Burbidge, A.A. 2001 to 2010 and beyond: Trends and future directions in the eradication of invasive species on islands
CLOSING ADDRESS
2001 to 2010 and beyond: Trends and future directions in the eradication of invasive species on islands
A.A. Burbidge Department of Environment and Conservation, PO Box 51, Wanneroo, WA 6946, Australia; and Consultant Conservation Biologist.
INTRODUCTION I was privileged to work for a series of Western mirrors the development of invasive species management Australian conservation agencies for more than 30 years on islands worldwide. My first involvement with the as a research scientist and manager, but never during that eradication of an invasive species on an island was in time did my job description include the word ‘island’. So, 1969. European rabbits were destroying vegetation on how did I become involved in island conservation and the Carnac Island (19 ha), a nature reserve in the Indian Ocean eradication of invasive species on islands? near Perth. Carnac Island is important for seabird nesting, and the nesting burrows of one species, little penguin My interest in island conservation started with work to (Eudyptula minor), were collapsing. After consulting conserve Australia’s mammals. Since European settlement with vertebrate pest researchers in the State’s Agriculture of Australia began in 1788, 22 species (7%) of terrestrial Protection Board, we introduced the myxoma virus to the mammals have become extinct. Without islands, however, island’s rabbits, in the hope that they had not previously this already-shocking figure would be 30, as eight been exposed to it and had no immunity. Immunity was species that became extinct on the mainland persisted present, so the next attempt was to use a toxin; in this case on continental islands (Burbidge et al. 2008). Australian 1080 in carrots. After a couple of days of feeding with islands also have secure populations of many indigenous toxin-free carrots in late summer (when food was limiting), mammal species that are threatened with extinction on the a single feed of carrots with 1080 was effective. mainland (Burbidge 1999). These extinctions and declines are, to a great extent, due to invasive species, primarily My next job was very much concerned with mammal predators, such as the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) conservation. Bernier and Dorre Islands in Shark Bay have and feral cats (Felis catus), but also herbivores, such as populations of five endangered mammal species, most of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), sheep (Ovis aries), goats which are extinct on the mainland. Around 1900, before the (Capra hircus), pigs (Sus scrofa) and cattle (Bos taurus) islands were included in the protected area system, goats (Burbidge and Manly 1999; McKenzie et al. 2007). The (Capra hircus) were introduced to both islands; however, rate of extinctions in Australia suggests that, from an they persisted only on one – Bernier (4267 ha). There they ecological point of view, it is the world’s largest island, not were competing with native mammals for food, destroying a continent. The role of introduced rats and mice in causing the mammals’ diurnal shelter and causing erosion. In 1969, extinctions on ‘continental’ Australia is uncertain. we commenced shooting the goats and in subsequent years intensified this option. However, despite using fixed-wing I would like to start by briefly outlining my personal aircraft to muster goats towards shooters, and despite journey in island management, as this, to some extent, assistance from a platoon of Ghurkhas of the British Army,
Pages 515-519 In: Veitch, C. R.; Clout, M. N. and Towns, D. R. (eds.). 2011. Island invasives: eradication and management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 515 Island invasives: eradication and management
ground-based shooting, while adequate for control, clearly Two highly threatened native mammals, mala was not going to achieve eradication. By the early 1980s, Lagorchestes hirsutus and djoongari Pseudomys fieldi, helicopter shooting of feral donkeys (Equus asinus) and were introduced to Trimouille and North West Islands feral cattle was underway in northern Australia and we respectively in 1998 and 1999 (Langford and Burbidge were able to employ an experienced pilot-shooter team 2001), and in 2010 spectacled hare-wallabies (Lagorchestes on Bernier Island. They succeeded in eradicating the conspicillatus) and golden bandicoots (Isoodon auratus) remaining goats in three days. were reintroduced to Hermite Island from nearby Barrow Island. Two birds, spinifexbird Eremiornis carteri and Then I moved to rats. Ship rats (Rattus rattus) had been Barrow Island black-and-white fairy-wren Malurus introduced to many islands in the north west of Western leucopterus leucopterus, are also being translocated to Australia, presumably from the many small pearling Hermite. vessels that were active in the latter part of the 19th Century. Bedout Island (24 ha) was one such island and is Barrow Island (23,000 ha), off the north west of important for