Dissertation

WRITING GUIDELINES THESIS AND DISSERTATION

Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur Year 2021/2022 3

CHAPTER I

WRITING PROPOSALS AND RESEARCH RESULTS OF THESIS AND DISSERTATIONS

Thesis and dissertation are academic works that are structured in a systematic, formal, structured and meet methodological principles and standards that are universally accepted. Thesis and Dissertation are scientific reports on the results of research / studies, observations, or investigations carried out by master / doctoral students. Before technically explaining the various types of scientific works, it is first necessary to understand the difference between theory, model and framework. Elinor Ostrom emphasized that a scientist must be able to clearly distinguish the three concepts. Where theory is an explanation of existing phenomena. Theory is structured, systematic and comprehensive. So that, it can be generalized and contextualized to explain the same/similar phenomena in different places or times. The robustness of a theory can be measured by its ability to be generalized at different times and places. A model is a concept designed to test, correct, and improve the existence of a particular theory. The model is an instrument to test the validity of the theory, both validity and reliability. While the framework is the operationalization of theory into an operational tool in research. The function of the framework is to limit the study or research carried out, as well as to provide a clear direction and orientation to the analysis and research questions posed. In Indonesia, theses and dissertations are distinguished at the level of the KKNI (Indonesian National Qualification Framework) or IQF (Indonesian Qualification Framework) as stated in Presidential Regulation no. 8 of 2012. The regulation explicitly states that a thesis (master) must meet the following qualifications: (1) Be able to develop knowledge, technology, and/or art in the field of science or professional practice through research, to produce innovative and tested work. ; (2) Able to solve problems of science, technology, and/or art in the field of science through an inter or multidisciplinary approach; and (3) Able to manage research and development that is beneficial to society and science, and is able to gain national and international recognition. While the dissertation (doctoral) qualifications are as follows: (1) Able to develop new knowledge, technology, and/or art in their scientific field or professional practice through research, to produce creative, original, and tested works; (2) Able to solve problems of science, technology, and/or art in the field of science through inter, multi, and transdisciplinary approaches; and (3) Able to manage, lead, and develop research and development that is beneficial for the benefit of mankind, and is able to gain national and international recognition. These two scientific works are substantively expected to be able to lead students to reach the IQF level at each level of study. and/or new art in their scientific field or professional practice through research, to produce creative, original, and tested works; (2) Able to solve problems of science, technology, and/or art in the field of science through inter, multi, and transdisciplinary approaches; and (3) Able to manage, lead, and develop research and development that is beneficial for the benefit of mankind, and is able to gain national and international recognition. These two scientific works are substantively expected to be able to lead students to reach the IQF level at each level of study. and/or new art in their scientific field or professional practice through research, to produce creative, original, and tested works; (2) Able to solve problems of science, technology, and/or art in the field of science through inter, multi, and transdisciplinary approaches; and (3) Able to manage, lead, and develop research and development that is beneficial for the benefit of mankind, 4

and is able to gain national and international recognition. These two scientific works are substantively expected to be able to lead students to reach the IQF level at each level of study. and/or arts in their scientific fields through inter, multi, and transdisciplinary approaches; and (3) Able to manage, lead, and develop research and development that is beneficial for the benefit of mankind, and is able to gain national and international recognition. These two scientific works are substantively expected to be able to lead students to reach the IQF level at each level of study. and/or arts in their scientific fields through inter, multi, and transdisciplinary approaches; and (3) Able to manage, lead, and develop research and development that is beneficial for the benefit of mankind, and is able to gain national and international recognition. These two scientific works are substantively expected to be able to lead students to reach the IQF level at each level of study. To achieve these qualifications, this writing manual has been prepared as a reference for students who will and are currently writing theses and dissertations. In general, the scientific research method is the basic instrument that must be referred to in compiling these scientific works. Where research methods are basically divided into two major groups, namely Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. However, it is possible for students to use other approaches such as mixed methods (mixed/multi-method) or literature studies (Morgan 2018; Maxwell 2019). As an independent scientific work, the structure of the content of the scientific work, the language style, and the writing style used are very diverse. Therefore, this book is present as a guide or guide in writing scientific papers in the Postgraduate environment of UPN "Veteran" East Java. This handbook is generally applicable to all academics of the UPN “Veteran” East Java postgraduate program. Nevertheless, the academic community must still pay attention to the specificity of each study program in terms of writing scientific papers. In addition, this guideline is still limited to scientific works resulting from quantitative and qualitative research, does not include other types of research that will be developed gradually in the future.

1.1. RESEARCH GAP AND NOVELTY

(Implementation of the Novelty Principle) 5

Research gaps are defined as topics or areas where missing or inadequate information limits the ability to reach conclusions for a question. Research needs are defined as gaps that limit the ability of decision makers (policy makers, patients, practitioners) to make decisions. In knowing the novelty, you must first know the spectrum of science that you are engaged in, especially in the field of accounting, the study is very in-depth and has novelty value for science. Novelty is an element of novelty or findings from a study. Research is said to be good if it finds elements of new findings so that it has a contribution both to science and to life. Scientific writings, both theses and dissertations, can still be said to have novelty even though they involve the exact same research as the previous research. Novelty can be from the theme of an existing topic. When we write a scientific thesis / thesis / dissertation that can produce novelty, start by examining the phenomena that occur around you. If there is already an exact study that discusses it, begin to find out whether the conditions in the study are the same as the conditions in the phenomena you observe. In this case, if the conditions are not the same, it is possible that our research contains elements of novelty. Noveltyis the main element that must be considered by students or researchers in writing a thesis/thesis or research report. Novelty is an element of novelty or findings from a study. Research is said to be good if it finds elements of new findings so that it has a contribution both to science and to life.

1.2. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Quantitative research methods are the use and process of analyzing research data based on measurement and quantification. The data used in quantitative research is numerical and analyzed using statistics, mathematics or logical systems (Creswell, 2017; Rutberg & Boukidis 2018). Therefore, quantitative research design is not always a hypothesis test, especially if it is based on mathematics or logical systems, usually in the form of operations research such as applied calculus (optimization), linear and unlinear programming, network planning (critical path method / CPM), multi-criteria analysis. , economic base analysis, SWOT and so on (Putra 2011). In conducting quantitative research, technically at least it must refer to the following systematics and standards:

1) TITLE: the title of the research must be specific, empirical, and reveal the concept or variable to be studied. Specific, meaning that it is not general and gives rise to multiple interpretations for the reader. Empirical, meaning that it is possible to translate it into variables and indicators so that data can be collected.

2) CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: This chapter consists of: Research Background, Problem Formulation, Research Objectives and Research Benefits are described as follows:

Research Background: contains a description of the theory that is relevant to the research problem, shows the difference between one theory and another so that researchers can see that there is "something" in the theory that needs to be completed (theoretical gap) through the research to be carried out. The background also contains the results of previous studies that are relevant to the research to be carried out, showing differences with the research to be 6

carried out (research gap), so that researchers can see the "gap" that will become the novelty of the results of the research to be carried out. The background must also contain phenomena or events that occur at local, national and international levels related to research problems (empirical problems). Therefore, researchers need relevant secondary data to support the importance of this research.

Research Problem Formulation: The research problem formulation must be specific and can be tested empirically. Specific, meaning that each research problem only asks one particular aspect, while it can be tested empirically, meaning that it can be operationalized into research variables and indicators. Stating the relationship between two or more variables that are oriented to a particular theory. Finally, the research problem is expressed in the form of interrogative sentences, for example: influence, how, what factors, to what extent, and so on.

Research purposes: Research is carried out with the aim of answering research problems and not for things other than that. Therefore, the formulation of research objectives must refer to the formulation of the research problem. Supposedly, if there are three formulations of research problems, there are also three formulations of research objectives. Research objectives can be formulated using words: describe or describe it, explain or test the effect, identify factors, find models, and so on. In hypothetical research or explanatory research, the research objective is usually to test the relationship or influence between the variables formulated in the research hypothesis.

