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Hacia Una Cronología De La Derecha En México, 1964-2008 El Cotidiano, Núm El Cotidiano ISSN: 0186-1840 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco México López Ibarra, Paulina Hacia una cronología de la derecha en México, 1964-2008 El Cotidiano, núm. 149, mayo-junio, 2008, pp. 58-72 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32514906 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Hacia una cronología de la derecha en México, 1964-2008 Paulina López Ibarra* La llamada derecha política, es un espacio en el que participan actores que simultáneamente tienen capacidad de decisión en empresas, partidos políticos fundamentalmente en el Partido Acción Nacional, y organizaciones de inspiración católica. Estas composiciones buscan generan coincidencias en los modos de pen- sar y operar entre el proyecto conservador católico y el denominado proyecto neoliberal. A pesar de la existencia de diversos movimientos y organizaciones de derecha, es común encontrar información escueta y confusa sobre sus fechas de creación y sus acciones y normas. Los grupos que pertenecen a la derecha política en México no pueden ser clasificados de manera lineal y temporal de manera espe- cífica. A pesar de ello, se tiene el mismo vínculo en programas políticos, formas de actuación militante, apoyos económicos y esquemas de difusión doctrinaria. L a llamada derecha política, es un y confusa sobre sus fechas de crea- y los políticos a hacer política, pero la espacio en el que participan actores ción y sus acciones y normas. Los gru- realidad es otra. que simultáneamente tienen capaci- pos que pertenecen a la derecha Grupos empresariales e industria- dad de decisión en empresas, parti- política en México no pueden ser cla- les como la Confederación Patronal dos políticos fundamentalmente en sificados de manera lineal y temporal de la República Mexicana (Coparmex), el Partido Acción Nacional, y orga- de manera específica. A pesar de ello, el Consejo Coordinador Empresarial nizaciones de inspiración católica. se tiene el mismo vínculo en progra- (CCE ), la Cámara Nacional de la In- Estas composiciones buscan generar mas políticos, formas de actuación dustria de la Transformación (Cana- coincidencias en los modos de pen- militante, apoyos económicos y es- cintra) y la Confederación Nacional sar y operar entre el proyecto con- quemas de difusión doctrinaria. de Cámaras Industriales (Concamin), servador católico y el denominado En nuestro país existe un poder funcionan ejerciendo presión econó- proyecto neoliberal. A pesar de la político empresarial, y este grupo, re- mica, al conformar una forma activa existencia de diversos movimientos ducido en comparación con el total del conservadurismo de la extrema y organizaciones de derecha, es co- de la población, tiene intereses espe- derecha, y este juego de fuerzas está mún encontrar información esc ueta cíficos, y velará por los mismos de la conformado por personajes de la je- forma que sea necesaria. La experiencia rarquía católica, por grupos conserva- nos ha enseñado que los empresarios dores públicos o disfrazados y por * Licenciada en Ciencias Políticas y Admi- se deben de dedicar exclusivamente a sectores políticos como funcionarios nistración Pública, UIA Santa Fe. su labor de empresa, a hacer negocios, y partidos. 58 Cronología Como antecedente, la Coparmex desde su fundación, Valores, así como la creación de la asociación A Favor de lo en 1959, hasta el momento, ha mantenido una actitud con- Mejor ( AFM ), que agrupa a varios anunciantes y a grupos servadora y de una tendencia de derecha abiertamente derechistas, algunos de ellos con participación internacio- anticomunistas. Desde su origen se encuentra dirigida por nal, y cuenta con el apoyo de sectores del clero católico y personalidades perfectamente ubicadas en la derecha ex- de escuelas y universidades confesionales. trema, como sus ex presidentes Roberto Guajardo Suárez, Esto deja en claro cómo la ideología puede conjugarse Andrés Marcelo Sada, José Luís Coindreau, José Ma. Basagoiti, con los intereses más terrenos. Servitje ha presidido tam- Alfredo Sandoval González, Jorge Ocejo Moreno, Héctor bién la Fundación Coca Cola México y la IAP (Institución de Larios Santillán, Antonio Sánchez Díaz de Rivera, Carlos Asistencia Privada). Ma. Abascal Carranza, Gerardo Aranda Orozco, Alberto Ahora bien, para entender la relación entre el poder Fernández Garza, Jorge Espina Reyes. político y los empresarios, considero pertinente retomar Actualmente se encuentra dirigida por los empresa- ciertos puntos de choque entre ambos. La crisis económi- rios José Luís Barraza González, Juan Alberto