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Home , Bohai Economic Rim, Ecumenopolis, Texas Triangle, Twin cities

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100 mile metroplex 119 University 8 million 156–7, 160 landscape architecture program 225 Asian mega- 31, 54–5, 77 Adriatic–Ionian Region 163 Asian Newly Industrialized Economies advanced producer service (APS) frms Kong, , South Korea, 15–17, 54, 78, 81, 83, 157–8, 192 Singapore 188 22, 242–3, 248 Austin ( Triangle) 222 mega-cities 31 automobile travel, long-distance 211 Pieterse, E. 14 agglomeration economies 12, 236, 251 B7 Baltic Island Network 161 Agnew, J.A. Baltic 21 161 on ‘regional logics’ 11 Baltic Development Fund (BDF) 161 regions as classifcation device 41 Baltic 161 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting Baltic Metropoles Network 161 (AFFH) Baltic Region Texas Triangle, Gulf Coast 220 development perspective 164 air travel, assumption of growth 108 macro-region 162–3, 167 Ăland islands 152 pollution 167 Allegheny County, PA soft spaces 165–6 boundary reform, 1920s 129 transnational governance 161–7 structural reforms, 1950s 130 Baltic Sea States Sub-Regional Allen, J. 10, 41, 122–3 Cooperation (BSSSC) 161 Alpine Region 163 Bassin Parisien 82 Alsop, W. 86 Baton Rouge (Gulf Coast) MSA, America 2050 2–3, 13, 19–20, 102, 123, economic indicators 221 133, 202, 210, 234 BAU (‘business-as-usual’) forms of map with megaregions 3 development 97, 108, 113, 246 map of sub-regions 100–101 Bauman, Z. 41 American Community Survey (ACS) Bay Area Council 102, 110 208–9, 212 Bay Area Regional Transit (BART) 106 American Society of Landscape ‘Bay Vision 2020’ 102 Architects 223 Beaumont (Texas Triangle) MSA 240 Amiens, ancient cathedral town, Belarus 161–3 France 82 Benner, C. 65, 101, 111 Ancient Greece Berry, B. colonial towns 104 on ‘cities as systems within systems 6 of cities’ 57, 61 archipelago economy 1 ‘bigger is better’ trend 77, 236, 245–6 Arizona State University (ASU) biomimicry, green environmental planning program 225 concept 223 Arizona Sun Corridor 21 ‘Blue Banana’ 13, 77, 134, 149

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John Harrison and Michael Hoyler - 9781782547907 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:05:50AM via free access 258 Megaregions

Bohai Economic Rim, 192 ‘century of the city’ 200 Bolleter, J. 14, 205 Chartres, ancient cathedral town, boosterism 19, 21, 29, 42, 46, 243 France 82 33, 53 Chesterton G.K. 23 Boston–Washington megalopolis 53–4, Chicago, IL 53, 91, 100 83 Chicago school of sociology 56, 60, 91 boundary reforms in US 127, 129–30 China , industrial city, England 84 agriculture-based economic history, racialization 86 foreign trade 180 Brenner, N. Bohai Economic Rim (BER) 192 new state spaces 125, 148, 176 city-regions 104 periodization 248 high-speed rail (HSR) 105 planetary 3, 9, 239, Open Door policy 183 252 (PRD) 9, 13, BRIC states 158 175–99, 230 Brookings Institution 65, 124, 210 reforms and market mechanisms Brookings Metro Center 45 188 Brunet, R. 12–13, 77, 202 retreat from outside world 184 Bureau of Economic Analysis 211 urbanization of 11–13, 101 Bureau of Labor Statistics 211 River Delta (YRD) 13 bus and rail systems, local 98 Christaller, W. 91–2 business and industry leaders 20, 130, cities, engines of economic advantage 233–4 65 interest groups in megaregionalism cities a la carte 2 19 City-County Association of ‘business-as-usual’ (BAU) forms of Government (CAG) development 97, 108, 113, 246 City, Allegheny County, Butler, J. 126, 128 PA 131 city evolution, six stages 6, 37 Cali Baja, cross-border region, city-regional networks, connections US–Mexico border 231–4 across Norden 156–61 megaregion 100 city-regions 2, 32, 42, 127, 131, 152, Canary Wharf, 82 157–8, 246 Canton System 177–8 class segregation 76 early Qing Dynasty 193 climate change 40, 97, 106, 113, 214, capitalist development 2, 51, 56–9, 176, 240 194, 248 Clinton Administration 212 carbon dioxide emissions 105 coastal resiliency 215 Carbonell, A. 210 coastal urban areas 60 carbon-neutrality 107–8 Cochrane, A. 10, 41, 122–3 Carson, D. 224–5 colonial heritage 82, 180, 182–3, 193 cartographic representation of Commission of the European megaregional space 15–16, 125, Communities (CEC) 13, 165 133, 163 communicative urbanization 29, 45 Cascadia 21, 224, 231 communist regime in China (1949) Castells, M. 51, 55–7, 77 183–4 The Urban Question 56–7 commuting between cities 61, 69, 85, Census Bureau 69, 210–13, 216–9 110, 114, 211 Central Plains megaregion proposal compact cities 101, 108, 114 100 competitive multi-city regionalism 66

