DOCSLIB.ORG

Closing Address

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Closing Address Burbidge, A.A. 2001 to 2010 and beyond: Trends and future directions in the eradication of invasive species on islands CLOSING ADDRESS 2001 to 2010 and beyond: Trends and future directions in the eradication of invasive species on islands A.A. Burbidge Department of Environment and Conservation, PO Box 51, Wanneroo, WA 6946, Australia; and Consultant Conservation Biologist. <[email protected]>. Abstract My interest in island conservation grew out of work to conserve Australia’s mammals; the shocking figure of 22 extinctions since 1788 would have been 30 without populations on continental islands. My efforts to eradicate invasive animals on islands commenced in 1969 with the eradication of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on the 19 ha Carnac Island. Eradication of goats (Capra hircus) on the 4267 ha Bernier Island and ship (black) rats (Rattus rattus) on the 24 ha Bedout Island were followed by many others in Western Australia. The last one I led was the eradication of rats and feral cats (Felis catus) on an archipelago – the Montebello Islands. Recently, I have participated in developing a quarantine management system for the 23,000 ha Barrow Island. This personal journey mirrors, to some extent, the development of island management for biodiversity conservation worldwide. Island management for biodiversity conservation is very important. Islands contain a disproportionate share of the world’s terrestrial species, including many endemics; islands are vital breeding places for seabirds, sea turtles and seals; islands are especially vulnerable to the impact of invasive species; eradication of invasive species is possible on islands; and successful conservation actions, especially eradication of invasives, are among those with greatest benefit to biodiversity at the least cost. A comparison between papers delivered at the 2001 and 2010 conferences shows that more nations are conducting invasive species eradications; a wider array of invasive species is being addressed; larger and more remote islands are now the subject of invasive species work and more projects are being conducted on inhabited islands. Future issues that remain unresolved include rat eradication on tropical rain-forested islands; dealing with difficult species such as tramp ants and mongoose; reducing impacts on non- target species; dealing with inhabited islands, animal welfare and ethics; properly documenting costs and benefits; and the implications of project failure. Prevention is better than cure and island biosecurity is becoming increasingly important. The 2010 conference has demonstrated the importance of managing invasive species on islands across the spectrum of prevention (biosecurity/quarantine), detection, control and eradication, plus the necessary post-project monitoring. It is clear that managing biodiversity on islands is extremely cost effective and it is not surprising that interest in this subject is increasing worldwide. Simberloff’s challenge in the keynote address at the 2001 conference: ‘Today Tiritiri Matangi, tomorrow the world!’ is as relevant today as it was then. Keywords: Biosecurity, invasive species, rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, goats, Capra hircus, ship rats, Rattus rattus, feral cats, Felis catus INTRODUCTION I was privileged to work for a series of Western mirrors the development of invasive species management Australian conservation agencies for more than 30 years on islands worldwide. My first involvement with the as a research scientist and manager, but never during that eradication of an invasive species on an island was in time did my job description include the word ‘island’. So, 1969. European rabbits were destroying vegetation on how did I become involved in island conservation and the Carnac Island (19 ha), a nature reserve in the Indian Ocean eradication of invasive species on islands? near Perth. Carnac Island is important for seabird nesting, and the nesting burrows of one species, little penguin My interest in island conservation started with work to (Eudyptula minor), were collapsing. After consulting conserve Australia’s mammals. Since European settlement with vertebrate pest researchers in the State’s Agriculture of Australia began in 1788, 22 species (7%) of terrestrial Protection Board, we introduced the myxoma virus to the mammals have become extinct. Without islands, however, island’s rabbits, in the hope that they had not previously this already-shocking figure would be 30, as eight been exposed to it and had no immunity. Immunity was species that became extinct on the mainland persisted present, so the next attempt was to use a toxin; in this case on continental islands (Burbidge et al. 2008). Australian 1080 in carrots. After a couple of days of feeding with islands also have secure populations of many indigenous toxin-free carrots in late summer (when food was limiting), mammal species that are threatened with extinction on the a single feed of carrots with 1080 was effective. mainland (Burbidge 1999). These extinctions and declines are, to a great extent, due to invasive species, primarily My next job was very much concerned with mammal predators, such as