Blanco Zaldívar, ca suscitada en México en las postrimerías del sexenio de Guillermo Campuzano Zambrano, Alfredo Capote Sánchez, José López Portillo, se constituyó en uno de los principales Juan Arturo Covarrubias Valenzuela, Pierre A. Froidevaux acontecimientos que propiciaron el desgaste del sistema Chavan, Alejandro Gomory Rivas, Alfonso González Migota, político mexicano. Los efectos de esta crisis fueron pro- Alberto Núñez Esteva y Sergio Peralta Sandoval. longados, tocando fibras que hasta ese momento habían Todos los arriba mencionados representan industrias sido indispensables en el buen funcionamiento del régimen. tan importantes como Cemex-México, Consulting Support Entre otras cosas, la crisis vulneró la relación de simbiosis Services SC, Grupo Motormexa, Apasco Productos de Ha- que por décadas había existido entre el Estado mexicano y rina, Alfa Corporativo, Fundación Merced, Gruper, Gana- los empresarios. deros Productores de Leche Pura, Súper Ruedas de Un primer efecto de ello fue la migración de acaudala- México, Kimberly Clark de México, FEMSA Servicios, ADO dos empresarios, sobre todo del norte del país, a las filas y Empresas Coordinadas, Grupo Industrial Saltillo, Grupo del PAN . Sabían que el modelo económico y político enar- Alden, Grupo Marhnos, Zimat Golin Harris, Proyectos y bolado por el PRI había caducado, y que este partido en el Construcciones Sur SA, Aerovías de México, Corpora- poder, debido al cúmulo de errores cometidos y al viraje ción Alfil, Distribuidora Rodríguez, Instituto de Estudios mostrado por el propio gobierno respecto a su relación Superiores en Dirección de Empresas, Ingenieros Civi- con el gremio empresarial por ejemplo al castigarlos, en- les Asociados, Grupo Cementos de Chihuahua, Cámara tre otras medidas, con la nacionalización de la banca, con lo Mexicana de la Industria de la Construcción, entre los más cual se sentían sumamente ofendidos, no representaba ya destacados. una salvaguarda inequívoca de sus intereses. Así es como Dentro de este sector se puede ubicar a personas como un sector representativo del empresariado decidió emi- Lorenzo Servitje, fundador de la Bimbo, y el recién falleci- grar de las filas del PRI para enrolarse a las del PAN , hasta do José Barroso Chávez, director de la Cruz Roja Mexi- ese momento el partido de oposición más importante y cana, quienes han tenido un peso fuerte en el sector promotor de una ideología conservadora y de derecha. filantrópico y como líderes de grupos empresariales. Cabe Desde entonces, un sector del empresariado entendió que destacar que el Grupo Bimbo es, junto con Cemex, Vitro la transición política estaba en puerta () y que para ha- y Televisa, una de las más importantes multinacionales cer posible la modernización económica y política era ne- mexicanas. cesario relacionarse o vertebrarse con organismos cívicos En 1957, Servitje impulsó la creación de la filial mexica- y sociales. De alguna manera, como ha ocurrido en otras na de la Unión Internacional Cristiana de Directores de transiciones a nivel internacional, algunos sectores empre- Empresa, y a lo largo de su vida se le ha señalado como sariales tuvieron que actuar como órganos socio-políticos benefactor de grupos católicos conservadores. Uno de los de sustitución. Es decir, tuvieron que asumir funciones que principales objetivos de Servitje ha sido promover la cen- los partidos de oposición o movimientos sociales no reali- sura de los medios de comunicación apelando a criterios zaban en favor de ciertas demandas sociales. Sin embargo, moralistas Para ello, ha impulsado la creación de coalicio- la acción circunscrita a las instituciones empresariales tenía nes, como el llamado Consejo Prodefensa y Difusión de los sus límites, en particular la acción político-partidista, y fue El Cotidiano 149 59 cuando varios empresarios decidieron postularse a cargos de fraude electoral. En concordancia con ello, los neopanis- de representación pública; situación emblemática en el caso tas desplegaban medidas mucho más aguerridas a fin de de Manuel J. Clouthier. Estableciendo la diferencia entre lo presionar a las autoridades electorales que les reconocie- político (en sentido amplio, propio de la sociedad organiza- ran los triunfos que para sí reclamaban, como el cierre de da) y la política (en sentido partidista). puentes internacionales, el no pago de algunos impuestos, Con el arribo de estos empresarios encabezados por el uso de propaganda más eficaz, y declaraciones y denun- Manuel J. Clouthier, ex líder de la Coparmex y, en los últi- cias incendiarias a fin de ganar los reflectores de los me- mos años del sexenio de López
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