John Harrison and Michael Hoyler - 9781782547907 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:05:50AM via free access Index ­259 competitiveness and megaregions 2, economic 55, 57, 60, 97, 13, 19, 52, 64–6, 68, 107, 125, 158, 106–7, 112 237, 243–4 economic integration 10, 121, 151, 202, conservation of large landscapes 207, 219–23 210, 214 ecosystems, large-scale 98 conservative electoral wave, US, 2010 ecosystems, regulation 114 212 53, 252 containerization 60, 83, 217 29, 101, 107 152, 157–61 edgeless city 29, 101 Core Based Statistical Area 124 educational apartheid 111 Council of the Baltic Sea States educational attainment 219–20 (CBSS) 161 electrifcation, efficient intra-urban Council on Competitiveness 65 commuting 59 Councils of Governments (COGs) in endless city 1 US 99, 130, 137 environmental degradation 216 cross-border and transnational environmental impact reduction 114 cooperation 148, 156, 158–9, 162, environmental planning 99 167 environmental protection 100, 104–5, cultural geography of the US 203–6 120 cultural regions of the US 204 environmental sustainability 113, 216 eopolis 6, 37 Basin 163 equity-related goals 105, 111–13 DATAR, French Interministerial ESPON (European Observation Delegation 12, 23 Network for Territorial Davis, M., Planet of Slums 242–3 Development and Cohesion) 149 Department of Transportation 20, 128 218 EuroAmerican hegemony 176 deregulation of infrastructure in Euro- or meso-regions 148 Norden 155 European Commission 12, 165–6 56, 87, 111 European Observation Network for Dhavale, D. 21, 75, 94, 101, 202, Territorial Development and 212 Cohesion (ESPON) 149 diaspora (overseas investment) ‘European school of megaregionalists’, Pearl River Delta (PRD) evolution function-dominant approach 182, 193 15–17 discourse theory 39–40 European Spatial Development Downs, A. 119–21 Perspective (ESDP) 12–14, 19, 21, Doxiadis, C. 252 133, 162, 201–2, 210, 234 Fordist-era predictions 56 European Union on megalopolis 53 large-scale cooperation 100 World Society for 54 Neighbourhood Programme 162 structural funds 202 East Asia 54–5, 180 European Union Strategy for the Baltic East Central Super Region 66 Sea Region (EUSBSR) 163–6 ecolopolis 224 ‘Europe of regions’ 147 economic development 19, 107, 114, Eurozone 154 214, 216–8, 241 EU INTERREG initiative 23, 92, 162, partnerships between metropolitan 165, 168 areas 66 exurban growth 58–63, 98 economic exchange data 211 exurban sprawl 105

John Harrison and Michael Hoyler - 9781782547907 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:05:50AM via free access 260 Megaregions