Benefits of research: The benefits of research consist of two aspects: first, theoretical or scientific benefits, namely research results that have an impact on enriching scientific theories, either in the form of new theories (theory construction), revising or enriching existing theories (theory reconstruction), and or rejecting existing theory in whole or in part. Second, practical benefits (to implement), namely the possible impacts that can occur as a result of the application of research findings, or benefits that can be applied by stakeholders (community, government and private institutions) on the results of the research.

3) CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW: This chapter consists of Previous Research, Literature Review, Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses explained as follows:

Previous Research:The results of previous studies by showing differences to the research to be carried out are expected to be able to find out the status of the research problem: Has someone else researched it or not? Knowing the possibility of other problems that are more interesting to study, and knowing the arguments, concepts, theories, relating to the research problem.

Literature review : Conduct a literature review that is relevant to the research problem. In this section, a study/discussion is conducted on the concepts and theories used based on the available literature, especially from articles 7

published in various scientific journals. Literature review serves to build concepts or theories that form the basis of the study. Conceptual framework : Quantitative research requires a conceptual framework or commonly called a Thinking Framework, which contains the operationalization of relevant theories and becomes the main basis for the research to be carried out. Contains propositional statements or relationships between research concepts, so that they can be described in a flow chart and serve as a guide in formulating research hypotheses.

Hypothesis: The research hypothesis is a tentative conjecture statement about the existence of a causal relationship between several variables. Hypotheses can be formulated in various forms, namely: descriptive, argumentative hypotheses, working hypotheses, and null hypotheses or “statistical” hypotheses.

4) CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS: This chapter contains: Location and Time of Research, Types of Research, Population and Samples, Data Collection Techniques, Data Analysis, Validity and Reliability Tests, Concepts and Research Variables. The explanation of the research method sub-chapter is as follows

Research Location and Time: state the location (if using cross sectional) or the time span (if using longitudinal) the study was conducted, and the reasons for choosing the research location related to the research problem.

Types of research: explain the type of research used and the justification for using this type of research. This section can also contain an explanation of the unit of research analysis.

Population and Sample: this section contains a description of who or what the research population is, the criteria for the population or the population that is the target of generalization (target population), how to select members of the population to be members of the sample (sampling method used); and how the researcher determines the minimum number of samples to be taken.

Data collection technique: explain the data collection techniques used and their intended use, and not explain the meaning of each technique used.

Data analysis: write down the data analysis method used as well as the formulas used (if any) and the reasons for using these formulas (reasons for suitability) to test the research hypothesis.

Validity and Reliability Test: write the formula used to test the validity and reliability of the research instrument. Determine the criteria for the "valid" and "reliable" statements, based on the results of the calculations from the formula. For nominal and ordinal scale data, ratio and interval scales are not necessary.

Research Concepts and Variables (Framework):mention and define the concepts and variables used in the study. Explain the indicators of these variables and then present them in the form of tables containing: concepts, variables and research indicators.

5) CHAPTER 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH SITE: This chapter contains an overview or profile of the research location, therefore the title of this chapter can also be replaced with "GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH LOCATION". The description includes aspects of the research location that are relevant to the research problem. If the research is carried out in a laboratory or elsewhere that does not require a specific description, this chapter is not necessary.

6) CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results of the study are the presentation of the overall data obtained by the researcher during the research process. The data presented include primary and secondary data, which are in accordance with the formulation of the research problem. Therefore, the order in which the data is presented as a result of research must refer to the order in which the research problem is arranged. The discussion of the research results contains a discussion between the data presented and the theory presented in CHAPTER II (REVIEW OF LITERATURE) and also a comparison with the results of previous studies. Researchers must be able to explicitly state whether their research findings are: new theories, revise existing theories, cancel other theories, and or offer new interpretations.

7) CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: conclusions must refer to the research objectives that have been formulated previously. The conclusion is not a summary of the previous chapters, but an abstraction of the results of the analysis and discussion. The conclusion must be able to answer the question "so what", Is that so? (Maxwell, 1996; Alwasilah, 2015).

1.3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Qualitative research method is a research design that uses narrative data in the form of interviews, observations and/or documents. The analysis process can be done descriptively or exploratively to get a complete and in-depth understanding of a particular phenomenon being observed. Qualitative research can be done on physical objects or objects (such as photos, buildings, pictures, animals, and so on) as well as on humans. Although generally, qualitative research is carried out on humans, especially human thoughts, opinions, experiences and feelings through the interview process. In general, qualitative research can be carried out using a phenomenological approach, grounded theory, ethnography, case studies, and narratives (Morgan 2018; Becker 2017; Creswell 2017). As with quantitative research,

1) TITLE: reflects the concept of the phenomenon or phenomenon under study, and can also describe the relationship between variables (concepts) as is the case in quantitative research.

2) CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: This chapter consists of: Research Background, Problem Formulation, Research Objectives and Research Benefits

Research Background: there is no significant difference with quantitative research, the background description describes the theory that is relevant to the research problem, so that it can be a design for researchers in conducting 9

their research. The difference is that theory does not have to be a reference for the formulation of a hypothesis to be tested, but an approach in the research process and discussion of research results. The background also contains the results of previous studies that are relevant to the research to be carried out, showing differences with the research to be carried out (research gap), so that researchers can see the "gap" that will become the novelty of the results of the research to be carried out. The background must also contain phenomena or events that occur at local, national and international levels related to research problems (empirical problems). Therefore, researchers need relevant secondary data to support the importance of this research.

Research Problem Formulation: The research problem formulation must be specific and can be tested empirically. However, in qualitative research, the specific and empirical problem formulation is flexible, meaning that it can be changed during field research, depending on the data and the research context. The problem formulation does not have to be oriented to a particular theory, because it is not intended to test the theory.

Research purposes: research is carried out with the aim of answering research problems, and not for things other than that. Therefore, the formulation of research objectives must refer to the formulation of the research problem. Supposedly, if there are three formulations of research problems, there are also three formulations of research objectives. Research objectives can be formulated using words: describe or describe them, identify factors, find models, formulate propositions (minor and major), and so on. In non-hypothetical qualitative research, the research objectives are more directed at discovering new theories or revising existing theories based on the results of field data analysis.

3) CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW: This chapter consists of Previous Research, Literature Review, Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses explained as follows:

Literature review: Conducting a literature review that is relevant to the research problem. In this section, a study/discussion is conducted on the concepts and theories used based on the available literature, especially from articles published in various scientific journals. Literature review serves to build concepts or theories that form the basis of the study.

Conceptual framework: Quantitative research requires a conceptual framework or commonly called a Thinking Framework, which contains the operationalization of relevant theories and becomes the main basis for the research to be carried out. Contains a propositional statement or relationship between research concepts, so that it can be described in a flow chart and becomes a guide in the preparation of research hypotheses. The steps for making a conceptual framework can be done by: 1. Define Research Objectives 2. Determine Research Variables 3. Determine Research Object 4. Describing Research (Linking Between Objectives, Variables and Research Objects) 5. Discussion of Theory Based on Research Results 6. Tentative conclusions

4) CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS: this chapter contains: types of research, statements about research focus, research data sources, data collection techniques, data validity tests, data analysis, research locations and sites, and research schedules.

Research Locations and Sites: state the location where the research was carried out, and the reasons for choosing the research location related to the research problem. Also explain about the research site, which is a specific place where researchers capture phenomena, conduct interviews, collect documents. For example, workspaces, data rooms, siskamling substations, in the fields, under bridges, roadside, and so on

Types of research: explain the type of research used and the justification for using this type of research. This section can also contain an explanation of how researchers view reality or phenomena (ontological and epistemological aspects) related to the research problem.

Data source: contains an explanation of how researchers determine research informants, both key informants and other informants who become data sources. Also included in this section is the way the researcher determines the observed events/objects, and the documents selected to be used as study material or research data.

Data collection technique: explain the data collection techniques used and their intended use, and not explain the meaning of each technique used. How the researcher applies observation, interview, documentation, or other data collection techniques, for example: in-depth interview, kinesics, streetethnography, ethnographic interviewing, elite interviewing, and so on.