the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) conservation. Bernier and Dorre Islands in Shark Bay have and feral cats (Felis catus), but also herbivores, such as populations of five endangered mammal species, most of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), sheep (Ovis aries), goats which are extinct on the mainland. Around 1900, before the (Capra hircus), pigs (Sus scrofa) and cattle (Bos taurus) islands were included in the protected area system, goats (Burbidge and Manly 1999; McKenzie et al. 2007). The (Capra hircus) were introduced to both islands; however, rate of extinctions in Australia suggests that, from an they persisted only on one – Bernier (4267 ha). There they ecological point of view, it is the world’s largest island, not were competing with native mammals for food, destroying a continent. The role of introduced rats and mice in causing the mammals’ diurnal shelter and causing erosion. In 1969, extinctions on ‘continental’ Australia is uncertain. we commenced shooting the goats and in subsequent years intensified this option. However, despite using fixed-wing I would like to start by briefly outlining my personal aircraft to muster goats towards shooters, and despite journey in island management, as this, to some extent, assistance from a platoon of Ghurkhas of the British Army, Pages 515-519 In: Veitch, C. R.; Clout, M. N. and Towns, D. R. (eds.). 2011. Island invasives: eradication and management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 515 Island invasives: eradication and management ground-based shooting, while adequate for control, clearly Two highly threatened native mammals, mala was not going to achieve eradication. By the early 1980s, Lagorchestes hirsutus and djoongari Pseudomys fieldi, helicopter shooting of feral donkeys (Equus asinus) and were introduced to Trimouille and North West Islands feral cattle was underway in northern Australia and we respectively in 1998 and 1999 (Langford and Burbidge were able to employ an experienced pilot-shooter team 2001), and in 2010 spectacled hare-wallabies (Lagorchestes on Bernier Island. They succeeded in eradicating the conspicillatus) and golden bandicoots (Isoodon auratus) remaining goats in three days. were reintroduced to Hermite Island from nearby Barrow Island. Two birds, spinifexbird Eremiornis carteri and Then I moved to rats. Ship rats (Rattus rattus) had been Barrow Island black-and-white fairy-wren Malurus introduced to many islands in the north west of Western leucopterus leucopterus, are also being translocated to Australia, presumably from the many small pearling Hermite. vessels that were active in the latter part of the 19th Century. Bedout Island (24 ha) was one such island and is Barrow Island (23,000 ha), off the north west of important for seabird breeding. While the breeding success Western Australia, is one of the most important island of larger seabirds such as brown and masked boobies (Sula conservation reserves anywhere in the world, with several leucogaster and S. dactylatra) and lesser frigate-birds threatened mammal species, many endemic taxa, sea turtle (Fregata ariel) was unaffected, smaller species such as rookeries and unique ecosystems. It has had a producing common noddy (Anous stolidus), and roseate and sooty oilfield on it since the 1960s and a quarantine system terns (Sterna dougallii and S. fuscata) had abandoned to protect its values developed during the early years of the island. In 1981, after again taking advice from local development. After the eradication of ship rats from a vertebrate pest experts and examining the literature on small portion of the island (Morris 2001) it is now one of island eradications, we used oats, vacuum-impregnated the largest land masses in the world with no introduced with Pindone as the bait and laid it on a grid over the mammals. Recently, the Western Australian and Australian island. Follow-up surveys confirmed eradication and since governments approved the construction of a large liquefied then there have been reports of recolonisation by common natural gas plant on the island. The greatest risk of such noddy and sooty tern. a large development (estimated cost AU$43billion, up to 3500 construction workers on the island) is the introduction Many other island eradications followed, including of invasive species, and one condition of approval was the rats, mice, foxes, rabbits and cats. These are summarised development and approval
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Faunal Analysis of the Cheyne Beach Whaling Station 1845–1877