Faludi, A. 13, 21, 100, 149, 202 global scale 44, 54, 112, 128 Faroe Islands 152 Goldman, L. 38–9 federal and state governments 19, 125, Gottmann, J. 136, 211 ‘Megalopolis’ (map) 34 Federal Emergency Management Megalopolis: The Urbanized Agency (FEMA) 215 Northeastern Seaboard of the Fehmarnbelt 159–60 1–2, 5–8, 29, , R. 9–10, 15, 57, 77, 101, 202, 33–5, 53, 63–4, 121–2, 201–3, 207, 210, 246 210, 242, 251 40 megaregions 17–18 modernist view of urban form 12 The Atlantic City 45 governance 43, 51, 54, 64–6, 99, megaregions and global economy 55 120–22, 130, 134–6, 138, 148, ‘spiky world’ 3, 12 150–51, 160–66, 214 Florida High Tech Corridor Council GPS-tracking information 224 66 Great Depression 59 Fordism 54, 56–7, 59, 60 Greater Copenhagen capital region 159 form-dominant approach 7, 10, 14–17 Greater 76, 80–81, 90, 230 fossil fuel industry 106 Great Lakes Megalopolis 53–4 France 12–3, 80–84 Great Lakes megaregion 53–4, 56, 67, Franklin, B. 126 100, 120, 124, 134–5, 226, 240 freeways 21, 104, 109–10, 114 conflicting spaces of governance Friedman, T. ‘flat world’ thesis 3 119–41, 134–5 Front Range megaregion 100, 216 Great Lakes Metro Chambers Fuller, B. 54 Coalition 67 functional networks 78 Greenbelt Alliance 102 function-dominant approach 7, 9–10, greenbelts 108, 114 13, 15–17, 23 greenhouse gas emissions 97–8, 100–102, 107–8 galactic city 1 green infrastructure 214, 223 Galveston, Texas 205 Greenland 152 Geddes, P. 35–6, 242 177–92, 196 5–6 ancient times 180–81 megalopolis 5, 52–3 as ‘Southern Gate’ of China 188–9 gentrifcation 57, 83, 112, 155 China’s major centre of foreign Georgia Institute of Technology 202, trade, luxury goods 180–81 226 economic indicators (1952−2010) Gibson-Graham, J.K. 121 185 Gilli, F. 80–81 suppressed role in trade 184 GIS-mapping 208 177, 179–81, 183, 188, 190, Glaeser, E. 44–5, 107 192–3 Triumph of the City 3, 30, 44, 242 Gulf Coast megaregion 100, 201, 205, 7, 10, 13, 32, 54, 57, 59, 207–9, 216, 219–21, 230, 240 76–7, 195 global city-region 1, 7–8, 10–11, 13, 18, Halbert, L. 81, 83 29, 32, 175, 192, 195 Hall, P. 8, 13, 23, 32, 35, 54–5, 57, global climate change 106 77–8, 82, 111 global economic integration 10, 240 Hamburg, 159–60 global economic integration zone 13, , VA 232–4 149, 202 Harvey, D. 60, 155, 242 Global South 14, 22, 54–5, 91, 154, 176 Haussmann, G.E. 83

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Healdsburg Research Seminar on industrial growth, urbanized corridor, Megaregions 79, 210 northern England, northern Italy Hecksher, A. 1, 251 13 Director of The Twentieth Century Industrial Revolution, England 60, 80, Fund 23 182 spatial concepts (‘megalopolis’) 4 industrialization 184, 186, 188–9, 194 Helsinki 152, 157–8 infectious diseases 212 Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) information economies 38, 77, 82 161, 166 information flows 16–17, 23, 92 Hidalgo, A. 234–5 information technology (IT) 59–62 High-Speed Ground-Transportation interdependency, Nordic capital Act, 1965 54 regions 167 high-speed rail (HSR) 97, 104–8, 212, intergovernmental competition 131 216 intergovernmental cooperation 122, expense of 109 154, 161 routes funding 19–21 interjurisdictional cooperation between speeding spatial expansion 107–8 MCDs 137 system plan, California 98 Intermodal Surface Transportation highway-industrial complex 60 Efficiency Act 1991 (ISTEA) 137, historical world system 176, 194–5 139 history of megaregions 5, 248 international capitalist system 182 Hollande, F. 235 International System of Units (SI) 31 183, 186–9 INTERREG 23, 92, 162, 165, 168 housing prices 83, 87, 110, 113, 154–5 interregional global competitiveness ‘Hou-Orleans’ 17 140 MSA 220 Interstate 80 corridor 105 Houston, Texas 201, 205 interstate highway system 59, 62, 104, Howard, E., Garden City model 119 216 hybrid character of megaregions 52, interurban and intraurban aspects of 64, 66, 68–9 urban question 56, 60 investment, lack of, in physical IBM, specialists in urban business 44 infrastructure 2 ICT service frms 157–8 Ȋle de France region Jensen, O. 13 administrative and fnancial centre job opportunities 112 of France 80–81 Johnson, B. 234–5 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ‘just-in-time’ production networks 60 81 Jonas, A.E.G. 18 Réseau Express Régional (RER) commuter network 82 Kansas State University, imaginative geographies 120, 125–33 landscape architecture program 225 imaginative spaces, brief history, Knox, P. 14, 119 Western Pennsylvania 129–32 imagined 17 labour-intensive , China , multi-city regional 189 partnerships 67 La Défense, major office development industrial capitalism, Northern 82 England 93 Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center industrial classifcations, Texas 223 Triangle, Gulf Coast 219 Lake, R. 35