Data Validity Test: describes how researchers use qualitative data assessment standards, which consist of: credibility standards, transferability, dependability, confirmability and other data assessment standards. What will and has been done regarding the use of these standards.

Research focus: statement about the research focus refers to the formulation of the research problem. Through the formulation of a detailed focus will greatly help researchers collect field data. The focus of the research can be started by expressing a statement sentence that refers to a particular symptom or phenomenon that becomes the "limiting" in the research. In the focus statement, the researcher may reveal a conjecture statement (working hypothesis) that can guide the researcher in collecting field data, formulating propositions and or finding models.

Data analysis: Write down the data analysis method used and the reasons for choosing the appropriate method to analyze the research data collected. It is possible to use different data analysis methods for different research problems.

5) CHAPTER 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH LOCATION: this chapter contains an overview or profile of the research location, therefore the title of this chapter can also be replaced with "OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITE". The description includes aspects of the research location that are relevant to the research problem, especially with regard to the context of the location, so that the reader gets an idea of the "background" where the research is carried out.

6) CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results of the study are the presentation of the overall data obtained by the researcher during the research process. The data presented include primary and secondary data, which are in accordance with the research focus. Therefore, the order in which the data is presented as a result of research must refer to the order in which the research focus is placed. The discussion of the research results contains a discussion between the data presented and the theory presented in CHAPTER II (REVIEW OF LITERATURE) and also a comparison with the results of previous studies. Researchers must be able to explicitly state whether their research findings are: new theories, revise existing theories, cancel other theories, and or offer new interpretations. Likewise, findings in the form of theories or models that can be described in the form of system models (input, process, output), both findings models (existing models) and recommended models (recommended model).

7) CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: conclusions must refer to the research objectives that have been formulated previously. 12

The conclusion is not a summary of the previous chapters, but an abstraction of the results of the analysis and discussion. The conclusion must be able to answer the question "so what", Is that so? (Maxwell, 1996; Alwasilah, 2015).

1.4. ADDITIONAL TERMS By acknowledging the diversity of fields of knowledge and their different needs, the writing guidelines in chapters 1.1 and 1.2 are flexible. Writing can be modified according to the needs of the field of science and exposure of research carried out by students, with the direction and approval of the supervisor / promoter.

1.5. LANGUAGE Language is an important factor that must be considered when writing scientific papers. The quality of scientific work is not only seen from the methods and results of research, but also from the side of its delivery through the words contained in scientific works. Therefore, scientific work must pay attention to the rules of language in correct academic writing. The rules of language in scientific works are arranged as follows: 1) Language spoken The language used is standard Indonesian (in the sentence there is a subject, predicate and to make it more perfect, objects and descriptions can be added). (currently Permendikbud no. 50 of 2015). Vocabulary in Indonesian refers to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI). 2) Sentence form Sentences should not show the point of view of the first person or the second person (I, I, we, you, etc.), but are written in the passive form. In the presentation of thank you words in the foreword, the word I is replaced with the author. 3) Term  The terms used in the study are Indonesian terms or loanwords that have been standardized in accordance with the KBBI.  If forced to use foreign terms, then italicized and explained the meaning. 4) Common mistakes (which often happens)  Connecting words such as so and while should not be used to start sentences.  The preposition on is often used inappropriately, for example it is placed in front of the subject (damaging sentence structure).  The words where and from are often used inappropriately and are treated like where and of in English. In Indonesian this form is not standard and is not used in academic writing.  The prefixes to and at must be distinguished from the prepositions to and at.  Punctuation marks must be used correctly. 5) New term New terms that have not been standardized in Indonesian can be used as 13

long as they are used consistently. In the first use it is necessary to give the equivalent in a foreign language in brackets. If you are using a new term, it is a good idea to create a glossary.

1.6. CITATION IN LITERATURE REVIEW 1.6.1 Explanation of Citation Citation is a procedure that shows the procedure for citing the opinion of another person or a source with the aim of introducing and stating the acknowledgment of the intellectual property rights of the author who is the source of the citation. Citation is an ethical issue and an attempt to prevent plagiarism. As Alwasilah stated, “Citations are used to recognize and acknowledge the intellectual property rights of authors. They are a matter of ethics and a defense against plagiarism”. (Alwasilah, 2015:24). There are two forms of citation, namely Integral Citation and Non-Integral Citation. Integral Citation, is a citation written with the name of the expert written directly in the sentence and ends with writing the year in brackets. This quote has an author-prominent effect which indirectly highlights the opinion of the quoted expert. Meanwhile, non-integral citations are citations that are written by prioritizing a citation, usually in the form of a paraphrase, then ending with the author's name and year in brackets. This quote has a research-prominent effect that highlights information that supports the research. 1) Integral Citation Example: Dye (1995), defines public policy as "whatever governments choose to do or not to do, ie everything or whatever the government chooses to do or not to do". 2) Example of Non-Integral Citation: In the life of the people in the jurisdiction of a country, various problems often occur. A state that has full responsibility for the lives of its people must be able to solve these problems. Public policies made and issued by the state are expected to be a solution to these problems. Based on this, Mustopadidjaja defines public policy as "a decision intended for the purpose of overcoming problems that arise in a certain activity carried out by government agencies in the context of governance". (Mustopadidjaja, 2002). Students are advised to use Non-Integral Citation, because apart from being research prominent, researchers also have room to express their opinions without being too “dependent” on the theories of the cited experts. However, Integral Citation can also be used according to the context of the writing, but not too much and dominant. 1.6.2 Types of Citation 1) quote,namely quoting directly without changing a single word of the author's words. Quotations are placed between quotation marks (“) if the quotation is less than five lines long, and one space if five lines or more. Quotations that are five lines long or more are usually marked with a new paragraph and typed in indentation parallel to the paragraph. Sample Quotation (1): According to Siagian (1993:21), effectiveness as a work orientation includes four aspects, as follows:

“Effectiveness as a work orientation highlights four things, namely: 1) Resources, funds, facilities and infrastructure that can be used have been determined and limited; 14

2) The quantity and quality of the goods or services to be produced has been determined; 3) The time limit for producing the said goods or services has been determined; and 4) The procedures that must be followed to complete the task have been formulated.

Quotation Example (2): According to Nugroho (2014:174), "public administration is the coordination of individual and group efforts to carry out public policy which means it involves the daily activities of a government (government)";

2) paraphrase,i.e. quoting the entire contents of the reading using their own words. Whatever the length of the quotation, typed two spaces in the text without quotation marks.

Example Paraphrase: The purpose of implementing a certain policy in public administration is to achieve a certain level of effectiveness. According to Siagian, effectiveness as a work orientation can be seen from four aspects, namely: (1) effectiveness in the use of available resources, in the form of funds, human resources and facilities and infrastructure; (2) effectiveness in terms of quantity and quality of goods and or services produced; (3) effectiveness in the use of time to produce the said goods and or services; and (4) effectiveness seen from the use of methods or procedures to produce goods and or services (Siagian, 1993:21);

3) Overview or Summary,namely noting a synopsis or abbreviation of all the thoughts in the reading using their own words. Same with paraphrase, in the text the quotation is typed two spaces.

Example Overview: Effectiveness as a work orientation involves four things, namely: (1) determination of resources; (2) determination of quantity and quality of goods or services; (3) determination of time limit; and (4) determination of work procedures. (Siagian, 1993:21);

4) Precis (read: praisi),is a shortening that is denser than a summary, written in one's own words, but not out of the main idea of the author quoted. In the script typed two spaces.

Precis Example: One element of effectiveness as a work orientation is the determination of work procedures (Siagian, 1993:21).