    AUSTRALASIAN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 23, 2005 The Archaeology of Subsistence on the Maritime Frontier: Faunal Analysis of the Cheyne Beach Whaling Station 1845–1877 MARTIN GIBBS The mid-nineteenth-century shore-based whaling stations scattered along the western and southern Western Australian coasts were often at the extreme edge of the frontier of European settlement. This paper explores the archaeological evidence for food supply at the Cheyne Beach whaling station, northeast of Albany. It establishes that, despite the difficulties of supply, the occupants of the station retained a heavy reliance on sheep in preference to either salted meats or readily accessible native fauna. It is suggested that this may have been a result of dietary preference, but could also result from whaling requiring a state of constant preparedness that kept the workers in the immediate vicinity of the site and unable to undertake hunting or farming activities. INTRODUCTION This paper focuses on the diet at the Cheyne Beach whaling station (1846–1877), based on an analysis of faunal In the mid-1830s the European settlers of Western Australia materials and associated foodway items recovered during attempted to revive their ailing economy by developing a excavations in 1989–91. Although the deposits are most likely whaling industry along the southern and western coasts, associated with the station manager and his family rather than hunting the winter migrations of Right whales (Eubalaena the whaling workforce, factors associated with isolation, glacialis) and Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). seasonality and the maritime industrial nature of the Over the following decades until the late 1870s, small shore- settlement are considered, as is evidence for adaptation and based whaling stations (fisheries) were established in bays and the evolving relationship between European colonists and the on islands from Dampier Archipelago in the north, to Cape Australian environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Design Inspiration for the Swan River Crossings Project
    Design Inspiration for the Swan River Crossings Project The Government of Western Australia acknowledges the traditional custodians throughout Western Australia and their continuing connection to the land, waters and community. We pay our respects to all members of the Aboriginal communities and their cultures; and to Elders both past and present. Introduction The Swan River Crossings Project will improve The Whadjuk Nyoongar people have shared journeys over land and water. The multi-modal stories about the area which have been carried transport project will replace the Fremantle Traffic over thousands of years, when Wadjemup Bridge, upgrade rail for passengers and freight, (Rottnest Island) was still connected to the improve pedestrian and cycling infrastructure mainland. The arrival of European settlers in the across the Swan River at Fremantle, while also 19th Century saw the new colony develop quickly making the river channel safer for boats. into a thriving port and commercial centre. Two new bridges (one road and one rail) will be With the pace of development, four different built between the existing rail bridge and the iterations of the road bridge at our project existing Fremantle Traffic Bridge. location provided versions of safe passage for people to cross between north and south. New cycling and walking paths will transform the way people can move more sustainably into and We invite you to find out more about this place out of Fremantle and access riverside paths. and its many stories, before responding to our online survey or participating at one of our This next phase of consultation is all about Design.
    [Show full text]
  • Fremantle Ports Fremantle Ci TABLE of CONTENTS
    ci Fremantle Ports 2010 ANNUAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS To the Hon Simon O’Brien MLC Minister for Transport In accordance with section 68 and clauses 34 and 35 of Schedule 5 of the Port Authorities Act 1999, I hereby submit for your information and presentation to Parliament, the Annual Report of the Fremantle Port Authority which trades as Fremantle Ports for the year ended 30 June 2010. Hon Simon O’Brien MLC, Alan Birchmore Minister for Transport Chairman | Board of Directors 2 Overview 48 Disclosures and Legal Compliance 2 Executive Summary 48 Directors’ Report 2 Performance Snapshot 53 Financial Statements 3 Chairman’s Report 5 Chief Executive Officer’s Report 93 Director’s Declaration 7 Key Business Results 94 Financial Audit Option 8 Operational Structure 95 Financial Performance Indicators 12 Performance Management 98 Key Performance Indicators Framework 107 Other Legal Requirements 107 Ministerial Directives 13 Performance 107 Advertising 13 Corporate Scorecard 108 Disability Access 16 Service Delivery 108 Compliance with Public Sector Standards and Ethical Codes 21 Capability for the Future 108 Record Keeping Plans 23 Trade and Business Growth 110 Government Policy Requirements 39 Support Services 110 Substantive Equality 42 Business Sustainability 110 Occupational Safety, Health and Injury Management 47 Significant Issues Impacting Fremantle Ports 112 Statistical Information 126 Inner and Outer Harbour Maps, Publications, Abbreviations, Address 1 Fremantle Ports | Annual Report 2010 OvErvIEw EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Performance Snapshot The fallout from the global economic downturn continued to have an impact on trade results, with overall trade volume 2.3 per cent below last year’s result. The decline in some areas, particularly some bulk trades was significant, but container trade made up some of the lost ground.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of Two Populations of Tiger Snakes, Notechis Scutatus Occidentalis
