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(I) Text, India CENSUS ,OF INDIA 1961 VOLtJME I PART I-A (i) TEXT IN;DIA LEVELs' OF REGIONAL DEVEl.()PMENT IN INDIA Being Part I of General Report on India A. MITRA of the Indian Civil Service 'Regis(fdY Generdz' and ex-officio Census ,.commissioner for India CENSUS OF INDIA 1961-UNION piJBtICA110N~ PART I General keporf.:'on the Census, Sub-divided into three sub­ parts, viz.; PART I-A General Report ,PART I-A(i)-TEXT Levels of Regional Development in India PART I-A(ii);-TABLES Levels of Reg!onal Development in 'India PART I-B Vital Statistics of the decade PARTI-C Subsidiary Tables PART II Census Tables on Population, sub-divided into: PART II-A(i) General,Population Tables PI\.RT II-ACii) Union Primary Census Abstracts FA~T II-B(i) General Economic Tables (B-1 to B-IV) P'A-R'" II -B(ii) General Economic Tables (B- V) PA~l. II-B(iii) General Economic Tables (B-VT to B-IX) PMi' II-CCi) Social and Cultural Tables PART IJ-C(ii) Language Tables lJART II-C(iii) Migration Tables (D-I to D-llI and D-V) PART II-CCiv) Migration Tables (D.IV and D-VI) PART III PART IlI-(j) Household Economic Tables (14 States) PART III-(ji) Household Economic Tablcs (India, Uttar Pradesh an~ Union , Territories) PART IV PART IV-A(i) Housing Report PART IV-A(ii) Report on Industriaf Establishments PART IV-A(iii) . House Types and Villages layouts PART IV-B Housing and Establishment Tables PART V . Special Tables for Scheuled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Ethnographic notes sub-divided into two Sub-parts viz., PART V-!\. Special Tables for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes PART V-B Ethnographic Notes PART VI Village S~rvey Monographs PART VII Monographs on Rural Crafts Survey and list of Fairs and Festivals PART VII-A Handicraft Survey Monograph P~:r VII-B Fairs and Festivals ~ART VIII Administration Report PART VIIl-A Administration Report (Enumeration) }NotJor sale PART VIU-B AdministratIon Report (Tabulation) PART IX Census Atlas VoJutr.: PART X Special Reports on cities with Population of 1 million and over CONTEN'f"S -Introductory Note CHAPTER I Natural Regions, Subr~ions and Divisions 1-7 CHAPTER 1I The Ranking Device 9-49 CHAPTER III Delineation of Natural RegioUl and levelsrof development 51-187 CHAPTER IV Association of Characteristics CHAPTER V Relationship between patterns of shift from agriculture to non-agriculture 1951-61 and the levels of development 265-285 CHAPTER VI Distribution of Industrial Licences among districts arranged by levels of development • ~87-314 CHAPTER VII Cases of hire purchase under the National Small Industries Corporation among districts arranged by levels of development 315-346 CHAPTER VIII The Fourth Estate and the levels of development • 347-351 CHAPTER IX ThC'General EI~iQns of 1957 and 1962 and the levels of development. 353~357 MAPS 1. INDIA, Natural Regions, Subregions and Divisions. 2. INDIA, Crop regions showing proportionate distribution of areas under crops, 19&8-59. 3. INDIA, Districtwise distribution of major languages, 1961. 4. INDIA, Distrlbution of three districtwise numerically strong'Schedufed Tribes, 1961. 5. INDIA, Percentage of members of Scheduled Castes to the total population, 19'61. 6. INDIA, Percentage of members of Scheduled Tribes to the total population, 1961. 7. INDIA, Levels of Development, 1961. 8. INDIA, Number of workers in registered factories engaged in food processing industries. 9. INDT A, Number of workers in registered factories producing sugar and gUL 10. INDIA, Number of workers in registered factories producing edible pil, and hydro­ genated oil. II. INDTA, Number of workers in registered factories producing tea, coffee. :rubber. apd rubber products. 12. INDIA, Number of workers iI). regjstered f~ctories engaged in tex.tiles (cotton and jute). 13. INDIA, Number of workers in mining industry. 14. INDIA, Number of workers in registered, factories producing 'cement and paper. 15. INDIA, Industrial licences ie.sued between January 1953 and March 1951,. unde:t' tIre Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, classified by major industrial groups and by district t'() which issued. '6. INDIA, Pattern of Gain or Loss of Votes in each district in 1962 over 11-957':'o'{-the Congress and all other political parties coml?ined in the Generjil Elections superposed on- the patteni' of levels of d'evelopI1iell'f, '1961: 17. INDIA, Gain or Loss in votes polled in General Elections of 1962 as percentage of those polled in 1957 by Congress Party. 