1.6.3 Some important things to note in citations: 1) The name of the author or source is written using the last name without a title, followed by the year of publication; 2) If the citation is an integral citation (integral citation: quote), then the page 15

number must be included, written after the year of publication with a colon separator (“:”); 3) If there is more than one author name, the second, third, and so on can be replaced with "et al.", written after the main author's name. Do not use “etc.”, because it is not standard; Example: According to Fisher, et al. (2001:12), “... the policy process model consists of seven stages: intelligence, promotion, formulation, appeal, implementation, termination, and assessment”; 4) Identification of the main author's name can be done by looking at the arrangement on the outer cover of the book. If written horizontally (horizontally), then the name on the left is the main author, and if written vertically, the name of the top author is the main author; 5) If the source of the citation is more than one person, then the name of the author or source is written entirely with a semicolon (";"), with the older publication year listed first; For example: policy science is a multidimensional discipline, both in terms of theoretical and practical approaches. This is because every social and political phenomenon that occurs cannot only be analyzed from one particular theoretical perspective or certain scientific disciplines, but must include various disciplines in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. (Nugroho, 2014; Fisher, et al., 2015).

1.7. WRITING BIBLIOGRAPHY (BIBLIOGRAPHY) 1.7.1 Bibliography Writing The writing of the list of centers is carried out by taking into account the following provisions: 1) Author's name, year of publication, title of publication, year of publication and name of publisher, written in the following order: last name, comma, first name, space, middle name, comma, year of publication, period, full title of the book (every word starts with a capital letter) according to standard rules in Indonesian, and written in italics), period, place of publication, colon, name of publisher, period; 2) If the last name cannot be ascertained, it is advisable to ask the librarian, or by tracking the habits of writing the last name of the author concerned; 3) For essays in books, magazines, newspapers, papers, photocopies (mimeographs); the title is not written in italics, but is enclosed in quotation marks (“); 4) Each source is typed one space, and for the second, third, and so on lines it is typed indented into seven taps or one and a half tap-stops; 5) Between one source to another source is spaced two spaces; 6) The name of the author or source is written in alphabetical order, ascending (A Z); 7) bibliography is loaded on a new page, entitled "REFERENCES", written in capital letters and placed in the middle position of the page; 8) There are no subtitles in the REFERENCES, so it is not allowed to write sub- headings, for example: Textbooks, Journals, and so on; 9) If the name of the author or source is more than one, then all names or sources are written in full with a separator using the conjunction: "and", it is not allowed to replace it with "et al.". Examples: Fisher, Frank and Miller, Gerald J., and Sidney, Mara S., 2015. 16

(8) If the name of the previous source is exactly the same as the name of the next source, then the source does not need to be rewritten, but replaced by a dotted line by fifteen strokes; Example: Dwiyanto, Agus, 2006. Public Bureaucratic Reform in Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. ------, 2011. Restoring Public Trust Through Bureaucratic Reform. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. (9) If the same source has more than one publication, and the year of publication is the same, then the year of publication should be distinguished using the alphabet (a, b, c, and so on), and written a subscript next to the year of publication without spaces. Examples: 2005a, 2005b; (10) If the author is the editor or editor of the source book, then after the author's name is written "ed." for one editor and “eds.” For more than one editor, it is enclosed in parentheses. Example: Mubyarto, (ed.), 1995. Singarimbun, Masri, and Effendi, Sofian, (eds.), 1989. (11) If the title of the publication contains a sub-heading, then the main title and the sub-heading are separated by a colon (“:”). Example of publication title: Corruption Corrupts Indonesia: Causes, Effects, and Prospects of Eradication. (12) Source unknown year of publication, the writing is replaced with nd Example: Ministry of Home Affairs, nd (13) Authors can use auxiliary applications such as Mendeley to make it easier to write a bibliography. Style Citation Format Using APA (American Phsycological Association). Download Mendeley can directly click https://www.mendeley.com/download-desktop-new/windows

1.7.2 Writing a bibliography which is divided according to the source category. 1) Books with One or More Authors Faisal, Sanapiah, 1990. Qualitative Research: Fundamentals and Applications. Malang: Asah Asih Asuh Foundation (YA3 Malang). Jatman, Darmanto, 1996. The Behavior of the Indonesian Middle Class. Yogyakarta: Cultural Landscape Foundation. Lincoln, Yvonna S., and Guba, Egon G., 1984. Naturalistic Inquiry. USA: Sage Publications. Kurniawan, Andi., 2018. Aquatic System Ecology: Fundamentals in the Utilization and Conservation of the Aquatic Environment. Malang: UB Press 2) Translated Book Weber, Max, 1947. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Translated by AM Henderson and Talcott Parsons. New York USA: Oxford University Press. Giddens, Anthony, and David Held, 1987. Classical and Contemporary Debate Concerning Groups, Power and Conflict. Translated by Vedi R. Hadiz. Jakarta: CV Rajawali. 3) Book Edits (One or More Editors) Mubyarto, (ed.), 1995. IDT Program and Community Empowerment and Life of Low-Income Groups. Bangi Malaysia: Universiti Kebangsaan 17

Malaysia. Harahap, Sofyan S., (ed.), 2003. Lessons from the Asian Crisis. Jakarta: Quantum Library. Singarimbun, Masri, and Effendi, Sofian, (eds.), 1989. Survey Research Methods. Jakarta: LP3ES. Wijayanto, and Zachrie Ridwan, (eds.), 2009. Corruption Corrupts Indonesia: Causes, Effects, and Prospects of Eradication. Jakarta: PT. Main Library Gramedia. 4) Essays in Books Geertz, Clifford, 1971. “Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight”. In Clifford Geertz, (ed.), Myth, Symbol and Culture. New York-USA: WW Norton and Company Inc. Mazumdar, Dipak, 1985. “The Informal Sector in Cities: Empirical Analysis of Data from Various Third World Countries”. In Chris Manning, and Tadjuddin Noer Effendi, (eds.), Urbanization, Unemployment, and the Informal Sector in Cities. Jakarta: PT Gramedia. Giddens, Anthony, 1987. "Structuralism, Post-Structuralism and the Production of Culture". In A. Giddens and JH Turner (eds.). Social Theory Today. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 5) Newspapers (Articles) Sudirman, Basofi, 1997. "PT Research for the Assisted Village Movement". Jawa Pos, 21 November 1997. Yustika, Ahmad Erani, 2020. "Pandemic and the Economy". Compass, April 2, 2020 6) Articles in Magazines Soetrisno, Loekman, 1984. "Shift in the Middle Class in Indonesia". Prisma, No.2, pp.23-29, February 1984. 7) Essays in the Journal Marjono, Thomas DK., 2016. “The Second Hankel Determinant of Functions Convex in One Direction”. In International Journal of Mathematical Analysis Vol 10 Issue 9: 423-428 Marzali, Amri, 1993. "Several Approaches in the Study of Farmers' Responses to Population Pressure in Java". In JIIS:Journal of Social Sciences, without number, pp.39-51, 1993. Goode, William J., 1960. “A Theory of Role Strain”. In American Sociological Review 25:483-496. 8) Thesis, Thesis and Dissertation Pedrason, Rodon, 2015. Asean's Defense Diplomacy: The road to Asean Defense Community? Doctoral Dissertation, University of Heildelberg, Germany. Swasono, Meutia Farida Hatta, 1974. The Minangkabau Young Generation in Jakarta: The Problem of Ethnic Identity. Undergraduate Thesis, Faculty of Letters, University of Indonesia, Jakarta. Simuh, 1983. Kejawen Islamic Mystics Raden Ngabehi Ranggawarsita: A Study of Hidayat Teak Fibers. Doctoral Dissertation, IAIN Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta. 9) Unpublished Report Sobari, Wawan and M. Faishal Aminuddin, 2009. Analysis of the structures and meanings of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 9 of 2009 concerning Educational Legal Entities (BHP) and their potential 18

