DOCSLIB.ORG

SENATE HOUSE • MALET STREET • WCIE 7HU Telephone 01-636 4514 * Telegrams University London

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SENATE HOUSE • MALET STREET • WCIE 7HU Telephone 01-636 4514 * Telegrams University London SENATE HOUSE • MALET STREET • WCIE 7HU Telephone 01-636 4514 * Telegrams university London Director of Central Library Services and Goldsmiths ’ Librarian D. J. Foskett, OBE, MA, FLA. T ' PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION This thesis is copyright.Ithasbeenphotographedwiththeauthor's permission. It must not be quoted or published in whole or part without the consentof the author and of the University of London. Director of Central Library Services and Goldsmiths' Librarian 1 August 1978 fS i '-j I I 1 1 n Selected phases of the historical pteograDhy of ma;ior eastern African ports by Bashir Ahmed Datoo Thesis presented for the Decree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of London August 1968 J “ T'l 2 I Abstract Before the nineteenth century the Bast African coast formed an inte. ral part of the Indian Ocean commercial system, and because of changing internal and external space relations, successive hi.ctorical epochs sav; the emergence of vadely different port hierarchies.The concept of an 'open system' - vdth its progression from movements to trade-routes, nodes, hierarchies to a model - provides a fruitful approach for the evolution of port activity and allows the 'cut' to be made just as much vath routes as with ports.Owing to the limited extent of overland connections prior to the seventeenth century, epochs of change in the pattern of port development were marked by the establishment of new overseas connections.At the commencement of the Christian era trade contacts were v;ith the 3ed Sea, but as ea:item Africa then had only two unrelated ports, discussion stops short of a hierarchy. During the Kiddle Ages commercial intercourse began with the Persian Gulf, to be followed a fe\; centuries later by direct links with north-west India, and the succession of ports over this period of six centuries enables the construction of a model of the spatial patterns of port locations.V;ith the breakthrough of the Portuguese into the Indian Ocean at the end of the <^ifteenth century J I I I ra S 5 1 I g t a newelement in space relations v/as introauced, v/hose impact is analysed ajjainst the last phase of the model, jiast .'ifrica became a backwater in the subsequent centuries, but under the combined influence of Omani commercial stimulus and French slaving interest there vjas a r.vival of prosperity from the second half of the eighteenth century, v.hich calls for trade-routes to be followed tlirough afresh to the build-up of a new port hierarchy, This more or less endured until the late nineteenth century which, because of the advent of steamships and railways, marked the end of an era in port development that had been characterisfed by changing port hierarchies associated vdth varying alignments of trade-routes. 4 1 Contents Page Abstract 2 List of figures 6 Glossary 8 Abbreviations 10 Acknowledgments 11 Chapter 1 Introduction: The Geographical Background and the Conceptual Framework for an Historical Geography of eastern African Ports 12 Chapter IIThe Geography behind the Periplus; Port Development in the early second century A.D. 37 Evolution of the Graeco-Homan trade-route in the Arabian Sea 38 Identification of Opone and Rhapta 51 The cinnamon trade of Opone 63 The ivory trade of Bhapta 69 Chapter IIIThe Evolution of Spatial Patterns of Port Locations in the Middle Ages 76 Phase one: Dispersed pattern of ports79 Phase two: Interconnection and concentration 90 Phase three: Feeders and centralisation 107 Phase four: Diffusion of port activity134 Chapter IVThe Superimposition of Portuguese Establishments on the Indigenous Pattern of Ports in the early Sixteenth Century154 Portuguese fortresses at Sofala and Kilwa156 Portuguese factories at Mozambique and Malindi 168 The Crown's turnover in gold 179 -J 5 I The Portuguese contraband in gold 183 Swahili spatial readjustments189 Proposals to counter the Swahili clandestine traffic 202 Chapter V Port Hierarchy in the later part of the Eighteenth Century 20? The recrudescence of Arab activity208 Feeder ports of the Kilwa coast before 1775 220 Extension of French interest to north of Cape Delgado 226 The French impact on external relations of ports of the Kilwa coast 239 The emergence of Zanzibar as the commercial metropolis 242 Chapter VIConclusion: eastern African Ports in their Spatio-temporal Perspective255 Appendix;Published Portuguese roteiros of the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries on the western Indian Ocean 271 