John Harrison and Michael Hoyler - 9781782547907 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:05:50AM via free access 262 Megaregions landscape architecture 205, 223, 225 MCD see minor civil divisions planning 105, 108, 110, 136, McLuhan, M. 54 155, 217 McSherry-San Martin-Steiner land use regulation 106, 108 approach at ASU 225 Lang, F., ‘Metropolis’ movie, (1927) 31 McWilliams, C. 86 Lang, R.E. 1–2, 21, 51, 58, 75, 94, Mead, M. 54 100–101, 119, 202, 210, 212, 250 Meadows, D. et al. Limits to Growth 106 Latin America, mega-cities 31 mega-cities 13, 31, 55 , industrial city, England 84–6 mega-city region 1, 7–8, 10, 13, 18, 32, Lefebvre, H., Production of Space 54, 57, 75, 77, 79, 101, 148 125–6 megalomania 35–6 Le Havre–Paris corridor 83 megalopolis, 1, 6–7, 31, 33–34, 37, 53, liberal cities in Northern California 102 63, 210 lifestyles, lower consumption 20–21, cities out of control 35–6 107, 110 as liquid metropolis 41 limitless city 1 and ‘megaregions’, scholarship on 52 Lincoln Institute of Land Policy 78–9 Megalopolis: The Urbanized liquid city 1, 41 Northeastern Seaboard of the Liverpool, England 18, 84, 86 United States local businesses versus global Gottmann, J. 1−2, 5–8, 29, 33–5, 53, corporations 21 63–4, 121–2, 201–3, 210, 242, local foodshed planning, Northern 251 California 110 megalopolis to megaregions 5–11 localism 109–10, 114, 138–9 megalopolitan development stages logistics revolution 59–61 eopolis, , metropolis, London 79, 80, 85, 89, 99, 109, 158, megalopolis, tyrannopolis, 234–6 necropolis 6, 37 London and Paris, competition 235 mega, meaning of 30–31 Los Angeles 33, 87, 91, 231, 235 megapolitan region 1, 75, 77, 213 Los Angeles school of 54, 91 megapolitanists 216 low-carbon economy 20 megaprojects 31–2 Low-Impact Development (LID) megaregional glocalization 239–41 green infrastructure concept 223 megaregional identity 132, 150, 203, 224 LSE’s Urban Age Consortium 45 megaregional inequity reduction 114 megaregionalism 19, 68, 231–3, M62 corridor 86 240–41, 244, 251 M62 motorway, space of Northern megaregionalists 214, 216–7, 240 England megaregion 86, 91 megaregionality 4–5, 10–11, 18, 78, 83, macro-level analysis of megaregional 90, 241 space 17–18, 240, 245 megaregional legitimacy 120, 139, 237 macro-region 147, 162, 167 megaregional planning 19–20, 64–8, macro-regional strategies 150, 163 100, 202, 207, 210, 224 , England 18, 84, 86 barriers to progress 211–14 Manley, E. 224 opportunities to advance 214–19 Mare Balticum 161 working against sustainability 97, Martin, D. 80 99–113 Marxian theories of ‘long waves’, in megaregional research 11–22, 76, 176, capitalist economy 58–9 210, 223–4, 230–31, 236–51 Massey, D. 10, 41, 122–3, 125 megaregional space 10, 15, 18, 90, 234, Mayagoitia, D. 231–2 239

John Harrison and Michael Hoyler - 9781782547907 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:05:50AM via free access Index ­263 megaregional 83, 88 Meinig, D. megaregional timeline 210 Imperial Texas − An Interpretative megaregion as new spatial reality for Essay in Cultural Geography US, defnition 123 201, 203–5 megaregion concept 2–3, 8–9, 29, 57, metapolis 29 77–8, 119, 121–6, 243–7, 248–51 metropolis 6, 31, 35–7, 41 critical mass, 20 million 234–5 Metropolitan Planning Organization geographic imaginary, neither (MPOs) 102–3, 137–8, 218–19 natural nor neutral 120 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) methodological challenges 22–3 233 subjectifcation 129 of Texas Triangle and Gulf Coast megaregion formation, long-term 209 process 193 as units of analysis in study 208 megaregion imaginary, US no coherent metropolitics 42 space 140 metropolization 31 megaregion praxis prospects 223–6 metro region 1, 7–8, 10, 101, 104 megaregions 1–23, 32 metro-to-metro transportation city and urban network 61 networks 211 massive urban spaces 77 Corridor 100 spaces for political governance and micro-level analysis of megaregional power 125 space 18, 240, 245 stakeholder strategies 149–50 migration into Texas 205 megaregions, deconstruction 147–51 minor civil divisions (MCDs), in US megaregions, defnitions 8–9, 76–8, 126–7, 136 90–91 Monmonier, M. 125 megaregions, form-dominant Montmartre, formal annexation into approaches, influential in United Paris 82 States 7, 10, 15 Morrison Institute 65 megaregions, function-dominant motorization revolution 60 approaches, in Europe 7, 10, motor vehicle-dependence 101 15–17 motor vehicle travel, assumption of megaregions’ futures, as globalization’s growth 108 new urban form 22–3, 168, MSA see metropolitan statistical areas 210–18, 236–51 multi-city economic development megaregions, largest, global economic partnerships activity of 11 proliferation reasons 68–9 Megaregions: Planning for Global multi-city regionalism, Indiana 66–8 Competitiveness Mumford, L. 35–6, 42, 53 Ross, C.L. 13, 64, 100, 106–7, 125 The City in History 36, 242 megaregions policy, North European The Culture of Cities 36 perspective 166–8 necropolis, demise of city 35, 37, 46 megaregions primacy, problems 107 six stages of city evolution 6, 37 mega-thinking, application to urban , minor civil divisions and regional studies 30–36 (MCDs), in US 126–7, 136 megatrends 38 climate change, urbanization, Naisbitt, J. 30, 38 globalization and demographics Megatrends 36–40 40 National Rail Plan 214 language of 30, 36–40 natural resource extraction 216 megaurban regions 29−47 necropolis 35, 37, 46

