Impossibly Here, Impossibly Queer: Citizenship, Sexuality, and Gay Chicano Fiction
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of José A. de la Garza Valenzuela Candidate for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ______________________________________ Dr. Stefanie K. Dunning, Co-Director ______________________________________ Dr. Julie A. Minich, Co-Director ______________________________________ Dr. Madelyn Detloff, Reader ______________________________________ Dr. Anita Mannur, Reader ______________________________________ Dr. Gaile Pohlhaus, Jr. Graduate School Representative ABSTRACT IMPOSSIBLY HERE, IMPOSSIBLY QUEER: CITIZENSHIP, SEXUALITY, AND GAY CHICANO FICTION by José A. de la Garza Valenzuela Advocacy for the rights of undocumented migrants and members of the LGBT community have emerged as defining social justice movements in the early 21st century in the U.S. In both movements, citizenship has been invoked as a legal category of particular concern, the first advocating for a pathway to documented status leading to citizenship and the second asserting that denying same-sex couples the right to marry renders gay and lesbian communities second-class citizens. This dissertation uses the contemporary deployment of citizenship as point of departure, arguing against understandings of the category as defined by inclusivity. Exclusion, I argue, is a defining trait of citizenship, one that allows us to reorient considerations of cultural and legal membership in the U.S. Rather than considering citizenship as the site where disenfranchisement is resolved, I use the failures of citizenship as an analytical point of departure guided not by an interest in citizenship as a site of justice, but instead as a legal institution that insists on the impossibility of non- normative identity categories. In doing so, I turn my attention to legal, historical, and/or literary moments where our commitment to citizenship has failed to ascertain rights for queer and migrant communities. To interrogate the limits of citizenship, I analyze works by gay Chicano writers where I locate historical intersections of queer and migrant narratives that attend to depicting the limitations of citizenship. In each chapter, I pair a novel with a historical context that function as a legal setting for the disenfranchisement of queer migrant people. The first chapter considers the impossibility of culturally or legally identifying as citizen in John Rechy’s iconic City of Night in the context of anti-sodomy laws upheld in Bowers v. Hardwick. In the second, I analyze the retroactive criminalization of queer identity in The Rain God by Arturo Islas in the legal context of Boutilier v. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Chapter three discusses the contemporary surveillance of migrant communities in Arizona’s SB 1070 in relationship to Rigoberto González’s Crossing Vines. The final chapter considers the depiction of queer exclusion, inclusion, and coming out during the Mariel boatlift in the graphic novel Sexile by Chicano artist Jaime Cortez. In the works here analyzed, I argue, citizenship functions as a political tool that incentivizes normative compliance, making queer and/or migrant communities subject to citizenship rather than creating an egalitarian possibility for the emergence of a queer migrant citizen subject. IMPOSSIBLY HERE, IMPOSSIBLY QUEER: CITIZENSHIP, SEXUALITY, AND GAY CHICANO FICTION A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English by José A. de la Garza Valenzuela The Graduate School Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2016 Dissertation Directors: Dr. Stefanie K. Dunning and Dr. Julie A. Minich © José A. de la Garza Valenzuela 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V INTRODUCTION 1 "Queer Chicano Narrative" CHAPTER ONE 23 "Public Sex, Private Citizenship: Bowers v. Hardwick and the Queer Citizen in John Rechy's City of Night" CHAPTER TWO 59 "'Not in the Clinical Sense,' in the Legal Sense: The Ambiguous Queer Citizen in Boutilier v. Immigration and Naturalization Service and Arturo Islas' The Rain God" CHAPTER THREE 93 "Queer(ing) Migrants: Documenting Queer Border Crossings in Rigoberto González's Crossing Vines" CHAPTER FOUR 130 "Out of the Shadows: Outing and the Institutionalized Erasure of Queer Migrant Narratives in Jaime Cortez's Sexile" EPILOGUE 168 "Refusing Citizenship" WORKS CITED 176 iii DEDICATION For Blanca, Joe, and Jordy without whom the possible would still seem impossible. For Curtis. And for Rita, who has seen it all happen. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I’ve seen my world change from Oxford, Ohio since I arrived in August of 2008. To truly acknowledge those who have been integral to my development as a person and professional would require a tome of its own. I came out of the closet in this town. I saw the U.S. elect its first black president here. I read reports of the Supreme Court ruling in favor of same-sex marriage from this corner of the state. And I saw people mobilize is small and large numbers around an array of issues that allowed me to more clearly understand that the idea of a just society required more than just reading and writing from people like me. Words are insufficient to express gratitude to those whose patience and careful encouragement have granted me the space and time to better understand myself and those around me in ways that have made this project not only meaningful, but personally transformative. I would like to first thank the committee whose experience and kindness never let me forget that I could complete this project. Stefanie K. Dunning, Julie Minich, Madelyn Detloff, Anita Mannur, and Gaile Pohlhaus have allowed me to reimagine what it means to be a scholar and mentor by offering me their patience, reassurance, and words of encouragement when I couldn’t quite find the words to express how much I needed them. Gaile, your kindness and intellectual generosity is inspiring. Anita, your professional advice as I have prepared this dissertation has allowed me to better assess what I can accomplish. Madelyn, your support has meant so much to me. Of course, we know the personal is political, but from early on you have helped me understand that the professional can also often be personal. Your genuine attentiveness to graduate students as people with complicated lives and histories keeps so many of us going. Julie, thank you for your mentorship and commitment to my work. I am a better scholar because of your feedback and example. Your feedback on my thinking and writing throughout my time at Miami has helped me reconcile so much of who I am as a person with what I do as a writer. And Stefanie, I could not have finished this project without your ongoing encouragement and positive energy. You always made me feel like I could be a Beyoncé when my anxieties made me feel like I was being thrown out of Destiny’s Child. You always had the precise words and/or GIFs to let me understand my worth as a thinker. I am honored to have worked with all of you. As a queer person of color, I cannot help but be moved and encouraged every time I remind myself that I live in a time and place where our work together is possible. The people I have been fortunate to meet while at Miami University have been a never-ending source of encouragement, reflection, and comfort. I would like to thank Alyssa Straight, Rachel Seiler, Nora Bonner, Daniel Barker, Will Runyan, Alison Welch, Shanti Chu, Catherine Averill, Jessica Ponto, Adam Burkey, Erin Burkey, Nicole Cannon, and Kathryn Perry for their friendship throughout the years. What made Oxford feel like home was the community I found away from campus. Paul de Saint-Rat, thank you for your friendship and positivity. And Daryl, I can’t express how meaningful it has been to know you. Your welcoming spirit, emotional support, and care have meant everything to so many of us. Without you and the community at The Circle my time in Oxford would not have been the same. v Nobody witnessed my emotional and intellectual journey like my closest friends, my family from scratch. Sonya Parrish, you are one of the first people I met in Oxford and our friendship has grown into true kinship. We have seen each other through so much personally and professionally. Our stories will always matter. Andy Buchner, your friendship, advice, and respect meant more to me than I could ever express. Thank you for bringing the butchness to butch night. Kyle, lil’ bro, you are one of the smartest people I know. I would say I am proud of you, but if anyone ever kept it together it was you. And Bonnie, look at us! We have come a long way from the day we met. Because of you, this journey was all the more exciting and personally meaningful. I will never think of California without thinking about you, my queer bff. Classy B’s, thank you for lifting me up when I was down—literally and metaphorically. I would also like to thank Jon Rylander. We have awkwardly tried to figure out what it means to be queer in academia, and your friendship has often reminded me I am not alone on this queer journey. And Rita—the cutest little lady that ever lived—thank you for being the best dog, therapist, research assistant, and audience to my developing ideas. Nobody has seen this project come together as closely as you have. We made it, gurl! There are two people who graciously heard more about this project than they ever needed to. Rachel Levy, you mean more to me than you could ever imagine. Your friendship has motivated me to constantly find ways to engage with those around me more kindly and lovingly. I have learned so much about myself because of your companionship, and I aspire to be more like you.