Bibliography 273 6 1 List of fiRurea Page 1. Successive Graeco-Roman trade-routes between the Red Sea and western India 39 2.Wind roses for stations in the southern Red Sea and the Gxaf of Aden 42 3.Reconstruction of thehomeward routes of the Graeco- Romans at the time of the Periplus 48 \ 4. The roadstead of Has Hafun 55 5.Identification of East African place-names in the PerirAus and Geographia 62 6.Model of the sequence of port development in the Middle Ages 78 7.Kilwa and its environs 93 8.The roadstead of Mogadishu 104 9.Percentage constancy of predominant winds in January118 10.Percentage constancy of predominant winds in February119 11.Relative strength of the north-east and the south­ west monsoons in the western Indian Ocean 122 12.Percentage frequency of winds of gale force in December and June 123 13.Mean drift of currents, February-April125 14.Percentage constancy of predominant winds in April 126 15.Percentage constancy of predominant winds in May 127 16.The harboiu? of Kilwa Kisiwani 131 17.The harbour of Mombasa 144 10.Anchorages near Malindi 146 19.Ports of eastern Africa in A.D. I5OO 149 -J I 7 1 20.Patterns of port development in the earlj sixteanth century157 21.The Sofala River 160 22.Percentage constancy of predominant vdnds in September 175 25.^he harbour of Mozambique 175 24.Zanzibar harbour 214 216 25.The site of Zanzibar in the eighteenth century 26.French manuscript map of Mongalo, late ei^teenth centui^223 27.The pattern of ports and trade routes in A.D. l800 255 Note; all maps are orientated ivith north at the top. -J c> “1 Glossary AlBiadiaa Portuguese adaptation of the Arabic al-ma'diya used to denote a canoe or a dug-out. jirratel. arratesa meoisure of weight of about 1 lb. Arroba a weight of about ~^2 lbs. bar, bares a weight varying between about 518 and 56O lbs; composed of I6 arrobas or 20 faragolas. C arreira da Indiathe round trip from Lisbon to Goa and back. Cruzadoa silver coin equal to 400 reaes. Faragolaa v;eight -a-rying between I8 and 30 lbs. Mandadoan order issued by one official of the factory to another to deliver v/hatever was asked of him. Hihrab a niche in the mosque reserved for a man v/ho leads the prayers; it indicates the direction of Mecca, and so in East Africa is alv/ays found in the north wall of the mosque. Hiticalan old Arabic weight of gold (niithqal) equivalent to iiout 0.155 oz; valued in Sofala first at 500 reaes, and then from I5I5 cb 467 reaes. Hao a square-rigged ship such as was used on the run betv/een Portugal and India (Indiainan), Par^daoa gold coin equal to 360 reaes. Piastrethe French name for the Austrian l-iaria TheresoL and Spanish dollars, equal in the late eii^nteenth century to 4 cruzados or i of pound sterling. Quintal, quintasa v/eight of about 128 lbs; composed of 4 arrobas. J 9 ~1 .^eal, reaes the /orraer basic vinit of the Portuguese uonetarj' sj'stem. P.eginiento a royal or vice-regal set of inst'uctions. Pioteiroa Portuguese sailing directory - the precursor of the modern Pilot series of the Hydrographic Department of the British Admiralty. Sgraffiatoliterally means scraped since this luedioval Islamic v;are had patterns incised under the glaze. Zambucoa Portuguese adaptation of the Arabic sanbuk used to denote a small coastal craft. -J 10 1 .“.bV.revic^tions A]'!F Archives Ili-tionales, Paris, France. BIHEABritish Institute of History and Archaeology in East Africa D Documentos sobre os portug^eses em liocainbicue e na Africa central (Documents on the PortupAiese in Moaanibigue and Central Africa), Cehtro de Estudos Histdricos Ultramarinos, Vols. 1-V, Lisboa, I962-I966. EPM Alexandre Lobato, A expansao portupruesa em I-iogambioue de 1498 a 1530, 5 Vols., Lisboa, 195^-feO. FKI G.S.P. freeman-Grenville, The 2'rench at Kilwa Island: an Episode in Ljphteenth-century East A i-ican History, Oxford, 1965• I.O.India Office Library, London JAIi Journal of African History PRO Public Record Office, London SD G.S.P. Freeman-Granville, The East African Coast;_____Select Documents from the first to the earlier nineteenth century. Oxford, 1962. li® TanRanyika/Tanzania Notes and Records m m 1 1 11 1 iicknovjledKments The research upon v;hich this thesis is based v;as carried out during the tenure of a three-year scholarship awarded by the Co.-jimonwealth .Scholsirship Commission in the United Kin:,doni. I ammost grateful to the Conunission for the award and d-so for a generousp;rant towards the cost of a month's research in the French archives in the autumn of 1967- 1-iy thanks are due to my supervisor, Professor H.J. Harrison Church (L.S.F.) v;hose keen interest and friendly advice has proved a constant source of encouragement from the initiation of tliis research project to its completion. I am indebted, too, to Professor P. Iv'heately (U.C.), Professor R. Oliver (S.C./uS.) and Dr. R. Gray (S.O.A.S.), who read parts of the first draft of the thesis and made valuable suggestions and criticisms.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Holding the World in Balance: the Connected Histories of the Iberian Overseas Empires, 1500–1640