John Harrison and Michael Hoyler - 9781782547907 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:05:50AM via free access 264 Megaregions neighbourhood change, changing flows Nordregio − Nordic Centre for Spatial of populations 57 Development 146–7 Nelles, J. 17 ‘North American school of Nelson, A.C. 14, 100, 202, 207, 212 megaregionalists’, form-dominant neoliberalization in ‘Nordic model’ approach 14–15 152, 154–6 North American scholarship, in urban neoliberal policy environment 65, 68, planning 55 125, 233 North Atlantic Treaty Organization neoliberal regime shifts, US and UK (NATO) 154 Denmark, Iceland, Norway neoliberal structural adjustment members 154 programs, Global South 154 Northeastern Corridor in US, high- neoliberal system transformation, speed rail (HSR) 105 Russia and Eastern Europe 154 Northeast Megaregion 226, 232 networks and flows 77–8, 157 Northern California 76, 80, 86–8 network society 148 foreign language residents 102–3 new Nordic regionalism 147 Northern California Megaregion 102–3 new regionalism 111, 176, 203, 216 high-speed rail (HSR) 105 New York 79, 92, 119, 158 hybrid 89 night-time-light mapping, delineation loss of farmland, open space 109 of urban areas 55, 63, 202 pollution, expensive housing, long NIMBY opposition to affordable commutes 109 housing, California 110 spatialities 87 non-governmental organizations spatial segregation increase 113 (NGOs) 97, 161, 165 Northern Dimension, EU 162 nonurban spaces, Great Lakes Northern England 76, 80, 85, 230 megaregion 138 competition with London 85–6 Norden megaregion, polycentric 89 Denmark, , Iceland, urbanized landscape 84 Norway, 146–7 Northern Europe 230 concept, differences in politics and east-west divide 167 planning 151–6 ‘Norden’ establishing 240 sparely populated areas, risk of Northern San Joaquin Valley 88 sidelining places 168 ‘Northern Way’, England 84–6 146, 152 North European perspective Nordic capitals 152, 156–7, 161 Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Nordic Council of Ministers 152, Norway, Sweden 146–68 167–8 North Sea-English Channel Area 163 intergovernmental body for nuclear power 110 cooperation 154 Nordic countries 153–4 Obama Administration 212, 216 Nordic history, social, economic and megaregional approach to poverty cultural networks 157 218 Nordic states, history of rivalry and Vision for High-Speed Rail Plan 214 war 152 Valley 100 Nordic urban/metropolitan centres oil-driven motorization of economy 59 spatial clustering and inter-city Open Coastal Cities, China 188 linkages 167 Open Door policy, China, 1978 183 Nordic welfare reformation, urban and Opium Wars (1840–1842, 1856–1860) regional planning 154–6 178, 182