seabird breeding. While the breeding success Western Australia, is one of the most important island of larger seabirds such as brown and masked boobies (Sula conservation reserves anywhere in the world, with several leucogaster and S. dactylatra) and lesser frigate-birds threatened mammal species, many endemic taxa, sea turtle (Fregata ariel) was unaffected, smaller species such as rookeries and unique ecosystems. It has had a producing common noddy (Anous stolidus), and roseate and sooty oilfield on it since the 1960s and a quarantine system terns (Sterna dougallii and S. fuscata) had abandoned to protect its values developed during the early years of the island. In 1981, after again taking advice from local development. After the eradication of ship rats from a vertebrate pest experts and examining the literature on small portion of the island (Morris 2001) it is now one of island eradications, we used oats, vacuum-impregnated the largest land masses in the world with no introduced with Pindone as the bait and laid it on a grid over the mammals. Recently, the Western Australian and Australian island. Follow-up surveys confirmed eradication and since governments approved the construction of a large liquefied then there have been reports of recolonisation by common natural gas plant on the island. The greatest risk of such noddy and sooty tern. a large development (estimated cost AU$43billion, up to 3500 construction workers on the island) is the introduction Many other island eradications followed, including of invasive species, and one condition of approval was the rats, mice, foxes, rabbits and cats. These are summarised development and approval of a quarantine management in a paper presented at the 2001 conference (Burbidge and system (QMS). Chevron Australia, the gas plant operator, Morris 2002). The last one that I led was an eradication of committed to prepare a ‘beyond world’s best practice’ ship rats and feral cats in the Montebello Islands. Every system, based on a risk management and pathway analysis island eradication has its unique issues—the Montebellos approach. With the aid of consultants and two Quarantine certainly did. In 1952 and again in 1956, the islands were Expert Panels, they identified and analysed 15 pathways used by the British for the testing of three nuclear weapons; by which people, equipment and food would arrive at the while it is now safe to visit, safe working procedures are island and its surrounding waters (Stocklosa 2004). I was necessary near the three ground zeros where residual a member of both expert panels and attended many of the radiation persists. The remoteness of the Montebellos and expert workshops that analysed pathways and advised on their convoluted shape added to planning difficulties. The barriers. I am currently a member of a new Quarantine operation commenced in 1996. Ship rats were treated first Expert Panel set up by government to advise on the and because of the presence of two granivorous birds that completeness and implementation of the QMS. While I may take rodenticide, we opted for ground baiting with a was aware of the need for high-quality island biosecurity commercial rodenticide with brodifacoum as the active to prevent invasive species arrival or reinvasion after ingredient. Some of the remoteness issues were solved by eradication, this project has heightened my awareness of local oil and gas companies helping with logistics, especially the multiple ways that invasive species can arrive, and how transporting gear in barges. The 100 or so islands totalled to prevent their arrival. over 2100 ha and, with a 50 m grid, required >11,000 bait stations. A helicopter was used to place equipment dumps on all the larger islands and to access some of the islands WHY ISLANDS? more remote from our base; then a small boat was used We should remind ourselves why we are attending to access the remaining islands. Volunteers, mostly from this conference: why the conservation of biodiversity on the agency’s staff who gave up some of their holidays, islands is so important. Eradication of invasive species on were crucial. In all, more than 40 people took part, and the islands is not being undertaken so we can break records operation lasted four months. for the largest island or for the most species eradicated; it Two years later, monitoring revealed that rats remained is a means to achieve biodiversity conservation. Managing on the largest island, Hermite (1020 ha) and on two small islands is important because: adjacent islands. We were able to rebait the smaller islands, ●● Islands contain a disproportionate share of the world’s but Hermite was beyond our capacity. Non-target issues terrestrial species and have many endemics (Myers had proved negligible, allowing a switch to a helicopter- et al. 2000; Johnson and Sattersfield 2008; Genovesi borne spreader bucket. Advice and assistance from the New 2011). Zealand Department of Conservation made our planning ●● Marine animals, such as seabirds, sea turtles and and execution much easier. After some initial problems seals, need land to reproduce and many breed only, or with gear and navigation, helicopter baiting in 2001 substantially, on islands. completed the eradication of ship rats. Feral cat eradication was achieved in 1999 via a combination of aerial baiting ●● Islands are especially vulnerable to the impact of and trapping (Algar et al. 2002), so the archipelago is now invasive species. Most extinctions have been on islands free of invasive animals. and invasives are the major cause: ‘The majority of