18. INDIA, Gain or Loss in votes polled in General Elections of 1962 as percentage of those polled in 1957 by all parties (other than Congress) takyn together. PREFACE This part of. tHe: Gentral Report orr the 1961 Census of India, was designed, ptbcessed an<:J. written- Oub almost entirely between the second half of May. and tlre.) end' of July tl1is ~eal'. T~ critical reader will naturally find in it many blemishes and. areas of irr'-'tlmplete- anal~si8' which a. more leisurely and careful treatment miglit have avoided. The pressures in the conduct of the Indian Census Programme liardty permit desira11le periods of gestatioll. This Report is therefore presented' more out of' regard! forllie: data:.it contains than any pretensions to other claims, for admitfedly the presentation: he];e' attempted is tentative and needs further calibration by means of principal components anal;ysisl The data are published in a separate volutnt' [Part·-I~1}. This book started out with. two aims. First to dissolve the political and administrative outlines and let the natural regions, subregions and divisions emerge in their complex associations of natural features, social, cultural and general ecological characteristics. Secondly, to apply to the picture that emerged a .ranking device based on about three dozen, what appeared to the writer to be, significant indicators. This ranking device was based on a simple hypothesis. Given a certain amount of agricultural. general and economic infrastructure and a potential of human resources one is entitled to expect economic growth in the modern sense- of the word, parti­ cularly in organised industry, in direct relation to them. This process of delineation should be able to bring out zones of backwash and spread effect" and also those which a further instalment of economic growth might be able to retrieve from areas of backwash into those of spread. It was assumed that these areas of backwash and spread would set in motion forces of polarisation. It was therefore decided to apply several validity tests to verify this polarisation. Of the fact of economic and even social and cultural polarisation there is little room for doubt. The main aim has been to let the facts speak for themselves. The abstract statements at the end of Chapter II bring out some of the salient ones. Fortunately for the country this polarisation has been far from regional, nothing like the north-south polarisation that one finds in Europe or the Americas, The picture that emerges is one of pockets and zones of backwardness invariably enclosed by areas of prosperity or spread effect. In very many areas except in the north and north east, the areas of prosperity and spread effect join hands across areas of backwash. Such a situation is particularly heartening for the logistics of development. It is no longer so mnch Ii matter of invasion of one region by another by organising and injecting all the prerequisites of economic growth, but of encircling and mopping up of pockets. How the sights should be set for this operation is of course outside the scope of this work. In the chClipter on Delineation I have quoted very frequently from O.H.K. Spate's India &. Pakistan (1954) and S. P. Chatterjee's Regional Patterns of the Density and Distribution of Population in India published in The Geographical Review of India, June 1962. Dr. Spate's book has served as a constant companion during my travels as well as Dr. Chatterjee's short piece and it is' quite likely that some of their own words have crept into my writing unnoticed despite every wish to acknowledge each observation to its author. I am indebted to Dr. B. S. Minhas of the Planning Unit of the Indian Statistical Institute for a very useful discussion on Chapter II and particularly on the tasks that lie unaccomplished. Dr. Miss P. Sengupta, Map Officer and her staff kindly undertook to design the physiographic table and ex~cute the-maps. My warmest personal thanks must go to my colleagues who processed and reprocessed, checked and rechecked all the statistics that 'were planned and designed and who enriched the final copy with useful suggestions, and to Shri-Prem Nariani, my Secretary, and Shri S. RRlagoplan who typed out a long and difficult manuscript. The brunt of the work fell on Shri O. P. Sharma and his team for whom Illothing seemed to be too biB a job. This book owes the most to their zeal and devotion. There is no greater pleasure for me than to acknowledge my debt particularly to : Shri O. P. Sharma Shrl Mahal Singh Shri V. P. Kataria Shri D. N. Dixit Shri N. S. Bhatnagar Smt. Tripta Sarin Shri P. S. Sharma Shri D. S. Mehra Shri R.. P. Bhatnagal' Shri B. R. Kalra Shri.P. N. Baweja Shri N. S. Soam Shri V. A. Deshmukh Shri Hal' Gopal Saini Nnw DELHI ASOK MITRA September 30, 1964 Registrar General India INTRODuCTORY NOTE INDIA'S FIVE YEAR PLANS aim to level ordinate to the compulsions of economic the local features which divide the country and administrative unity. into natural regions and subregions that have so long sheltered an immense variety Second, to which the first provides a of cultural and economic organisation.
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