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Evaluating the Effects of Acetic Acid and D-Limonene on Four Aquatic

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Evaluating the Effects of Acetic Acid and D-Limonene on Four Aquatic of $17.007 million and $15.126 mil- Evaluating the Effects of Acetic Acid and lion in federal and state funds to d-Limonene on Four Aquatic Plants control aquatic plants in Florida’s public water bodies in fiscal year (FY) 2017–18 and FY 2018–19, respec- Lyn A. Gettys1, Kyle L. Thayer1, and Joseph W. Sigmon1 tively (FWC, 2018, 2019a). More than half of this funding ($10.01 million and $8.86 million in FY ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. broadleaf sagittaria, citric acid, Eichhornia crassipes, invasive species, natural herbicides, organic herbicides, pickerelweed, Pistia 2017–18 and FY 2018–19, respec- stratiotes, Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria latifolia, vinegar, waterhyacinth, tively) was allocated for managing waterlettuce the submersed weed hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), whereas 25% of those SUMMARY. The foundation of most aquatic weed management programs in Florida is monies ($4.04 million in FY 2017–18 synthetic herbicides because many of these U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and $4.19 million in FY 2018–19) (USEPA)-registered products are effective, selective, and inexpensive compared with other strategies such as mechanical harvesting. However, stakeholders have was spent for floating plant control, expressed concern regarding their use and managers are interested in exploring al- which primarily comprise waterhya- ternative methods for aquatic weed control. To that end, we evaluated the efficacy, cinth (Eichhornia crassipes)and selectivity, and costs of the ‘‘natural’’ products acetic acid and d-limonene (alone and waterlettuce (Pistia stratiotes). Exces- in combination with each other and citric acid) on the invasive floating plants sive growth of floating plants causes waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and waterlettuce (Pistia stratiotes), and the a number of problems in aquatic eco- native emergent plants broadleaf sagittaria (Sagittaria latifolia) and pickerelweed systems, including reducing the pene- (Pontederia cordata). These products, plus an industry-standard synthetic herbicide tration of oxygen and light into the (diquat dibromide), were applied once as foliar treatments to healthy plants, which water column by blocking the air– were grown out for 8 weeks after treatment to allow development of phytotoxicity water interface, creating monocultures symptoms. A 0.22% concentration of diquat dibromide eliminated all vegetation, but neither ‘‘natural’’ product alone provided acceptable (>80%) control of floating by outcompeting native plants, and weeds, even when applied at the maximum concentrations under evaluation (20% interfering with flood control opera- acetic acid, 30% d-limonene). Citric acid (5% or 10%) had no effect on the activity of tions by creating large, dense mats that acetic acid or d-limonene, but some combinations of acetic acid and d-limonene obstruct canals and water movement controlled floating weeds effectively without causing unacceptable damage to native structures (Gettys, 2019). Waterhya- plants. However, these treatments are much more expensive than the synthetic cinth, a Brazilian species, was intro- standard and managers would realize a 22- to 26-fold increase in product cost alone duced intentionally to Florida during without factoring in other expenses such as additional labor and application time. the late 1800s as a water garden orna- Combinations of acetic acid and d-limonene may have utility in some areas where mental and was released from cultiva- the use of synthetic herbicides is discouraged, but broad-scale deployment of this tion soon thereafter (Gettys, 2020a). strategy would likely be prohibitively expensive. The native range of waterlettuce is cryptic and may include the southeast- lorida’s resource managers are ern United States, but the species charged with keeping aquatic exhibits aggressive growth and is con- vegetation at maintenance levels sidered invasive in Florida regardless Received for publication 3 Dec. 2020. Accepted for F to facilitate navigation, flood control publication 17 Feb. 2021. of its true point of origin (Gettys, efforts, and other uses of state waters. 