    Holding the World in Balance: The Connected Histories of the Iberian Overseas Empires, 1500–1640 SANJAY SUBRAHMANYAM America bores open all her mines, and unearths her silver and her treasure, to hand them over to our own Spain, which enjoys the world’s best in every measure, from Europe, Libya, Asia, by way of San Lu´car, and through Manila, despite the Chinaman’s displeasure. Bernardo de Balbuena, Grandeza mexicana (1604)1 THE EARLY MODERN WORLD WAS FOR THE MOST PART A PATCHWORK of competing and intertwined empires, punctuated by the odd interloper in the form of a nascent “na- tion-state.” At the time of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the real contours of the political map of the world were as follows: from east to west, a China that had just been conquered by the Qing, who would make an expansive push westward; then the vast Mughal Empire, from the hills of Burma to Afghanistan; the Ottoman Empire, whose writ still effectively ran from Basra to Central Europe and Morocco; the Rus- sian Empire, by then extending well into Siberia and parts of Central Asia; the lim- ited rump of the Holy Roman Empire in Central Europe; the burgeoning commercial empires of England and the Netherlands in both Asia and America; and, last but not least, the still-extensive spread of the great empires of Spain and Portugal.2 Other states could also make some claim to imperial status, including Munhumutapa in southeastern Africa, the Burma of the Toungoo Dynasty, and Safavid Iran. The cru- cial point, however, is not just that these empires existed, but that they recognized one another, and as a consequence they often borrowed symbols, ideas, and insti- tutions across recognizable boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of Computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indícate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are availabüe for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 NorthZeebRoad, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 EDICION CRITICA DE TEODOSIOII, DE FRANCISCO MANUEL DE MELO, CON UN ESTUDIO CRITICO Y ANALITICO DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fullfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Spanish Literature Program of The Ohio State University b y Héctor Brasil-Laurenzo, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie Maria Inês Francisca Ciríaco Moçambique Multicultural E Multilinguístico Um Estudo De N
    UNIVERSIDADE PRESBITERIANA MACKENZIE MARIA INÊS FRANCISCA CIRÍACO MOÇAMBIQUE MULTICULTURAL E MULTILINGUÍSTICO UM ESTUDO DE NIKETCHE: UMA HISTÓRIA DE POLIGAMIA São Paulo 2015 MARIA INÊS FRANCISCA CIRÍACO MOÇAMBIQUE MULTICULTURAL E MULTILINGUÍSTICO UM ESTUDO DE NIKETCHE: UMA HISTÓRIA DE POLIGAMIA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Letras da Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, como requisito parcial para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Letras. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Regina Helena Pires de Brito São Paulo 2015 C578m Ciríaco, Maira Inês Francisca Moçambique multicultural e multilinguístico : um estudo de Niketche : uma história de poligamia. / Maria Inês Francisca Ciríaco – 2015. 120 f. : il. ; 30 cm. Dissertação (Mestrado em Letras) - Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, 2015. Referências bibliográficas: f. 117-120. 1. Lusofonia. 2. Identidade. 3. Moçambique. 4. Literatura de expressão em Língua Portuguesa. 5. Chiziane, Paulina I. Título CDD 469.799 C578m Ciríaco, Maira Inês Francisca Moçambique multicultural e multilinguístico : um estudo de Niketche : uma história de poligamia. / Maria Inês Francisca Ciríaco – 2015. 120 f. : il. ; 30 cm. Dissertação (Mestrado em Letras) - Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, 2015. Referências bibliográficas: f. 117-120. 1. Lusofonia. 2. Identidade. 3. Moçambique. 4. Literatura de expressão em Língua Portuguesa. 5. Chiziane, Paulina I. Título CDD 469.799 Por que simplesmente não tentar sensibilizar o outro, sentir o outro, revelar-me outro? Frantz Fanon AGRADECIMENTOS À Deus, pela oportunidade concedida e por direcionar minha caminhada. À minha mãe, Maria Ângela, pelo incentivo e o apoio incondicional. À minha irmã, Marilda, pela força e estímulo e a todos os meus familiares, pelo constante apoio. Ao Moacir, amigo, irmão, grande incentivador e colaborador.