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Öresund region 159, 167 southern coast of China 177–9 cross-border between Copenhagen suppression as trade centre 184 and Malmö, (Sweden) 156 three stages of industrialization 194 flagship region within EU 158–9 Pell, C., Megalopolis Unbound 53–4 Organization for Economic Penn Graduate Planning Studio Cooperation and Development Plan for America 210 (OECD) Pennine hills, England 84 global neoliberal policy ideal 65 ‘Pentagon’, EU 13, 21, 149 metropolitan regions 8–9 periodization 246–8 territorial reviews, Copenhagen, as analytical procedure in urban Skåne 160 studies 56–7 Orléans, ancient cathedral town, physical infrastructure, transport, France 82, 90 energy, water 2 Oslo 152, 156–8 Piedmont Atlantic megaregion, overseas emigration from Guangdong southeast US 63, 202, 226, 232–3 182–3 Pieterse, E. 14 ozone layer damage, by SST planes 110 Pittsburgh City 129–32 ‘Plan Bay Area’ 102 P32 benchmarks for success 131–2 planetary urbanization 3, 7, 9–10, 30, Pain, K. 8, 76, 77–80, 82, 240 43–6, 239 Painter, J. 150 planning and sociology, pan-Baltic organizations 161 urban affairs and public policy parasitopolis 35 226 Paris 13, 79, 89, 92, 109, 157 Planning for the Northern California as of London 234–5 Megaregion connection to Atlantic ocean 83 public sector planning effort 105 -region 80–84 Poland, treaty of association with EU Paris Basin (Bassin Parisien) 82 162 Parisian development, 20th century, policy boosterism see boosterism suburbanization 82–3 policy reforms 155, 214, 218 Paris megaregion, monocentric 89 polis 6, 35, 37 PAR-LON ‘megaregion’ 234–6 political construction of partnerships, ad hoc, project-oriented megaregionalism 19, 90, 168, 65 236–7, 251 Pastor, M. 65, 101, 111 political jurisdictions, ‘hard spaces’ 166 Pearl River Delta (PRD), China 9, 13, political systems, complex, geographic 178 exigencies 245 benefts, attraction to Hong Kong polycentric metropolis 1, 32, 75 investors 189 polycentric urban region 29, 150 communist regime 1949 178 polycentricity, megaregions 8, 78–9, 86, evolution as megaregion 193 90, 119 export-oriented economic growth POLYNET project 16, 23, 32, 79, 81, model 191 91–2 global connections and economic polynuclear urban region 1, 8 status within China 179 polyopolis 32 historical framing of megaregion population density 101, 124, 135, 138, development 179 151 historical perspective 175–96 population expansion of China 11–12 Open Economic Zone 188 population loss of Pittsburgh 130 Qin Empire 177 population of Paris 81

John Harrison and Michael Hoyler - 9781782547907 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:05:50AM via free access 266 Megaregions population stabilization 108 Raleigh, NC, Piedmont Atlantic port cities 61 Megaregion 232–3 Portland State University 224–6 Randstad, Netherlands 18, 79, 83, 85, Portland, OR 43, 99, 217 88, 99 Portuguese maritime power, Macao, Raumentwicklung im Verborgenen 17 China, trans-shipment centre 181 regionalism advocates 2, 101, 106–7, post-Fordist economy 175–6 119, 139, 147, 195 post-industrial economy 33, 76, 78, 80, Regional Development Fund, US 112 194 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative post-metropolis thesis (RGGI) 100 Los Angeles school of urbanism 54, regional growth in California 91 regional growth plan 102 post-Panamax container terminals 217 sprawl and freeways 109 poststructural political economy regional identity 129, 148, 168, 224 (PSPE) perspective 120, 126–9, formation, critical role 150 132–3 of French cities 83 Power of 32 (P32) 131–2 regionalism as socialist plot, Allegheny primate city 76, 79–80, 83, 87, 179, County, PA 130 240 Regional Plan 1927, for ‘greater’ New private investment groups, interest York 119 groups in megaregionalism 19 Regional Plan Association (RPA) ‘Process A’ city type 19–20, 45, 78–80, 100, 107, 119, cities, Paris, London 85 123–5, 200, 224–5 megaregional systems 79, 83, 240 America 2050 2–3, 13, 23, 100, 123, ‘Process B’ city type 125, 133, 201, 210 megaregional systems 79, 240 underperforming regions 218 megaregion, Northern England 85 regional planning 99–104, 122–3, 148, pro-growth approach to megaregional 226 analysis 108 regional urbanization 58–63 property and real-estate regions developers, interest groups in contemporary understanding of megaregionalism 19 40–41, 147–9 property market, Parisian 83 and cross-border economics 175 public education in US, funding historical continuity in development sources 137 176 public policy, graduate programs in Reims, ancient cathedral town, France 225 82 public-private partnerships, new forms residents, wealthy, white, in gated 237 enclaves, upscale 111 public services in Norden 155 resource protection districts 134 Rethinking the Region Qing dynasty 180−82 Allen, J. et al. 10–11, 41, 122–3 Rhine-Main, Germany 23, 32 race segregation 76 RhineRuhr, Germany 18, 23, 79, 85, Raco, M. 39 104 rail passenger transport increase 20 Rhône-Alpes, France 18 rail plan, national, Obama Presidency Richardson, T. 13, 160 214, 216 Richmond, VA 232–4 railroads, coal- and iron-driven Roman roads and aqueducts 104 development 59–60 Rome 109