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Table 1 Number of papers (including poster papers in A DECADE OF PROGRESS: COMPARING THE 2010) that deal with eradication and control of invasive CONFERENCES species on islands by nation. The 2001 Conference that resulted in the book Turning Nation 2001 2010 the Tide: The Eradication of Invasive Species (Veitch and New Zealand 28 33 Clout 2002) was a landmark in the management of islands United States of America 18 30 for biodiversity conservation. It has become necessary Australia 9 12 reading for practitioners, especially in relation to invasive vertebrates. Importantly, the book and its papers are freely Mauritius 6 0 available on-line. Comparing the papers and posters United Kingdom 2 3 presented at the 2001 and 2010 conferences should reflect Ecuador 2 3 the progress in island management over the past decade. Mexico 2 3 The number of papers and posters presented has increased Japan 1 13 significantly, from 72 in 2001 to 138 in 2010. Examining Seychelles 1 0 the number of papers that deal with the eradication or France 1 5 control of invasive species by nation shows that the number Puerto Rica 1 0 of different nations represented at the conferences has also increased, from 12 at the 2001 conference to 21 in 2010 Nauru 1 0 (Table 1). Additionally, in 2010, one paper reviewed work Canada 0 2 in Europe, three papers dealt with multiple Pacific Islands, Fiji 0 2 and several other papers covered specific issues rather than Sri Lanka 0 2 concentrating on particular islands. At both conferences, Brazil 0 1 papers about New Zealand islands predominated (28 in 2001, 33 in 2010), partly because New Zealand has led Chile & Argentina 0 1 the world in island eradications, but also partly because Kiribati 0 1 both conferences have been held in New Zealand. There Samoa 0 1 are other noteworthy differences. For example, the number Yemen 0 1 of papers dealing with islands within the United States of America increased from 18 to 30, and the number of papers Note: Overseas territories, including self-governing territories, of the UK, USA and France included in those countries. Table 3 Mammal species targeted for eradication and control in papers in the 2001 and 2010 conferences. recorded species extinctions since 1500 AD have Mammal species 2001 2010 occurred on islands. A total of 72% of recorded Arctic fox Alopex lagopus X extinctions in five animal groups (mammals, birds, Arctic ground squirrel Spermophilus parryii X X amphibians, reptiles, and molluscs) was of island species. Furthermore, for each individual taxonomic Beaver Castor canadensis X group the percentage of recorded extinctions occurring Crab-eating macaque Macaca fascicularis X on islands was greater than that occurring on continents. Elk Cervus canadensis X In total, 62% of mammals, 88% of birds, 54% of European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus X X amphibians, 86% of reptiles, and 68% of molluscs Feral cat Felis catus X X were island species.’ (Baillie et al. 2004). Ferret Mustela putorius furo X ●● Unlike continental land masses, eradication of invasive species is, with good planning and execution, possible Gambian giant pouched rat X on islands and the potential for reinvasion is low if Cricetomys gambianus good quarantine is in place (Clout and Veitch 2002). Goat Capra hircus X X ●● Island restoration may be possible (e.g., Towns and Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus X Ballantine 1993). Small Indian mongoose Herpestes javanicus X X ●● Successful conservation actions on islands are among Marmot Marmota sp. X those with greatest benefit to biodiversity at the least Mink Neovison vison X cost (Genovesi 2011). Musk shrew Suncus maurinus X Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus X Nutria Myocastor coypus X Pig Sus scrofa X X Table 2 Invasive species targeted by phylogenetic group in papers in the 2001 and 2010 conferences. Possum Trichosurus vulpecula X X Raccoon Procyon lotor X Group 2001 2010 Rats and mice – Rattus rattus, X X Mammals 42 84 R. norvegicus, R. exulans, Mus musculus Birds 0 1 Red deer Cervus elaphas X Reptiles 1 4 Red fox Vulpes vulpes X X Amphibians 1 3 Red-bellied squirrel Sciurus aureogaster X Fish 0 2 Reindeer/caribou Rangifer tarandus X X Insects 6 3 Rock-wallaby Petrogale penicillata X Molluscs 1 0 Sheep Ovis aries X X Plants 13 5 Stoat Mustela erminea X