    A Comparison of Two Populations of Tiger Snakes, Notechis scutatus occidentalis : The Influence of Phenotypic Plasticity on Various Life History Traits Fabien Aubret (DEA) Laboratoire d’Herpétologie, CEBC– CNRS, Université de Poitiers School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Western Australia and of the Université de Poitiers. March 2005 “Not a single one of your ancestors died young. They all copulated at least once. ” Richard Dawkins (b. 1941). 2 Summary The phenotype of any living organism reflects not only its genotype, but also direct effects of environmental conditions. Some manifestations of environmental effects may be non-adaptive, such as fluctuating asymmetry. Growing evidence nevertheless suggests that natural selection has fashioned norms of reaction such that organisms will tend to display developmental trajectories that maximise their fitness in the environment which they encounter via enhanced growth, survival, and/or reproduction. Over recent decades, the adaptive value of phenotypic plasticity has become a central theme in evolutionary biology. Plasticity may have evolutionary significance either by retarding evolution (by making selection on genetic variants less effective), or by enhancing evolution (as a precursor to adaptive genetic change). Reptiles are excellent models for the study of such theories, notably because they show high degrees of phenotypic plasticity. Many plastic responses have now been documented, using a diversity of taxa (turtles, crocodiles, snakes, lizards) and examining a number of different traits such as morphology, locomotor performance, and general behaviour. Islands are of special interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists because of the rapid shifts possible in island taxa with small and discrete populations, living under conditions (and selective pressures) often very different from those experienced by their mainland conspecific.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 6 of Australian Frontier Wars Western Australia
    NUNAWADING MILITARY HISTORY GROUP MINI NEWSLETTER No. 30 Part 6 of Australian Frontier Wars Western Australia The first British settlement in Western Australia was established by the British Army, 57th of Foot, (West Middle- sex Regiment) at Albany in 1826. Relations between the garrison and the local Minang people were generally good. Open conflict between Noongar and European settlers broke out in Western Australia in the 1830s as the Swan River Colony expanded from Perth. The Pinjarra Massacre, the best known single event, occurred on 28 October 1833. The Pinjarra massacre, also known as the Battle of Pinjarra, is an attack that occurred in 1834 at Pinjarra, Western Australia on an uncertain number of Binjareb Noongar people by a detachment of 25 soldiers of the 21st of Foot, (North British Fusiliers), police and settlers led by Governor James Stirling. Stirling estimated the Bin- jareb present numbered "about 60 or 70" and John Roe, who also par- ticipated, at about 70–80, which roughly agree with an estimate of 70 by an unidentified eyewitness. On the attacking side, Captain Theophilus Tighe Ellis was killed and Corporal Patrick Heffron was injured. On the defending side an uncer- tain number of Binjareb men, women and children were killed. While Stirling quantified the number of Binjareb killed as probably 15 males, Roe estimated the number killed as 15–20, and an unidentified eyewitness as 25–30 including 1 woman and several children in addi- tion to being "very probable that more men were killed in the river and floated down with the stream". The number of Binjareb injured is un- known, as is the number of deaths resulting from injuries sustained Pinjarra Massacre Site memorial during the attack.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interpreter the Legacy of Francis Fraser Armstrong
    The Interpreter The Legacy of Francis Fraser Armstrong § Alan James Thompson BA (Design) hons Statement of Presentation Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains, as its main content, work that has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary educational institution, including Murdoch. Signed ! Full name Alan James Thompson Student number 32532552 Date 1 June 2015 § 2 Copyright Acknowledgement I acknowledge that a copy of this thesis will be held at the Murdoch University Library. I understand that, under the provisions of s51.2 of the Copyright Act 1968, all or part of this thesis may be copied without infringement of copyright where such a reproduction is for the purposes of study and research. This statement does not signal any transfer of copyright away from the author. Signed: ! Full name of Degree: Bachelor of Arts with Honours in History Thesis Title The Interpreter: The Legacy of Francis Fraser Armstrong Author: Alan James Thompson Year 2015 § 3 Abstract This thesis argues that Francis Fraser Armstrong, a young immigrant from Scotland in the earliest years of the colony of Western Australia, was valued not only as an interpreter between the British settlers and the Noongar Aboriginal people, but also as an asset to be exploited by various conflicting factions within both Aboriginal and his own settler society. Dissent within the colonial leadership sabotaged Armstrong’s formerly strong relationship with the Noongar community by rejecting a proposal forwarded by him for what might have been the first land rights agreement negotiated in Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Australia's Carceral Islands in the Colonial Period, 1788–1901