    [Show full text]
  • Gendered Powers, a 'Puppet' African Queen and Succession in Vakaranga Society, 1500-1700
    WOMEN AND THE SECOND ESTATE IN 16TH CENTURY ZAMBEZIA: GENDERED POWERS, A 'PUPPET' AFRICAN QUEEN AND SUCCESSION IN VAKARANGA SOCIETY, 1500-1700 A Thesis presented to The Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in History by George Gregor Levin October 2013 ii © 2013 George Gregor Levin ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP TITLE: Women and the Second Estate in 16th Century Zambezia: Gendered Powers, a 'Puppet' African Queen and Succession in vaKaranga Society, 1500- 1700 AUTHOR: George Gregor Levin DATE SUBMITTED: October 2013 COMMITTEE CHAIR: Matthew Hopper, PhD Associate Professor of History COMMITTEE MEMBER: Thomas Trice, PhD Associate Professor of History COMMITTEE MEMBER: John Oriji, PhD Associate Professor of History iv ABSTRACT Women and the Second Estate in 16th Century Zambezia: Gendered Powers, a 'Puppet' African Queen and Succession in vaKaranga Society, 1500-1700 George Gregor Levin Women in vaKaranga society of the 15th to 17th centuries have been portrayed as oppressed by an "extremely patriarchal" system, but the reality, while still fitting the simple classification of a 'patriarchal' monarchy, indicates quite a bit more negotiation of gendered powers than women, as a class, experienced in the Mediterranean or East Asia. The vaKaranga were the architects of Great Zimbabwe, the capital of a growing state, colonizing their cousins of the Zambezi river, which their Kusi-Mashariki Bantu forefathers had traversed southward a millennium before. Civil war had (apparently) split one nation into two states, Mutapa (Monomotapa) and Khami (Torwa, Toroa, Changamire) immediately before Portuguese ships arrived at Sofala in 1502.