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dealing with Japanese islands increased from one to 13. On one way of surmounting this issue. The development the other hand, the number of papers dealing with invasive of baits with deterrent additives for non-targets, such plants decreased from 13 to five. as birds, would be a major step forward. The number of invasive species targeted has also ●● Islands with resident human populations are a special increased (Table 2). It is notable that most papers from case, as the use of toxins may present real or perceived both conferences deal with invasive mammals, especially human health risks, or risks to domestic or companion murid rodents (rats and mice). A breakdown of the mammal animals. Residents must be involved in planning species targeted (Table 3) shows that a greater number of eradications and those proposing to conduct the species were the subject of papers in 2010 than in 2001. The eradication need to present unbiased evidence about range of species covered in papers from both conferences risks and benefits. If the proponent is a government reflects the propensity of humans to move mammals around organisation, it may be important for environmental the world, both purposefully and accidentally. non-government organisations to become involved to counter-act the frequent mistrust of government. Papers covering the eradication or control of single ●● Animal welfare and ethics issues are becoming more and multiple invasive species on islands changed only a important and the discussion of this issue by Cowan and little in proportion between the two conferences: in 2001 Warburton (2011) is timely. Animal ‘rights’ activists there were 36 single species papers and 32 multiple (47%) have the potential to disrupt eradication projects or, species papers, while in 2010 there were 73 single and 45 by using the news media, pressure political leaders multiple (38%) papers. to cancel projects. Counteracting these emotional The 2010 conference was also notable for the number arguments is possible only by ensuring that the public of papers on social and economic issues, with 17 papers and news media are fully aware of the benefits of compared with one in 2001, a change that is particularly carrying out the project and the costs of not doing so. important with the trend towards dealing with invasive ●● Allied to this is the need to properly document the species on inhabited islands. Also, a notable feature of benefits that island eradications bring to conservation. 2010 was the application of new technologies to invasion These have not always been clearly measured or tracking e.g., DNA fingerprinting and mathematical publicised (Lorvelec and Pascal 2005; Towns 2011). modelling for detection theory. ●● The implications of eradication project failures are So, what trends can be deduced from the above statistics becoming more important. Proposals to conduct and a reading of the papers? invasive species eradications on more and larger ●● More nations are conducting invasive species islands will cost larger amounts of money, usually eradication and control on islands. public money, and failures will strengthen arguments not to spend funds on eradications. Practitioners need ●● A wider array of invasive species is now being to be particularly careful to assess the risk of failure addressed. and not to proceed if the risk is too high. ●● Islands with single and multiple invasive species are still being treated. BIOSECURITY ●● Larger and more remote islands are now the subject of Prevention is better than cure. This axiom applies to invasive species work. island management, as it is better to prevent invasive species ●● Eradication projects are being planned or conducted arriving on islands than to have to eradicate or control on more inhabited islands. them after arrival, with consequential major costs, which ●● The increasing importance of considering social and can be financial and sometimes environmental. Increasing economic issues when planning island eradications. world trade and lowered trade barriers plus increasing human mobility mean that the risk of non-indigenous FUTURE ISSUES species arriving accidentally on islands is increasing. Having high-quality and effective quarantine management From papers presented at the conference it is clear that systems in place for high-value islands is thus increasingly many issues remain unresolved. Some of these are: important. Biosecurity is also a vital component of island ●● Eradication of rats on tropical rain-forested islands. eradication plans as successful eradication can be negated The presence of land crabs on such islands presents by reinvasion. major difficulties as they consume standard rodenticide ●● Biosecurity should be in place before eradication baits. Rats may also reside in trees and not be able to occurs (e.g., Simberloff 2001). access bait laid on the ground. Development of a crab ●● Biosecurity is necessary for inter-island trade, e.g., deterrent to add to bait would be a major step forward Guam, Kiribati. (Wegmann et al. 2011). ●● Biosecurity programs should be a requirement of ●● Some species are particularly difficult to eradicate, approval of developments on islands, e.g., Chevron e.g., tramp ants (Boland and Smith 