impact on the ability to manage State Universities (PTN). Project Reports. Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang. Oey, Mayling and Ketut S. Astika, 1978. Social and Economic Implications of Transmigration in Indonesia: A Policy-Oriented Review and Synopsis of Existing Research. Research Report for Institute for Economic and Community Research, FE-UI, University of Indonesia, Jakarta. 10) Unpublished Papers Marjono, 2017. "Mathematical Model for Providing Information for a Better Future for Farmers in Batu City, Malang Raya". Paper presented at the National Seminar on Mathematics, Statistics, and Its Applications, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, 23 September 2017. Hakim, Abdul, 1992. “Ethnic Chinese Interurban Migration and Its Implications for Destination Areas: A Sociological Perspective in the Study of Population in Indonesia”. Mimeo, the paper was presented at the National Seminar on the Indonesian Sociological Association, Bandung, 7-9 December 1992. 11) Publications of Institutions or Organizations Ministry of National Development Planning/Bappenas, 2020. Economic Flashback 2019 and Outlook 2020. OECD, 2020. Corona Virus: The World Economy at Risk. OECD Interim Economic Assessment. Paris. World Bank, 1984. World Development Report 1983. Translated by Pandam Guritno, UI-Press, Jakarta. 12) News in Newspapers Antara, Kompas, August 9, 2020, p.2, columns 5-6. Buana News, Editorial, 28 December 1983, p.2, column 1-2. 13) Other Laws and Regulations Directorate General of Taxes, nd Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 12 of 1985 concerning Land and Building Tax. Jakarta. Office of the Minister of State for the Role of Women, 1977a. Guidelines for the Preparation of Development Planning with Insight of Partnership with Gender Approach. Jakarta. Law No. 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government.

14) Electronic Reference Boon, J., 2003. "Anthropology of Religion". Throughhttp://www. indiana.edu/~wanthro/religion.htm [10/05/03]. Kawasaki, Jodee L., and Matt R. Rayeb, 1995. “Computer-Administration Surveys in Extension”, Journal of Extension 33 (June) E~Journal on- line. Throughhttp://www.jou.org/ june33/95.htm [06/17/00]. Telkom Indonesia, 2013. “Annual Report of PKBL: Partnership Program and Community Development”. Throughwww.telkom.co.id. [12/06/2015]

1.8. TYPING TABLES AND PICTURES Typing tables and figures should pay attention to the following conditions: 1) Table numbers and figures are written following the Chapter number. For example: Table 1 in Chapter IV, written as Table 4.1; Figure 2 in Chapter II, written Figure 2.2; 19

2) The table number and title are written above the table, two spaces from the top line of the table. While the number and title of the image are written below the image with a distance of two spaces from the bottom border of the image; 3) Table titles and figure titles are in bold, and typed one space; 4) tables and figures that are not primary data must be provided with clear and complete sources; 5) If the author modifies the tables and figures from the original source, it must be informed about the modification and still include the source; 6) Sources and descriptions are written under the table or under the picture and typed in one space; 7) Tables or figures which are primary data, it is not necessary to write down the source of the tables and figures; 8) The distance between the table or figure with the last line typed and the line below the table or picture is two spaces each; 9) The left and right margins of tables or figures must not exceed the right and left margins of the page setup that have been determined, so they must justify or align the left and right edges; 10) Writing in tables and figures can use different font types and sizes from the type and font size of thesis or dissertation manuscripts.

Example Table: ...... Line last typed above the table ...... 2 spaces

Table 1.1 Data on Harvest Area, Production and Productivity of Rice in Indonesia in 2018 - 2020 Information 2018 2019 2020 Harvest Area (Ha) 11,377,934.44 10,677,887.15 10,657,274.96 Production (Tons) 59,200,533.72 54,604,033.34 54,649,202.24 Productivity 52.03 51.14 51.28 (Ton/Ha) Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, 2021. 2 spaces ...... Rows below the table ......

Sample image: ...... The last line typed above the image......

2 spaces

Parents of Students Get: Requirements: Students are not able; a. Surakarta City Family Certificate of incapacity Card Students are able b. Surakarta City Identity Certificate of domsiisli Card

School certificate: Explaining that the student really goes to school

KPPT Surakarta City; Bring files: KK (original) Parent/guardian ID card (original) Village certificate

corresponding KPPT validates files based on BPMKS Card Bappeda database

It is not in accordance with

Home visit

Figure 1.1 BPKMS Card Registration Flow Source: Surakarta City Youth and Sports Education Office, 2020 BPKMS Document. 2 spaces

the line under the image

1.7 Components of Proposal and Research Results of Thesis and Dissertation

There are differences in the components in the proposals and research results of Thesis and Dissertation at the beginning and the end as shown in the following table

Table 1.2 Differences in Proposed Components and Results of Thesis and Dissertation Research chapter PROPOSAL chapter RESULTS COVER COVER TITLE PAGE TITLE PAGE VALIDITY SHEET VALIDITY SHEET

- STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY - MOTTO - DEDICATION - AUTHOR'S LIVE HISTORY - THANK-YOU NOTE - SUMMARY (ENGLISH)

- SUMMARY (ENGLISH) FOREWORD FOREWORD TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF FIGURES APPENDIX LIST APPENDIX LIST - SYMBOL LIST - ABBREVIATION - DEFINITION CHAPT PRELIMINARY CHAPT PRELIMINARY ER I ER I CHAPT LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPT LITERATURE REVIEW ER II ER II chapter RESEARCH METHODS CHAPT RESEARCH METHODS III ER III CHAPT RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ER IV CHAPT CONCLUSIONS AND ER V SUGGESTIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY ATTACHMENT ATTACHMENT

An example of the format for writing the initial part of the proposal and the Thesis and Dissertation report can be seen in the Appendix. Thesis, Dissertation and Dissertation Supporting Structured Academic Activities (KATPD) assessment forms are attached so that students can prepare proposals, thesis research results, dissertations and KATPD assignments as well as possible by referring to these forms.

1.8 Materials and Typing

1.8.1 Paper Thesis/Dissertation manuscript is printed using 80 gram A4 size HVS paper. If there is an image using paper that is larger than A4, it should be folded according to the applicable rules

1.8.2 Font type Thesis/Dissertation manuscript is typed on a computer with Sans-Serif fonts (example: Arial) 11 cpi (11 characters/character per inch) or 28-30 lines per page.

1.8.3 Margin The typing limit is 4 cm from the top and left sides of the paper, 3 cm from the bottom and right sides of the paper. The exception for new chapters is 4 cm from the top side of the paper.

1.8.4 Format Every time you start a new paragraph, the first word is typed to the right in five taps. After the comma, semicolon and colon are spaced one tap away (before the colon is not spaced), after the full stop for new sentences, two taps apart. Each chapter begins on a new page with an odd page number, typed with a capital letter placed in the middle of the top of the page. Sub-chapters are typed on the left side of the page, with lowercase letters except the first letter of each word being typed in capitals, word termination in one sentence line must follow the standard and correct Indonesian rules

1.8.5 Space The spacing between lines in the text is two spaces. The distance between lines in the title sentence, sub-headings, sub-chapters, table titles and picture titles as well as summaries is typed with a single space.

1.8.6 Numbering of Chapters, Sub-Chapters and Paragraphs 1) Chapter numbering uses capital Roman numerals in the middle of the page (eg CHAPTER I) without bold; 2) Numbering sub-chapters using Arabic numerals typed on the left side (eg 2.1, 2.2 etc.) 3) Sub-chapter numbering is adjusted to the chapter number (eg 2.1.1, 2.1.2 etc.); 4) Non-sub-chapter numbering is done with Arabic numerals and brackets, for example 1), 2) and so on. For children, the sub-chapters are not sub- chapters (1), (2) and so on

1.8.7 Page Number The first part of the scientific activity is numbered using small Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, and so on), placed at the bottom center of the page. Especially for the first part of the main scientific activity, the page numbering starts from the introduction. For the main part and the final part of the Scientific Activity, page numbers are given in the form of numbers which are placed in the bottom center and the next page is placed on the top right.