    IRSH 63 (2018), Special Issue, pp. 45–63 doi:10.1017/S0020859018000214 © 2018 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis A Natural Hulk: Australia’s Carceral Islands in the Colonial Period, 1788–1901* K ATHERINE R OSCOE Institute of Historical Research, University of London Senate House, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HU, UK E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: During the British colonial period, at least eleven islands off the coast of Australia were used as sites of “punitive relocation” for transported European convicts and Indigenous Australians. This article traces the networks of correspondence between the officials and the Colonial Office in London as they debated the merits of various offshore islands to incarcerate different populations. It identifies three roles that carceral islands served for colonial governance and economic expansion. First, the use of con- victs as colonizers of strategic islands for territorial and commercial expansion. Second, to punish transported convicts found guilty of “misconduct” to maintain order in colonial society. Third, to expel Indigenous Australians who resisted colonization from their homeland. It explores how, as “colonial peripheries”, islands were part of a colo- nial system of punishment based around mobility and distance, which mirrored in microcosm convict flows between the metropole and the Australian colonies. ISLAND INCARCERATION Today, the island continent of Australia has more than 8,000 smaller islands off its coast.1 As temperatures rose 6,000 years ago, parts of the
    [Show full text]
  • Nidja Beeliar Boodjar Noonookurt Nyininy: a Nyungar Interpretive History of the Use of Boodjar (Country) in the Vicinity of Murdoch University
    NIDJA BEELIAR BOODJAR NOONOOKURT NYININY: A NYUNGAR INTERPRETIVE HISTORY OF THE USE OF BOODJAR (COUNTRY) IN THE VICINITY OF MURDOCH UNIVERSITY. This Report was co-authored by: Len Collard, MA Sandra Harben, BA Dr Rosemary van den Berg, PhD FOR MURDOCH UNIVERSITY 2004 1 Murdoch University – ngulla boodjar CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS _____________________________________________________ 6 INTRODUCTION ____________________________________________________________ 7 NYUNGAR THEORY _______________________________________________________ 15 AN INSIGHT INTO THE NYUNGAR COSMOLOGY ________________________________ 16 “Our Creator of the Trilogy” - Waakal or Nyungar Rainbow Serpent ____________________ 16 FIRST IN THE TRILOGY OF NYUNGAR THEORY: BOODJAR _____________________ 25 Nyungar Boodjar and Moort - Nyungar Land and the People ______________________ 26 Djanga Koorling - Early Contact with Wedjellas _________________________________ 27 British Colonisation of Ngulla, Our Boodjar or Country ____________________________ 29 History, Cartography and Cultural Differences __________________________________ 39 Nyungar Places and their Meanings in and around Murdoch University. ______________ 39 Nyungar Boordier, Boodjar/Landowners and Use in Whadjuck Areas ________________ 42 Accessing Information in the Sites Register ____________________________________ 46 SECOND IN THE TRILOGY OF NYUNGAR THEORY: MOORT ______________________ 48 Children of Deman Ilangan (Annie) and Dembart Monger-Bennell ___________________ 49 2 Murdoch University – ngulla boodjar Children
    [Show full text]
  • Street Names Index
    City of Fremantle and Town of East Fremantle Street Names Index For more information please visit the Fremantle City Library History Centre Place Name Suburb Named After See Also Notes Ada Street South Fremantle Adams Street O'Connor The Adcock brothers lived on Solomon Street, Fremantle. They were both privates in the 11 th Frank Henry Burton Adcock ( - Battalion of the AIF during WWI. Frank and Adcock Way Fremantle 1915) and Fredrick Brenchley Frederick were both killed in action at the Adcock ( - 1915) landing at Gallipoli on the 25 th of April 1915, aged 21 and 24 years. Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen Adelaide Street Fremantle consort of King William IV (1830- Appears in the survey of 1833. 1837). Agnes Street Fremantle Ainslie Road North Fremantle Alcester Road East Fremantle Alcester, England Alexander was Mayor of the Municipality of Wray Avenue Fremantle, 1901-02. Alexander Road Fremantle Lawrence Alexander and Hampton Originally Hampton Street until 1901-02, then Street named Alexander Road, and renamed Wray Avenue in 1923 after W.E. Wray. Alexandra of Denmark, queen Queen Alexandra was very popular throughout Alexandra Road East Fremantle consort of King Edward VII (1901- her time as queen consort and then queen 1910). mother. 1 © Fremantle City Library History Centre Pearse was one of the original land owners in Alice Avenue South Fremantle Alice Pearse that street. This street no longer exists; it previously ran north from Island Road. Alfred Road North Fremantle Allen was a civil engineer, architect, and politician. He served on the East Fremantle Municipal Council, 1903–1914 and 1915–1933, Allen Street East Fremantle Joseph Francis Allen (1869 – 1933) and was Mayor, 1909–1914 and 1931–1933.