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Ross, C.L. 9, 13, 32, 77, 104, 202, 210, segregation 33, 76, 105, 111–13, 160 246 Seltzer, E. 104, 224–5 Megaregions: Planning for Global servurb 2 Competitiveness 13, 64, 100, , China 183 106–7, 125 Sheffield, industrial city, England 84, Rouen, ancient cathedral town, France 86 82 , China 190, 192 Roy, A. 91, 112, 176, 249 Short, J.R., ‘liquid city’ 41 RPA see Regional Plan Association analysis of Megalopolis 50 years on rurality in Norden, demographic 33, 35 challenges 152 Siemens, German frm rural sprawl 101 ‘Infrastructure and Cities’, business Russia, north-west, integration into sector 40 Baltic Sea Region 161–3 specialists in urban business 44 Rybczynski, W., Makeshift Metropolis Silicon Valley 88, 109, 113 200 Sino-British Opium War (1840) 180 Sino-Japanese War (1945) 182 Sacramento, CA 87 social capital 114, 137 Saint Denis, ancient burial ground of social construction 41, 127, 149 French kings 82 social equity 104 , Texas 205, 220 importance over economic Bay Area 87 expansion 113–14 economic core, Northern California social mobility 200 86 social processes, spatial confguration low wages for workers 113 237 Metropolitan Transportation socio-spatial relations 140 Commission 105 soft spaces 43, 160, 165–6, 238 regional agencies 102 southeast Asia, rapid urbanization, variations on Process B city type 1990s 13 92 South California megaregion 231 San Francisco City, Southwestern Baltic Sea TransRegional development of California Area − Inventing New Geography megaregion 109 STRING region 160 San Francisco Planning and Urban spaces of the megaregion 10, 17–19, Research Association (SPUR) 90, 239, 245 102, 105 spaces, overlapping megaregions 61 argument backing high speed rail Spanish settlers in Texas 204–5 (HSR) 108–9 spatial concepts, different 14 San Francisco residents, increased spatial confgurations, urban-regional wealth in core areas 113 3, 7, 10 San Jose 86–7, 109–10 spatial development of Baltic Sea Sassen, S. 15–16, 77, 92 Region 163 Sayer, A. 4 spatial inequities, large-scale, increase Scandinavian Peninsula 152 112–3 Scanno-Baltic Space 161 spatial planning 99, 101, 162 Schumacher, E.F., Small is Beautiful spatial segregation of socioeconomic 106 groups 111 Schumpeterian theory of ‘long waves’, special districts and regional councils in capitalist economy 58–9 136–7 Scott, A.J. 8, 18, 77, 91, 175 Special Economic Zones (SEZs) 188

John Harrison and Michael Hoyler - 9781782547907 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:05:50AM via free access 268 Megaregions

Spengler, O., Der Untergang des polycentric mega-city regions 76 Abendlandes 36 processes of megaregional formation sprinkler city 2 79–80, 240 SST see supersonic transport 110 Tea Party rise, anti-government stand-alone chain stores, malls in US sentiment in US 211–12 towns 98 Temperanceville, Pittsburgh, PA, city- Steel Corridor 100 region 136 Steiner, F. 202, 210, 225 temporality of megaregions 246–8, 250 152, 157–8 Tennessee Valley Authority, dams, storm damage, prevention 215 power plants, industrial facilities Storper, M., Keys to the City 241–2 104 string city 1 territorial cohesion 149, 163 STRING region territorial commonalities 147, 167 cities in Denmark, Sweden, territorial development 147–8, 162, 164 Germany 159–60 territorial governance of megaregions sub-national city-regions 152 150–51, 160 suburbanization 60–61, 80, 83, 87 Texas, cultural area 206 weakening Pittsburgh City 130 Texas Triangle megaregion 201–4, in Parisian development 82 207–8, 240 suburban sprawl 98, 104–5, 107 economic integration 219–23 Sudjic, D. 119, 140 median household income 219 Sun Corridor, US 21, 203 workers in manufacturing industry super-gentrifcation, Sweden 155 220 super region 1 textile industry, Hong Kong 186 supersonic transport (SST) planes, TGV 82–3 trans-Atlantic routes 110 The 8 Million City, Öresund region Superstorm Sandy, 2012 156–7, 160 North Carolina to Maine The Fehmarnbelt Region, Öresund (Northeast) 214–15, 244 region 159–60 super 1 The New Hansa 161 supra-metropolitan interconnectivity The Northern Way, abandoned policy smoothed borderlines of megaregion scheme 85 map 134 Thierstein, A. 17 Sustainable Business Alliance, buy- 231–2 local campaigns 110 Tijuana Economic Development Sustainable Communities Strategy, Corporation greenhouse gas emission reduction megaregion US–Mexican border 231 102 trans-Appalachian state 126 Switzerland 17 Train à Grande Vitesse see TGV transit facilities, prioritization of Tang Dynasty 177, 180 slower-speed 114 Taylor, P.J. transportation 21, 35, 76, 99, 137, 233–4 100 concepts for describing urban and communications technologies, change 1–2, 51, 58, 247, 250 connection of urban areas 58–9 city-state relationship 195 infrastructure 104–5, 214 Extraordinary Cities 242 issues, megaregional 202 global cities theory 76 technologies 175 history and urban formation of Transportation, Warehousing, Utilities megaregions 88, 90 (TWU) intercity relations 51 Texas Triangle, Gulf Coast 220