1.8.8 Number of pages The number of pages for the Thesis/ Dissertation is approximately / Minimum of 100 pages. 23

Appendix 1. Example of Writing Method on the Outer Cover of a Dissertation, Hard Cover Black (C=0; M=0; Y=0; K=100)

STUDENTNAME 4 4 cm

TITLE OF 16 pt DISSERTATION...... 2

5 cm Spaces

DISSERTATION 5 5 cm

TITLE 2 Spaces

DISSERTATION 18 pt TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS 12 pt OBTAINING A DOCTOR'S DEGREE

3 Spaces BY : 1 Space 12 pt STUDENT NAME

NPM : ......

YEAR

4 Spaces

AGRIBUSINESS DOCTOR PROGRAM 14 pt POSTGRADUATE UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL “VETERAN” JAWA TIMUR SURABAYA

YEAR

4 4 cm

Appendix 2. Example of Writing Method on the Outer Cover of Thesis, Hard Cover Color is Brown (C=0; M=45.3; Y=78.9; K=49)

STUDENTNAME 4 4 cm

THESIS 16 pt TITLE...... 2

5 cm Spaces

5 5 cm THESIS TITLETHESIS

2 Spaces THESIS 18 pt TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS 12 pt OBTAINING A MASTER'S DEGREE

3 Spaces BY : 1 Space 12 pt STUDENT NAME

NPM : ......

YEAR

4 Spaces

MASTER PROGRAM...... 14 pt POSTGRADUATE UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL “VETERAN” JAWA TIMUR SURABAYA

YEAR

4 4 cm 25

Appendix 3. Example of a Dissertation Cover

TITLE OF DISSERTATION………………………………. …………………………………………..

DISSERTATION TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OBTAINING A DOCTOR'S DEGREE

BY :

STUDENT NAME NPM: ……………………

DOCTORAL PROGRAM ……………………………… POSTGRADUATE UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL “VETERAN” JAWA TIMUR SURABAYA YEAR 26

Appendix 4. Sample Thesis Cover

THESIS TITLE………………………………. …………………………………………..

THESIS TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OBTAINING A MASTER'S DEGREE

BY :

STUDENT NAME NPM: ……………………

MASTER PROGRAM ……………………… POSTGRADUATE UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL “VETERAN” JAWA TIMUR SURABAYA YEAR

Appendix 5. Example of a Dissertation Approval Lembar

DISSERTATION

TITLE OF DISSERTATION………………………………. ……………………………………………………

By:

STUDENT NAME NPM: …………………..

Has been defended before and accepted by the Dissertation Examining Team Doctoral Program ...... Faculty ...... Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa TImur At the date of: ......

Has been approved by:

Promoter

Promoter Name

Co Promoter 1 Co Promoter 2

Name Ko – Promoter 1 Name Ko -Promoter 2

Knowing,

Dean of the Faculty ...... Coordinator of the Doctoral Study Program ......

Dean's Name Name of Study Program Choir i ID: ID:

Appendix 6. Example of Thesis Authentication Sheet

THESIS

THESIS TITLE………………………………. ……………………………………………………

By:

STUDENT NAME NPM: …………………..

Has been defended before and accepted by the Thesis Examiner Team Master's Program ...... Faculty ...... East Java “Veteran” National Development University At the date of: ......

Has been approved by:

Main Advisor Companion Advisor

Main Advisor Name Name of Companion Advisor

Knowing,

Dean of the Faculty ...... Coordinator of the Masters Study Program ......

Dean's Name Name of Study Program Choir ID: ID:

Appendix 7. Sample Statement of Originality Thesis/Dissertation Lembar

STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL THESIS/DISERTATION

I solemnly declare that to the best of my knowledge, in this dissertation/thesis manuscript there is no scientific work that has been submitted by another person to obtain an academic degree at a university, and there is no work or opinion that has been written or published by another person. others, except those quoted in this manuscript and mentioned in the citation sources and bibliography. If it turns out that in this dissertation manuscript it can be proven that there are elements of plagiarism, I am willing to cancel this thesis/dissertation and the academic degree that I have obtained (MAGISTER) / (DOKTOR) is canceled, and processed in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations (UU) 20 of 2003, Article 25 paragraph 2 and Article 70).

Surabaya, ...... That states,

10,000 . stamp

NPM Student Name………………

Appendix 8. Sample Motto

MOTTO

"Initiative, Creative, Innovative and responsible for achieving success ..."

Appendix 9. Sample Curriculum Vitae

BIOGRAPHY

PERSONAL DATA

1 Full name : 2 Place and date of birth : 3 Gender : 4 Religion : 5 Origin agency : 6 Agency address : 7 No. Phone / Fax agency : 8 Home address : 9 No. Home phone / cell : phone 10 E-mail :

EDUCATION

NO LEVEL EDUCATION MAJOR YEAR THE PLACE 1 SD junior high 2 school senior High 3 School 4 S-1 5 S-2

WORK EXPERIENCE NO DETAILS YEAR

SEMINAR/WORKAROUND/TRAINING EXPERIENCE NO DETAILS YEAR

FAMILY DESCRIPTION

1. Parent PLACE DATE OF NO NAME OF PROFESSION BIRTH BIRTH

2. Wife/Husband PLACE OF DATE OF NO NAME PROFESSION BIRTH BIRTH

3. Child PLACE OF DATE OF NO NAME GENDER SCHOOL/WORK BIRTH BIRTH

Appendix 10. Sample Acknowledgments

THANK-YOU NOTE

Praise and gratitude are extended to the presence of Allah SWT for His mercy and guidance so that the dissertation with the title: " ...... "This can" done well and smoothly.

The research and writing of this dissertation is intended to fulfill part of the requirements for obtaining a Doctorate degree, at the Agribusiness Doctoral Program at the National Development University "Veteran" East Java and is a very valuable opportunity to apply some of the theory gained during education in real- world situations. Without the opportunity, guidance, input, and encouragement from various parties, this dissertation would not be realized as it is today.

In connection with the completion of this dissertation, the author expresses his gratitude to those who have provided assistance, both morally and materially, namely: (1) ………………………………., as the Chancellor of the “Veteran” National Development University of East Java as well as the Promoter who has provided writing directions; (2) ………………………………., as Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture, National Development University “Veterans” East Java; (3) ………………………………., as Chair of the Postgraduate Agribusiness Doctoral Program at the National Development University “Veteran” East Java; (4) ……….………………, as the Promoter who has provided direction and guidance for the improvement of this dissertation: (5) ……………………………….., as the Co-Promoter who has provided direction and guidance for the improvement of this dissertation; (6) Dissertation Examiner Team: …………………….. ,; (7) Lecturers at the Agribusiness Doctoral Program at the National Development University “Veterans” East Java; (8) Employees and Administrative Staff at the Agribusiness Doctoral Program at the National Development University "Veteran" East Java; (9) Fellow students of the Agribusiness Doctoral Program at the National Development University "Veteran" East Java;

To other parties that it is impossible to mention one by one, the author also expresses his infinite appreciation and gratitude; because with the help of all of you, this dissertation can be completed properly.

May Allah SWT always bestow His Mercy and Grace on all of us in carrying out our service for the glory of our beloved country and nation of Indonesia. Amen.

Surabaya, ...... 20.. Writer,

STUDENT NAME NPM…………………… 34

Appendix 11. Sample Summary Sheet

SUMMARY

Name of Student……., NPM : ………… Doctoral Program in Agribusiness, Postgraduate Program at National Development University “Veteran” East Java, Surabaya, date….. month….. year……., " THESIS/DISERTATION TITLE … ……………”, Advisory/Promoter Commission………………

The Kali Lamong watershed area which is part of the Bengawan Solo Hilir river area has a catchment area of 720 km2 with a main river length of 90 km, which is located in the area of Surabaya City, Gresik Regency, Lamongan Regency, Jombang Regency, and Mojokerto Regency. The Kali Lamong watershed is divided into seven watersheds, namely Banter, Kedung Pucang, Gaun, Tegal, Pucang, Wewek and Glunggun watersheds, which are strategic watersheds that are used for irrigation, clean water and industry.

Almost every rainy season there are floods in some parts. This watershed also has unique characteristics, at the estuary there is a narrowing of the river and high sedimentation, at the end of which there is an increasingly widespread flood event. In recent years, flood events often occur with risks that cause property losses, damage to infrastructure, socio-economic losses, decreased agricultural productivity and environmental quality.