    [Show full text]
  • Interim Guidelines Carnac Islanb Nature Reserve
    INTERIM GUIDELINES • CARNAC ISLANB NATURE RESERVE FEBRUARY 1990 1 PREFACE In the absence of a formal Management Plan the Interim Guide-lines for Carnac Island Nature Reserve are intended to provide a basis for the annual works programme and other necessary operations required for the protection of persons, property and the flora, fauna and other conservation values in and around the Reserve. A major revision will be held at 3 years from the date of acceptance of these Guide-lines unless preceded by an endorsed management plan. The Interim Guide-lines will be reviewed and updated annually as further information becomes available. The annual w~rks programme that emanates from these Interim Guide-lines will be approved by the Manager - Metropolitan Region. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The original draft of these Guide-lines was prepared by Ms M Langley. The final draft was prepared by Mr G Graham (Planning Officer - Metropolitan) following input by Research Division, Fire Protection, Environmental Protection, Enforcement, Landscape and Recreation, and Planning Branch. Particular input from Regional staff included Mr D Haswell (Manager - Metropolitan ), Mr G Pobar (Marine and Islands Manager - Metropolitan), Mr R Allison (Marine Ranger - Marmion Marine Park). 2 INDEX PART I 1.0 DESCRIPTION PAGE 1.1 PHYSICAL FEATURES ------------------- 3 1.2 BIOLOGICAL FEATURES ----------------- 3 1.3 EXISTING USE ------------------------ 5 1.5 MAP --------------------------------- AFTER 5 PART II 2.0 OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES ---------------- 6 2.1 PRIMARY MANAGEMENT
    [Show full text]
  • The Size of Little Penguins Eudyptula Minor, on Penguin Island, Western Australia
    Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 1988,14(2): 211·215 The size of Little Penguins Eudyptula minor, on Penguin Island, Western Australia N.I. Klomp* and R.D. Wooller* Abstract Little Penguins Eudyptula minor on Penguin Island, Western Australia are con· sistently heavier and have larger bills than conspecifics elsewhere in Australia or New Zealand. No latitudinal or other geographical trend in size is apparent. Introduction The Little Penguin Eudyptula m£nor, the smallest of the 16 penguin species, is confined to Australia and New Zealand. Kinsky and Falla (1976) have divided it into six subspecies < only one occurring in Australia. Little Penguins reach the northernmost limit of their breeding range in Western Australia, on Penguin and Carnac Islands (Serventy et al. 1971), although occasional birds have been recorded as far north as the Abrolhos Islands (Stoff et al. 1986). During studies of Little Penguins on Penguin Island (Klomp 1987), it became clear that the weights of birds there were substantially greater than those recorded in the literature for this species elsewhere. This paper documents these differences and suggests some possible explanations. Methods and Results Breeding Little Penguins, caught for banding or dietary studies between March 1986 and March 1987, were weighed to ±25 g in bags, using a 2.5 kg spring balance. Vernier calipers were used to measure the length of the bill from its tip to its junction with the skull, ignoring curvature, as well as the depth of the bill along a vertical line through the centre of the nostrils. The weights of penguins may vary with the age or sex of an individual, and seasonally.
    [Show full text]
  • Cockburncoast District Structure Plan
    CockburnCoast district structure plan September 2009 Albert Facey House 469 Wellington Street Perth Western Australia 6000 CockburnCoast Disclaimer This document has been published by the Western Australian Planning Commission. Any representation, statement, opinion or advice expressed or implied in this publication is made in good faith and on the basis that the government, its employees and agents are not liable for any damage or loss whatsoever which may occur as a result of action taken or not taken, as the case may be, in respect of any representation, statement, opinion or advice referred to herein. Professional advice should be obtained before applying the information contained in this document to particular circumstances. © State of Western Australia Published by the Western Australian Planning Commission Albert Facey House 469 Wellington Street Perth Western Australia 6000 Published September 2009 ISBN O 7309 9639 5 internet: http://www.wapc.wa.gov.au email: [email protected] tel: 08 9264 7777 fax: 08 9264 7566 TTY: 08 9264 7535 infoline:1800 626 477 Western Australian Planning Commission owns all photography in this document unless otherwise stated. Copies of this document are available in alternative formats on application to the disability services coordinator. district structure plan ii CockburnCoast Foreword Exciting prospects for Cockburn coast The Cockburn Coast District Structure Plan establishes an exciting A key feature of the structure plan is its focus on sustainability future for the Cockburn coast, promising a range of housing types, through the establishment of ambitious performance targets. It also activities and employment choices. provides for a variety of housing types and styles such as apartments, townhouses and smaller dwellings that will offer The structure plan aims to transform the area by redeveloping the choice to people interested in modern, beachside development in South Fremantle Power Station and introducing a transit system the metro area.
    [Show full text]