John Harrison and Michael Hoyler - 9781782547907 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:05:50AM via free access Index ­269 travel behaviour data 211, 224 urban futures and future of the urban travel needs, reduction 108 230–52 Twentieth Century Fund, The urban growth boundaries 108, 114 Challenge of Megalopolis 64 urban history, importance of 246–8 100 urbanization 3 Twin Cities Metropolitan Council 43 at global level 44, 51, 236, 239, 242, tyrannopolis 6, 37 250 China 11–13 UN-Habitat 9, 54 megatrend 40, 44 on Global South 14 periodization, US 52–63 on megaregions 22, 235, 242–3 polycentrism, US 122 State of the World’s Cities Report processes 76, 78–80 2010–2011 22 rapid (form) 10 Union of Baltic Cities (UBC) 161 urbanized planet, ‘ecumenopolis’ 53 United Nations Human Settlements urban policy, competitive 64–8 Programme see UN-Habitat ‘urban realms’ idea, J.E. Vance 122 United States urban regeneration projects in UK 39 Census Bureau 21, 102, 210–11, 216 urban-regional confgurations 7, 10, 29, Department of Transportation 20, 167, 238 210, 218 urban regions, large-scale 16, 52, 75, megaregion project 97 future planning and training in urban sprawl 6, 12, 14, 83 US and beyond 201 urban/suburban city form 59 progress analysis 200−27 urban systems, combination of two Midwest in Great Lakes megaregion 17–18 240 USC Program for Environmental and political system, dominant Regional Equity characteristics 126 blacks and Latinos in Bay area 113 Regional Development Fund 112 urban competitiveness 51–69 Valley of the Sun 21–2 University of Illinois at Urbana– Vance, J.E. 121–2, 140 Champaign 226 Versailles, suburbanization 82 University of Michigan 226 Vicino, T.J. et al., analysis of University of Pennsylvania 225–6 Megalopolis 50 years on 33 periodization 12, 56–63, 246–8, 250 villes nouvelles 82 University of Washington 224 Tech University of Texas–Austin 223, 226 landscape architecture programs ‘Topics in the Texas Triangle’ studio 225 225 Metropolitan Institute 210 ‘urban age’ thesis 30, 44–5, 243, 246 Visions and Strategies around the urban containment in England, P. Hall Baltic Sea (VASAB) 35 2010 PLUS paper 162 urban cycle ending in pathology, L. conferences on spatial integration, Mumford 36 transnational cooperation 162 urban development, historical 75–93 intergovernmental cooperation urban economic policy consensus, network, eleven countries 161–2 post-1980s 65 Long-Term Perspective 161–2 urban equation 44, 46 improving accessibility 163 urban footprint in California, maritime spatial planning and expanding, 1997 to 2100 108 management 163

John Harrison and Michael Hoyler - 9781782547907 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:05:50AM via free access 270 Megaregions place-based perspective 165 Made in : The Future of soft megaregions 168 Australian Cities 205–6 urban-rural cooperation 163 who, how or why, megaregion construction 11, 19, 149, 230, 244, Walker, R. 75, 93 249–50 Warlord Era, China 182 wildfres in Front Range 216 Washington DC 33, 53, 232 wool and textile trade, Northern water and large scale energy England 85 infrastructure World Bank 65 distraction from local conservation world city network 57 109–10 world city-region 1 Waterhout, B. 13 World Society for Ekistics 54 water quality, regional 223 water resource management 200, 216 Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China 13 water systems, large-scale, US coasts competition with Guangdong 183 104 major powerhouse in China 192 Weber, C. 128 Yaro, R.D. 104, 112, 200, 202, 210, 214 welfare state tradition, in ‘Norden’ 146 Weller, R. 14, 210, 225–6 Zelinsky, W. 201, 203–5

John Harrison and Michael Hoyler - 9781782547907 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/28/2021 08:05:50AM via free access