, socially relevant creative practice. It is written for scientists, artists, policy makers, landowners, educators, and members of the public who are interested in creative ways for confronting one of the biggest environmental and human challenges of this and future generations – transforming soil crisis into soil stewardship. Key Words Contemporary Art, Soil Science, Soil Protection, Transdisciplinary Research, Mixed Methods Research, Relational Aesthetics V Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my main PhD advisor, Prof. Dr. Gerd Wessolek, for his ongoing encouragement and trust in my work, for our many long conversations about the challenges of art and science, and for many years of creative collaboration. Secondly I would like to thank my panel of interdisciplinary advisors and evaluators, Prof. Dr. Susanne Hauser and Prof. Dr. Michael Fehr of the Berlin University of Arts, and Prof. Dr. Thomas Scholten, president of the German Soil Science Society, for their valuable feedback, time, and support over the last few years. For their expert advice on current methodological standards, I am indebted to my two environmental psychologist friends and colleagues, Sophia Becker and Dr. Jasmin Honold. I am also sincerely grateful to my colleagues in the Department of Soil Protection at the TU-Berlin, especially Dr. Björn Kluge for his editorial feedback, and Helena Schmieschek, Vanessa Bethke, and Doro Mergel for their assistance with graphics and layout. I am grateful to the German Research Foundation, for generously funding four years of my research as part of the Graduate Research Program for Urban Ecology (DFG GRAKO 780/3), and especially to Prof. Dr. Wilfried Endlicher for his leadership and commitment to our graduate cluster, and to all of my colleagues and friends in the GRAKO fellowship program. I am furthermore grateful to the Andrea von Braun Foundation for funding the final six months of my work in their support of transdisciplinary research, and to the International Union of Soil Sciences and German Soil Science Society for their support of various sci-art endeavors in Germany and abroad. I would also like to acknowledge all the artists and scientists who have participated in my study. This work
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