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5. PRACTISING the COMPLEX RICE SYSTEM 5.1 Crss COMPONENTS PRACTISED This Chapter Portrays How Crss Are Practised by Farmers

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5. PRACTISING the COMPLEX RICE SYSTEM 5.1 Crss COMPONENTS PRACTISED This Chapter Portrays How Crss Are Practised by Farmers WAGENINGEN – SOCIAL SCIENCES MSc Thesis Knowledge, Technology, and Innovation Understanding Complex Rice System Practices in East Java, Indonesia Cover page Author Wageningen, August 2019 Agung Heru Yatmo 930622007120 Study Programme Organic Agriculture Specialisation Sustainable Food Systems Supervisor dr.ir. Conny Almekinders Thesis Code : CPT-80836 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During conduction this thesis, I learned a lot not only about the subject and the people who I had pleasure to work with but also about myself. Perhaps, I encountered a lot of emotional experience on a range from excitement to mental exhaustion and complete confusion, enthusiasm, etc. So that why I am very thankful for all the support I got from my sides. Firstly, I would like to thank to my supervisor Dr. Conny Almekinders who help me to get different perspective and to guide me when I lost. She has become my inspirator to learn about agricultural technology development since I took her class in my first period and luckily, she accepted me as her supervised student. Secondly, I want to express my gratitude to the scientist, Uma Khumairoh, who allowed me to join in her project, gave me opportunity to study the project based on social-science perspective and help me a lot during my fieldwork. Furthermore, I am so grateful for agriculture extension worker, Mb Titin, who helped a lot to conduct interview with farmers in Lamongan. To all of farmers in Lamongan and Malang, I do appreciate for all of openness, happiness and dedication during my fieldwork. They welcomed me warmly and provided me with ongoing support. Thus, I really enjoyed the fieldwork. Then, I would say thank you so much for LPDP (Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education) for giving me valuable opportunity to purse my MSc degree in Wageningen University and Research. Without, their financial support, I would not have reached this point. Finally, I would express my deepest gratitude to my family who always support me to reach my life goals. Last but not least, for my lovely friends in Netherland who always support me in ups and downs during my study. Thank you all! Wageningen, 14 August 2019 ii Table of Contents COVER PAGE ................................................................................................................................. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ II TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................... III TABLE OF TABLE ...........................................................................................................................V SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................VI 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 COMPLEX RICE SYSTEMS IN INDONESIA ................................................................................ 1 1.2 COMPLEX RICE SYSTEM PRACTICES AND THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPLEX RICE SYSTEMS IN THIS STUDY .................................................................................................................................. 2 1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................................................ 3 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION .......................................................................................................... 4 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................. 5 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 6 3.1 CASE STUDY AREA ............................................................................................................... 6 3.2 DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................................... 6 3.2.1 LITERATURE STUDY ............................................................................................................................. 6 3.2.2 IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS ........................................................................................................................ 7 3.2.3 OBSERVATION ................................................................................................................................... 7 3.3 DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 7 3.4 METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................ 7 4. LOCAL CONTEXT .................................................................................................................... 9 4.1 GENERAL PROFILE ................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 LAMONGAN ...................................................................................................................... 11 4.3 MALANG ........................................................................................................................... 12 5 PRACTISING THE COMPLEX RICE SYSTEM .............................................................................. 15 5.1 CRS COMPONENTS PRACTISED ..................................................................................................... 15 5.2 PREPARATION .......................................................................................................................... 15 LAND PREPARATION ................................................................................................................................... 16 CONSTRUCTION OF FARM INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................. 17 iii CONSTRUCTION FOR DUCKS ......................................................................................................................... 18 CONSTRUCTION FOR FISH ............................................................................................................................ 18 CONSTRUCTION FOR BORDER CROPS ............................................................................................................. 19 TIMING AND LABOUR FOR PREPARATION ....................................................................................................... 19 5.3 PRACTISING THE COMPONENTS OF CRS .......................................................................................... 21 RICE CULTIVATION ..................................................................................................................................... 21 DUCKS ..................................................................................................................................................... 21 FISH ........................................................................................................................................................ 22 BORDER CROPS ......................................................................................................................................... 23 AZOLLA .................................................................................................................................................... 24 TIMING AND LABOUR FOR PRACTICING THE INVOLVED COMPONENTS ................................................................ 24 5.4 WATER MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 25 PRACTICE ................................................................................................................................................. 25 TIMING AND LABOUR ................................................................................................................................. 26 5.5 WEED CONTROL ....................................................................................................................... 26 PRACTICE ................................................................................................................................................. 26 TIMING AND LABOUR ................................................................................................................................. 27 5.6 FERTILISER .............................................................................................................................. 28 PRACTICE ................................................................................................................................................. 28 TIMING AND LABOUR ................................................................................................................................. 29 5.7 HARVESTING ........................................................................................................................... 29 PRACTICE ................................................................................................................................................. 29 TIMING AND LABOUR ................................................................................................................................. 30 6. REASONS FOR PRACTICING COMPLEX RICE SYSTEMS ...........................................................
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