    [Show full text]
  • Navios, Marinheiros E Arte De Navegar
    HISTÓRIA ࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔ ࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔ DA MARINHA PORTUGUESA HISTÓRIA DA MARINHA PORTUGUESA NAVIOS, MARINHEIROS MARINHEIROS NAVIOS, E ARTE DE NAVEGAR E ARTE 1500-1668 NAVIOS, MARINHEIROS E ARTE DE NAVEGAR 1500-1668 ࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔ ࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔ ࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔ ࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔ Coordenador FRANCISCO CONTENTE DOMINGUES ACADEMIA DE MARINHA ACADEMIA LISBOA 2012 DE MARINHA LISBOA 2012 ࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔ ࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔࿔ HISTÓRIA DA MARINHA PORTUGUESA NAVIOS, MARINHEIROS E ARTE DE NAVEGAR 1500-1668 Coordenador Francisco Contente Domingues Autores Filipe Vieira de Castro Francisco Contente Domingues José Manuel Malhão Pereira José V. Pissarra Nuno Martins Ferreira Rui Landeiro Godinho ACADEMIA DE MARINHA 2012 Ficha Técnica Título: Navios, Marinheiros e Arte de Navegar, 1500-1668 Coordenador: Francisco Contente Domingues Autores: Filipe Vieira de Castro, Francisco Contente Domingues, José Manuel Malhão Pereira, José V. Pissarra, Nuno Martins Ferreira, Rui Landeiro Godinho Fotografias: cedidas pelo Arquivo Central da Marinha e Arquivo Histórico-Militar Editor: Academia de Marinha, Lisboa Execução gráfica: ACD | António Coelho Dias, S.A. Tiragem: 400 exemplares Data de edição: Dezembro 2012 ISBN: 978-972-781-114-4 Depósito legal: 338447/12 Conselho Académico Triénio 2010-2012 Presidente Almirante Nuno Gonçalo Vieira Matias Vice-presidentes Prof. Doutor Francisco Contente Domingues (História Marítima) Prof. Doutora Raquel Soeiro de Brito (Artes, Letras
    [Show full text]
  • Teoria Da Guerra Justa Como Doutrina
    Escola de Sociologia e Políticas Públicas Departamento de História A Guerra Justa d’El Rey Dom Sebastião de Portugal aos Imperadores do Monomotapa José Miguel Granadeiro e Falcão de Carvalho Cerqueira Dissertação submetida como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em História Moderna e Contemporânea na especialidade de Relações Internacionais Orientador: Professor Doutor Luís Fernando Machado Barroso, Professor Convidado, ISCTE/IUM/Academia Militar Outubro, 2020 Ao povo moçambicano, que tudo merece 3 4 Resumo Os estudos sobre a Teoria e Doutrina da Guerra Justa em Relações Internacionais tornaram-se recorrentes nos últimos anos desde a Invasão do Iraque em 2003, tendo havido desde então um crescente interesse do público em geral e da comunidade académica em particular. Mais do que uma corrente de análise jurídica, à luz do Direito Internacional, é também uma reflexão filosófico/política ou mesmo do âmbito da ciência política, sobre uma nova ética a aplicar na contemporaneidade com vista à possibilidade, sempre atual, do Concerto das Nações e da paz. O presente trabalho de investigação pretende incorporar na historiografia moderna um estudo de caso durante o Renascimento português - que eu argumento ser – a primeira declaração de guerra de um soberano Europeu a um Estado e a um soberano na África subsariana, – o Império ou Reino do Monomotapa no século XVI, geograficamente entre o Zimbabwe, Zâmbia, Malawi, Moçambique, Suazilândia, Lesoto e parte da África do Sul. A febre do ouro e a cobiça pelas riquezas de tão importante Império africano, levaram o poder político de Lisboa a despoletar um conflito sem tréguas aos muçulmanos que aí se haviam instalado há muito, assim como aos seus aliados africanos dos povos suaílis.
    [Show full text]
  • 45000010471 Output.O.Pdf
    A Letter from the King of Portugal Copy of a Letter of the King of Portugal Sent to the King of Castile Concerning the Voyage and Success of India TRANSLATED BY Sergio J. Pacifici 1955 THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA PRESS • MINNEAPOLIS © COPYRIGHT 19 55 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 55-9520 PUBLISHED IN GREAT BRITAIN, INDIA, AND PAKISTAN BY GEOFFREY CUMBERLEGE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, LONDON, BOMBAY, AND KARACHI Introduction W hen Vasco da Gama returned to Lisbon from India on Au­ gust 29, 1499, he brought a century of Portuguese exploration and reconaissance to its conclusion, and inaugurated a new era of commercial and colonial expansion in the East. After Portuguese navigators had made countless voyages along the west coast of Africa to seek the products of that continent, contact with the legendary Christian kingdom of Prester John, and an all-water route to India, da Gama finally proved that the much-wanted spices of India could be brought to Europe by a route around the Cape of Good Hope. Manuel the Fortunate, king of Portugal, lost no time in at­ tempting to exploit the newly found passage, and thereby make Portugal the link between the demand for spices in Europe and the supply in the East. On March 8, 1500, he sent a flotilla of thir­ teen ships to India, and in the four years following, three similar expeditions were undertaken. The first of these fleets was commanded by Pedro Álvares Ca­ bral, a member of one of Portugal’s noble families.
    [Show full text]