2020b). Published online 23 March 2021. This goal is most often achieved by As with all pesticides registered 1University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricul- tural Sciences, Fort Lauderdale Research and Educa- using herbicides that have been ap- by the USEPA, aquatic herbicides are tion Center, 3205 College Avenue, Davie, FL 33314 proved by the U.S. Environmental only labeled for use if they ‘‘will not This research was supported by the Florida Agricul- Protection Agency (USEPA) for use generally cause unreasonable adverse tural Experiment Station and by the U.S. Department in aquatic systems, with statewide effects on the environment . taking of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agri- culture (HATCH project FLA-FTL-005682). Fund- oversight and coordination of treat- into account the economic, social, ing was also provided by the Florida Fish and Wildlife ments provided by the Florida Fish and environmental costs and benefits Conservation Commission. and Wildlife Conservation Commis- of the use of any pesticide’’ (USEPA, We thank Ian Markovich, Mohsen Tootoonchi, and sion (FWC, 2018, 2019a). For exam- 1996). However, public concerns re- Angie Diez for their invaluable contributions to this project. ple, the FWC oversaw the expenditure garding herbicide use in aquatic Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that also may Units be suitable. To convert U.S. to SI, To convert SI to U.S., This article is based on a presentation given at the multiply by U.S. unit SI unit multiply by 2020 Florida State Horticultural Society’s annual meeting in Oct. 2020. 3.7854 gal L 0.2642 9.3540 gal/acre LÁha–1 0.1069 L.A.G. is the corresponding author. E-mail: lgettys@ 2.54 inch(es) cm 0.3937 ufl.edu. 25.4 inch(es) mm 0.0394 This is an open access article distributed under the CC 0.4536 lb kg 2.2046 BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/ 28.3495 oz g 0.0353 licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 1 ppm mgÁL–1 1 https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04769-20 (°F – 32) O 1.8 °F °C(°C · 1.8) + 32 • April 2021 31(2) 225 systems have added to the challenges treatments state that target weeds regarding the efficacy of natural prod- faced by managers. The FWC should be sprayed to wet. Products ucts such as acetic acid and d-limo- ‘‘paused’’ chemical weed manage- that include broadcast instructions in- nene as weed control agents, either ment activities in early 2019 in re- dicate that 15 to 30 gal/acre of prod- alone or in combination. Domen- sponse to public outcry and to uct should be used. ghini (2020) reported that acetic acid provide an opportunity for stake- There are many other acetic acid applied at a concentration of 20% or holder voices to be heard. A primary products on the market, but most are 30% could be a viable alternative to message that arose from listening not specifically labeled for weed con- glyphosate, but that multiple applica- sessions during the pause was that trol. For example, a note on the tions would be necessary for pro- the public believes ‘‘chemical’’ (her- website for Bradfield Natural Horti- longed weed control. Webber et al. bicide) usage in aquatic systems cultural Vinegar (20% acetic acid) (2018) evaluated 5% and 20% acetic should be reduced drastically (FWC, states, ‘‘Although many folks, espe- acid solutions alone or with sweet 2019b). Although other aquatic cially in the organic culture, have orange (Citrus sinensis) or canola weed management options such as historically used strong vinegars to (Brassica napus) oil; they found that mechanical harvesting do exist, most abate vegetation growth, be advised weed control increased as acetic acid have greatly increased costs and re- that Acetic Acids of 8% or less when concentration increased and that duced efficacy compared with chem- characterized as an inert ingredient, there was little or no advantage to ical control tools. The need for in a mixture, are exempt from regis- adding either type of oil to the acetic ‘‘softer’’ products that can be used tration by the USEPA as a pesticide acid solutions. Evans and Bellinder for aquatic weed control is urgent, under USEPA ‘Minimum Risk Pesti- (2009) stated that broadcast applica- and exploration is needed to identify cide’ FIFRA 25B, List 4A. Thus this tions of 15%, 20%, and 30% acetic acid ways for managers to maintain water product (at 20% acidity) is not to be mixed with 1.7% or 3.4% clove oil resources effectively without the use labeled, marketed or characterized in could be useful for weed suppression of synthetic herbicides. any way as having any herbicidal in sweet corn, onion (Allium cepa), ‘‘Natural’’ herbicides are used virtues’’ (Bradfield Industries, 2019; and potato (Solanum tuberosum) cul- extensively by home gardeners, or- USEPA, 2004b). Horticultural vine- tivation. Shrestha et al. (2012) ganic farmers, and others who wish to gar, with an acetic acid concentration reported that a single application of reduce their use of synthetic herbi- of 30%, is available, but is not listed 20% d-limonene provided up to 95% cides. Products used for natural weed specifically as a herbicide. Acetic acid weed control in organic almond (Pru- control include acids [i.e., acetic acid is corrosive and can damage applica- nus dulcis) orchards 1 week after (vinegar) and citric acid], oils [clove tion equipment when used in highly treatment, but that efficacy was re- (eugenol) (Syzygium aromaticum), concentrated form, but Evans et al. duced to 53% control 5 weeks after pine (Pinus sp.), peppermint (Mentha (2009) stated that lower concentra- treatment, necessitating repeat appli- ·piperita), and citronella (Cymbopo- tions can be used if application vol- cations every 5 to 6 weeks. gon sp.)], soaps, iron- or salt-based ume is increased to deliver the same Even less information is available herbicides, corn (Zea mays) gluten, total amount of acetic acid.
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