Therefore, a flood risk analysis is needed to control the function of the watershed model area. The objectives of this study include developing spatial integration of land use with river hydrodynamics to determine the potential for flooding with the help of GIS software, knowing the extent of the watershed response for flood risk assessment and the factors that influence the value of economic losses and finding a flood risk model for controlling the function of the Kali Lamong watershed area.

This research begins with the identification of land conditions, then continued with the development of the model. Model development includes the Integration of Hydrological Models and Dynamic GIS. Furthermore, testing the model and model application. After getting the results in the form of a watershed model, flood risk map, flood and vulnerability relationship curves, it can be concluded that from the SIMODAS results it can be seen that the largest overflow occurs in the sub- districts, namely Sambeng to Mantup, Balongpanggang sub-districts overflowing towards the north to Benjeng sub-district. The overflow that occurred in Kebomas and Menganti sub-districts was around the river. Likewise, the overflow that occurred in Benowo District occurred along the Lamong River.

Based on the analysis of flood inundation with a discharge of 300 m3/second obtained from rain with a return period of 5, 10, 25-50 and 100 years, the largest flood inundation results were the area of rainfed rice fields = 44.33 %; garden = 13.76%; irrigated rice fields = 11.44%; settlement = 7.63%; pond = 5.56%; forest = 0.03% the lowest is swamp = 0.02% and buildings /building= 0.01%.

To analyze the value of economic losses, it is carried out using SIMEKO software, with the results of calculations obtained a flood risk model and economic loss in the flood inundation area; Among other things, the total loss is Rp. 35

160,851,939,154 with the equation y=-27.377+339.22x (Total Cost (Cost)) Q5. As for the 10-year return period, the loss obtained is Rp.169.470.032.112 with the equation y = -54,395 + 472.83 x (Total Cost (Cost)) Q10. For losses due to flooding in the 25-50 year return period of Rp. 176,513,499,774 with the equation y=- 59,485+502,39x (Total Cost (Cost)) Q25-50. At the 100th anniversary, a loss of Rp. 182,369,647,427 with the equation y = -63.843 + 527.4 x (Total Cost (Cost)) Q100. The value of the economic loss is calculated through the total area of potential flooding for each element, namely elements of irrigated rice fields, rainfed rice fields, settlements, buildings, ponds, and sanitation.

In principle, the SIMEKO model is feasible to use, because based on the calibration results, the correction value between SIMEKO and the field survey results is still within the allowable limit of <5% error. This is obtained from the results of the correction of each element. The average correction for each element in the data validation between the area of the SIMEKO results and the field results has a deviation of 7% which is obtained from the average value of the correction for each element.

With the SIMEKO model for analysis of losses due to flooding, it can be developed to update data to support the planning of a watershed function control program that is right on target according to the location of development needs such as tree planting, land conservation, embankment construction, river normalization, river widening and river border land management. , dredging rivers, making drains, and repairing infrastructure damaged by floods.

Keywords: watershed, flood, risk, loss, GIS, SIMEKO

Appendix 12. Sample Summary Sheet

SUMMARY

Name…………, NPM…………….. Doctoral Program of Agribusiness, National Development University “Veteran” East Java, Day….. Month….. Year….., "TITLE………………… ..", Promoter ………………………….

The area of Lamong River Catchment is a tributary of Bengawan Solo Downstream Catchment has area 720 km2 and the river long is 90 km, located in Surabaya city, Gresik district, Lamongan, Jombang, and Mojokerto. which have 7 River Catchment are Banter, Kedung Pucang, Dress, Tegal, Pucang, Wewek, and Glunggun, as strategy catchment cause landuse for agriculture land, irrigation, water supply, residential and industry.

At rainy season in this areas which regularly inundation potential every year in the vast area with river characteristic become swallow and high sedimentation. Generally, inundation will damage public infrastructure, agriculture land, social economic and environmental quality. Hence, it is necessary to formulate the inundation risk analysis on the catchments.

The objectives of this research are: Perform the economical risk analysis on Lamong river, Developing the integration of land use spatial data into river hydro- dynamical models (SIMODAS) to predict the inundation effect on the economic sector, using GIS technique. Additionally, it is necessary to understand the response of catchments to inundation risk assessment and each economic factors, and finally to determine the model of inundation risk for Lamong river catchments.

This research began with problems identification, continued with assessment on study areas and model development. Assessment on study area covered survey, data gathering and data analysis, while model development consist of Integration of Hydrological model into GIS Dynamic. The final stage of this research is model test and model application.

The result of this research are: DSS model, Inundation Risk Map, and Inundation Vulnerability map. SIMODAS modeling shows potential inundation start from Sembeng to Mantub District. From the North, Balongpanggang to Benjeng district, while inundation on Kebomas and Menganti are only on the river bank. The same situation is also in district of Benowo.

Landuse which are potentially damage on inundation according to this model are: rainfeed rice-field: 44.33%, dryland field: 13.76%, irrigated rice-field: 11.44%, housing 7.63%, fish pond 5 ,56%, forest 0.03%, swamp 0.02% building/public infrastructure 0.01%.

From the integration of SIMODAS and SIMECO (Economic Loss System Information Model) the potential loss during the inundation are increasing with the flooding scale cycle (Q) from 5 to 100 years, with the potential economic loss : Rp.160.851.939.154 (Q5 y = -27.377 + 339.22x(Cost)); Rp.169.470.032.112

(Q10 y=-54.395+472.83 x (Cost)); Rp.176,513,499,774 (Q25-50 y = -59,485 + 502,39 x (Cost)); Rp. 182,369,647,427 (Q100 y = -63.843 + 527.4x (Cost)), 37

respectively.

Based on model test and calibration with the actual data, the SIMECO model is sufficient to use to predict the economical loss during inundation due to statistically has less than 5% error correction and less than 7% deviation from the actual values of each variables.

Key words: Watershed, Flood, Loss, Risk, GIS, SIMEC

Appendix 13. Sample Preface Sheet

FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude to Allah SWT who has given His Grace, Taufik and Hidayah, so that the dissertation with the title "...... Agribusiness Doctoral Program at the Postgraduate Program of the National Development University "Veteran" East Java . The condition of the Kali Lamong watershed and the Lamong Bay estuary, which have strategic potential for natural resources, has watershed characteristics when the rainy season in some areas has annual flooding and drought during the dry season, so it is necessary to study the effect of environmental degradation, potential flooding and the value of economic losses due to flooding. By knowing the effects and causes of floods and their impact on the values of economic, social and environmental losses, through an analysis model of risk and economic losses due to flooding in the Kali Lamong watershed area, it is hoped that it can support decision makers to control the function of the watershed area. The author realizes that there are shortcomings in writing this dissertation and hopefully it can be useful for watershed planning in East Java.

Surabaya, ...... 20..