2011; Inoui et al. Australia’s Gorgon Gas Project on Barrow Island, 2011; Randall and Morrison 2011) and the small Indian Australia (Stocklosa 2004), and The United States mongoose, particularly on larger islands (Peters et al. Department of Defense plans for Guam and 2011; K. Ishida pers. comm.; S. Sasaki pers. comm.; F. Micronesia (Feidler and Andreozzi, 2010 conference Yamada pers. comm.). side meeting). ●● Non-targets remain a major issue for many islands. ●● Public education, especially of boat owners, is an While many novel techniques have been developed, essential tool to limit further invasions (Broome especially bait stations designed to prevent access 2007). by non-targets while allowing access to bait by the invasive species, these may not work where the non- The increasing importance of island biosecurity (as target species is smaller than the target, or can climb opposed to national biosecurity which is usually designed to as easily. The establishment of ‘insurance’ colonies is protect primary industry rather than biodiversity) indicates
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the need for more interaction between practitioners. Burbidge, A.A.; McKenzie, N.L.; Brennan, K.E.C.; Woinsarski, J.C.Z.; Dickman, C.R.; Baynes, A.; Gordon, G.; Menkhorst, P.W. and Robinson, Perhaps this should be a feature of the next Island Invasives A.C. 2008. Conservation status and biogeography of Australia’s conference? terrestrial mammals. Australian Journal of Zoology 56: 411-422. Clout, M.N. and Veitch, C.R. 2001. Turning the tide of biological CONCLUDING REMARKS invasions: the potential for eradicating invasive species. In: Veitch, C.R. and Clout, M.N. (eds.). Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive This second world conference on Island Invasives species, pp. 1-3. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. IUCN, initiated by the Invasive Species Specialist Group of the Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. IUCN has demonstrated the importance of managing Cowan, P. and Warburton, B. 2011. Animal welfare and ethical issues in invasive species on islands across the spectrum of island pest eradication. In: Veitch, C. R.; Clout, M. N. and Towns, D. R. (eds.). Island invasives: eradication and management, pp. 418-421. prevention (biosecurity/quarantine), detection, control and IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. eradication, plus the necessary post-project monitoring. It Genovesi, P. 2011. Are we turning the tide? Eradications in times of crisis: is clear that managing biodiversity on islands is extremely how the global community is responding to biological invasions. In: cost effective and it is not surprising that interest in this Veitch, C. R.; Clout, M. N. and Towns, D. R. (eds.). Island invasives: subject is increasing worldwide. Simberloff’s challenge in eradication and management, pp. 5-8. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. the keynote address at the 2001 conference: ‘Today Tiritiri Johnson, T.H. and Sattersfield, A.J. 2008. A global review of island Matangi, tomorrow the world!’ is as relevant today as it endemic birds. Ibis 132: 167-180. was then. Langford, D. and Burbidge, A.A. 2001. Translocation of mala from the Tanami Desert, Northern Territory to Trimouille Island, Western It is also clear that projects aimed at eradicating Australia. Australian Mammalogy 23: 37-46. invasive species on islands will become more common, but Lorvelec, O. and Pascal, M. 2005. French attempts to eradicate non- also more complex and expensive as larger, more remote indigenous mammals and their consequences for native biota. Biological islands with more than one invasive species are tackled. A Invasions 7: 135-140. McKenzie, N.L.; Burbidge, A.A.; Baynes, A.; R. N. Brereton, R.N.; continuing need for cooperation and coordination between Dickman, C.R.; Gordon, G.; Gibson, L.A.; Menkhorst, P.W.; Robinson, eradication and control experts is indicated. Learning from A.C.; Williams, M.R. and Woinarski, J.C.Z. 2007. Analysis of factors each other is the way forward. I would like to thank the implicated in the recent decline of Australia’s mammal fauna. Journal conference organisers for helping this happen. of Biogeography 34: 597-611. Morris, K.D. 2001. The eradication of the black rat (Rattus rattus) on Barrow Island and adjacent islands off the north-west coast of Western ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Australia. In: Veitch, C.R.; Clout, M.N. (eds.). Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species, pp. 219-225. IUCN SSC Invasive My thanks go to the 2010 conference organising Species Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, committee for inviting me to present the closing address UK. and to Landcare Research for travel and accommodation Myers, M.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Mittermeier, C.G.; da Fonseca, G.A.B. and support. I am indebted to the many colleagues and volunteers Kent, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. 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