Writer

Appendix 14. Sample Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS Matter. TITLE PAGE ...... i ENDORSEMENT PAGE ...... ii DISSERTATION ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ...... iii MOTTO ...... iv AUTHOR'S LIVE HISTORY ...... v THANK-YOU NOTE ...... vi SUMMARY ...... ix SUMMARY ...... xi FOREWORD ...... xiii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xv LIST OF TABLES ...... xviii LIST OF FIGURES ...... xx LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS ...... xxiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Research Problem Formulation ...... 25 1.3 Research purposes ...... 25 1.4 Benefits of research ...... 26 1.5 Research Authenticity ...... 27

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 28 2.1 Previous Research ...... 28 2.2 Public Administration ...... 52 2.3 Bureaucracy and Administrative Reform ...... 55 2.3.1 Definition and Principles of Bureaucracy ...... 55 2.3.2 Characteristics of Bureaucracy ...... 63 2.3.3 Bureaucratic Pathology ...... 64 2.3.4 Public Administration Reform ...... 66 2.3.5 Functions of Bureaucracy in Administrative Reform ..... 77 2.3.6 Leadership and Bureaucracy ...... 80 2.4 Public Management ...... 86 2.4.1 Management Function ...... 86 2.4.2 Leadership in Public Service ...... 86 2.5 Public Service ...... 95 2.5.1 Definition of Service ...... 95 2.5.2 Public Service Performance ...... 101 2.5.3 Leadership in Public Service ...... 110 2.6 Performance ...... 112 2.6.1 Definition and Measurement of Performance ...... 112 2.6.2 Public Sector Performance Management ...... 126 2.6.3 Leadership and Performance ...... 133 2.7 Leadership ...... 137 2.7.1 The Meaning of Leadership and the Duties of Leaders 137 2.7.2 Leadership Style ...... 141 2.8 conceptual framework ...... 170

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS ...... 178 3.1 Research Approach ...... 178 3.2 Research Focus ...... 183 3.3 Research Sites and Sites ...... 184 3.4 Source of blood ...... 185 3.5 Data Collection Techniques ...... 186 3.6 Data Validity ...... 189 3.7 Data Analysis ...... 192

CHAPTER IV PROFILE OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND TRAINING CENTER MINISTRY OF DEFENSE TRAINING AGENCY ...... 194 4.1 A Brief History 173 ...... 199 4.1.1 Coat, Hymn and Mars Language Training Center ...... 209 4.1.2 History of Service and Anniversary of the Language Education and Training Center ...... 202 4.1.3 Organizational Development ...... 203 4.2 Position, Duties and Functions ...... 216 4.3 Vision and Mission ...... 217 4.4 Operational Policy ...... 218 4.6 Organizational Settings ...... 220 4.6 Duties and Functions of Language Education and Training Center ...... 202 4.7 Human Resources ...... 224

CHAPTER V PRESENTATION OF DATA ...... 226 5.1 Leadership Style Applied by Kapusdiklat Language ...... 226 5.2 Impact of Application of Leadership Style on Service Performance at the Language Education and Training Center ...... 246 5.2.1 Policy, Work Program and Budget ...... 247 5.2.1.1 Policy ...... 247 5.2.1.2 Work Program ...... 249 5.2.1.3 Budget Allocation ...... 256 5.2.2 Service Performance ...... 258 5.2.2.1 Course Implementation Service Performance Intensive English (KIBI) ...... 260 5.2.2.2 Performance of Selection Implementation Services Overseas ...... 289 5.2.2.3 Performance of Support Implementation Services Translator and Interpreter ...... 297 5.3 Supporting and Inhibiting Factors ...... 303 5.3.1 Supporting Factors ...... 303 5.3.2 Inhibiting Factors ...... 313 5.4 Empirical Model of Application of Leadership Style in Improving the Performance of Language Services ...... 318

CHAPTER VI ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ...... 327 6.1 Leadership Style Applied by Kapusdiklat Language ...... 327 6.2 Causality of Application of Leadership Style to Service Performance at the Language Education and Training Center ...... 336 41

6.3 Supporting and Inhibiting Factors ...... 349 6.4 Leadership Style Models to Improve Performance Recommended Language Service ...... 354

CHAPTER VII CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 360 7.1 Conclusion ...... 360 7.2 Suggestions ...... 363

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 366

Appendix 15. Example of a List of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

No. Table Title Matter

1.1 Implementation of Language Services at the Language Education and Training Center (2009 – 2013) ...... 16

2.1 Summary of Previous Research Results ...... 38 2.2 Functions of Management and Leadership ...... 91 2.3 Difference between management and leadership (I) ...... 93 2.4 Difference between management and leadership (II) ...... 93 5.1 Final Results KIBI LXXVI FY. 2011 ...... 271 5.2 Final Results KIBI LXXVII FY. 2011 ...... 272 5.3 Final Results KIBI LXXVIII TA. 2012 ...... 272 5.4 Final Results KIBI LXXIX FY. 2012 ...... 273 5.5 Final Results KIBI LXXX TA. 2012 ...... 275 5.6 Final Results KIBI LXXXI FY. 2013 ...... 276 5.7 Final Results KIBI LXXXII AND KIBI EXECUTIVE TA. 2013 ...... 276 5.8 Final Results KIBI LXXXIV, TOEFL, PNS, SATPUR, EXC TA. 2014 ...... 286 5.9 Final Results KIBI LXXXV and TOEFL TA. 2014 ...... 287 5.10 Final Results KIBI REGION FY 2014 ...... 288 5.11 Result of Selection for Foreign Assignment TA. 2012 ...... 291 5.12 TA Overseas Selection Test Results. 2012 ...... 292 5.13 Result of Selection for Foreign Assignment TA. 2012 ...... 293 5.14 TA Overseas Selection Test Results. 2013 ...... 293 5.15 Result of Selection for Foreign Assignment TA. 2013 ...... 295 5.16 TA Overseas Test Results. 2014 ...... 295 5.17 Result of Selection for Foreign Assignment TA. 2014 ...... 297 5.18 Request for Language Interpreter/Translator FY 2013 ...... 299 6.1 Summary of KIBI Test Results 2011-2013 and Period Leadership (in %) ...... 336

6.2 Leadership Style Causality with Service Performance ...... 347

Appendix 16. Sample List of Drawings

LIST OF FIGURES

No. Image Title Matter

2.1 Bureaucratic Performance Model in Indonesia ...... 64 2.2 Forms of Bureaucratic Structure ...... 84 2.3 Hierarchy of Human Needs ...... 119 2.4 Performance Management Five Key Components ...... 132 2.5 Three Competencies and Skill Models ...... 136 2.6 Continuum of Democratic and Autocratic Leadership ...... 163 2.7 Contingency Model ...... 166 2.8 Situational Leadership II ...... 169 2.9 conceptual framework ...... 177 3.1 Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model ...... 193 4.1 Organizational Structure of Ministry of Defense Education and Training ...... 222 4.2 Organizational Structure of Language Education and Training Center ...... 223 5.1 Language Education and Training Center ...... 229 5.2 DITC Australia Student Visit ...... 238 5.3 Non-English Classroom ...... 262 5.4 International Student Classroom ...... 263 5.5 Indonesian Class Closing Ceremony For Singapore Armed Forces personnel ...... 268 5.6 Interpreting Desk Facility ...... 298 5.7 Learning at the Multimedia Language Laboratory ...... 308 5.8 Modern Language Club ...... 309 5.9 TNI Female Student Mess Facilities ...... 310 5.10 Mess Room Facilities at the Language Education and Training Center ...... 310 5.11 Fitness Center Facilities at the Language Training Center ...... 311 5.12 Function Hall Facilities ...... 311 5.13 Worship Facilities for Muslim Students ...... 312 5.14 Empirical Model of Application of Leadership Style in Improving the Performance of Language Services ...... 326 44

6.1 Leadership Style Models to Improve Performance Recommended Language Service ...... 359

Appendix 17. Example of Glossary of Abbreviations and Terms

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS

Athan : Defense Attaché ADF : Australian Defense Force ADFELPS : Australian Defense Force English Language Profiling System ALA : Australian Language Advisor Ministry of Defense Education and Training : Education and Training Agency Ministry of Defense Bidrenmin : Planning and Administration Bidang Bidrendiklat : Education Planning and Training for Bidopsdiklat : Chasis . Education and Training Operational Sector : Prospective Students CLAB : Class Laboratory CLAT : Chinese Language Attitude Test Ministry of Defense : Department of Defense and Security DIBI : Basic Language Instructor English DITC : Defense International Training Center DLI : Defense Language Institute ELAT : English Language Attitude Test Har : Maintenance Harkan Labsa : Maintenance and Repair Laboratory Language Jukminu : Administration Instructions General Ministry of Defense : Ministry of Defense KIBA : Language Intensive Course Foreign KIBI : Language Intensive Course English KIBINA : Indonesian Language Intensive Course Head of Department : Head of the Education Agency and Training Head of Renmin : Head of Planning and Administration of Kabidjar : Head of Teaching Head of Department : Head of Division Assessment