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Susceptibility of the Strawberry Crown Moth (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) to Entomopathogenic Nematodes

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Susceptibility of the Strawberry Crown Moth (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) to Entomopathogenic Nematodes RAPID COMMUNICATION Susceptibility of the Strawberry Crown Moth (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) to Entomopathogenic Nematodes 1 DENNY J. BRUCK, DAVID L. EDWARDS, AND KELLY M. DONAHUE USDAÐARS Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, 3420 NW Orchard Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97330 J. Econ. Entomol. 101(2): 251Ð255 (2008) ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility of the strawberry crown moth, Synanthedon bibionipennis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) larvae to two species of ento- mopathogenic nematodes. The entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) strain Agriotos and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Steiner) strain Oswego were evaluated in labora- tory soil bioassays and the Þeld. Both nematode species were highly infective in the laboratory bioassays. Last instars were extremely susceptible to nematode infection in the laboratory, even in the protected environment inside the strawberry (Fragaria ϫ ananassa Duch.) crown. Infectivity in the laboratory was 96 and 94% for S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora, respectively. Field applications in late fall (October) were less effective with S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora, resulting in 51 and 33% infection, respectively. Larval mortality in the Þeld from both nematode treatments was signiÞcantly greater than the control, but treatments were substantially less efÞcacious than in the laboratory. Soil temperature after nematode applications in the Þeld (11ЊC mean daily temperature) was below minimum establishment temperatures for both nematode species for a majority of the post-application period. It is clear from laboratory data that strawberry crown moth larvae are extremely susceptible to nematode infection. Improved control in the Þeld is likely if nematode applications are made in late summer to early fall when larvae are present in the soil and soil temperatures are more favorable for nematode infection. KEY WORDS strawberry, microbial control, biological control, entomopathogenic nematodes Strawberries (Fragaria ϫ ananassa Duch.) are an im- in length when mature. Larvae of the strawberry portant small fruit crop, particularly along the west crown moth feed primarily on strawberry crowns, coast of the United States. Strawberries were grown on resulting in stunting of plants and severe stand thin- 16,000 ha in California, Oregon, and Washington in ning under heavy infestations. Heavily infested Þelds 2006, with a value in excess of $1 billion (NASS 2007). can be completely destroyed in a single growing sea- Currently, the key insect pests associated with straw- son. Last instars spend the winter in the crowns of berries in the PaciÞc Northwest production region strawberry plants. Overwintering larvae feed for a (Oregon and Washington) include strawberry crown short time in early spring (AprilÐMay) before pupat- moth, Synanthedon bibionipennis (Boisduval) (Lepi- ing. Adults emerge in late June and July, mate, and doptera: Sesiidae), a complex of root weevil species females lay eggs on leaves around the base of straw- (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and cyclamen mites berry plants or directly on the crowns. Eggs hatch Stenotarsonemus pallidus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemi- within 2 wk, and neonates initially feed on small roots dae), among others. before tunneling into the crowns (Berry 1978). Cur- The strawberry crown moth is a univoltine pest that rent strawberry crown moth management depends on occurs throughout the western United States and Brit- the use of a pheromone (Nielsen et al. 1978) to help ish Columbia, Canada, wherever strawberries are time insecticide applications. If the conventional man- grown. Adults are a clearwing moth with a wing span agement program is not successful, larvae are very of nearly 20 mm. The adult is brightly colored, with a difÞcult to control with conventional insecticides black abdomen banded with yellow on the second, once they enter the crowns in late summer to early fall. Þfth, and sixth abdominal segments. Larvae, which are In addition to strawberries, this moth also attacks rasp- white with a dark brown head capsule, reach 20 mm berries, black raspberries, blackberries, and boysen- berries throughout the PaciÞc Northwest (J. Todd, Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication personal communication). is solely for the purpose of providing speciÞc information and does not Entomopathogenic nematodes are attractive for use imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. in biological control programs, because numerous spe- 1 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. cies are commercially available and they have been 252 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 101, no. 2 used for control of a variety of insect pests (Georgis et placed into plastic cups (5 cm in height by 7.5 cm in al. 2006). Because of their sensitivity to UV light and width) with an uninfested strawberry crown along desiccation, nematodes are most effective against with Ϸ20 g of Þeld soil and held at 21ЊC in complete pests in soil or other protected environments (Kaya darkness for 2 wk. and Gaugler 1993). Effective control relies on the Laboratory bioassays were performed using Þeld successful matching of the most effective nematode soil (Canderly Sandy Loam; 66.3:22.5:11.2, sandÐsiltÐ with the target pest (Georgis and Gaugler 1991). clay) autoclaved (1.1 kg/cm2; 121ЊC) for 2 h, left Before these studies, no data were available on the overnight, and autoclaved for an additional hour. The infectivity of nematodes against the strawberry crown soil was then placed in a drying oven at 70ЊC for 24 h moth. However, other Synanthedon spp. have been and stored (4ЊC) in zip lock bags until use. Fifty grams shown to be highly susceptible to entomopathogenic of oven-dried soil was placed into plastic cups (5 cm nematodes in the laboratory and Þeld (Bedding and in height by 7.5 cm in width). Sterile distilled water (7 Miller 1981, Miller and Bedding 1982, Deseo¨ and Miller ml) was added to each container and mixed with a 1985, Cossentine et al. 1990, Shapiro-Ilan and Cottrell sterile spatula until homogenous. Strawberry crowns 2006, McKern et al. 2007). Laboratory testing and infested with an individual last instar were placed into small-scale Þeld studies are important Þrst steps to each container, and half were covered with soil to identify nematodes with potential for managing pests simulate conditions in the Þeld. Nematodes (500 in- of unknown susceptibility. This is particularly impor- fective juveniles (IJs) per cup; 12 IJs per cm2) were tant for a pest such as the strawberry crown moth that released onto the surface of each cup in 1 ml of water is difÞcult to manage once established in the straw- so that the Þnal moisture content was standardized at berry crown. Entomopathogenic nematodes are ide- Þeld capacity (15% moisture). Containers were ally suited to attack larvae overwintering in such an capped and placed into large zip-lock bags containing environment. Nematodes move within Synanthedon several pieces of moistened paper towel, and then tipuliformis (Clerk) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) tunnels containers were incubated at 22ЊC in complete dark- in black currants, Ribes nigrum L. (Miller and Bedding ness for 8 d. Subsequently, each container was thor- 1982). The cryptic overwintering site inside pista- oughly searched, and the numbers of live and nema- chios, Pistacia vera L., proved to be an ideal environ- tode-infected larvae (conÞrmed by dissection) were ment to target navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella determined. Each experiment contained an untreated (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with ento- control (water only) and was arranged in a random- mopathogenic nematodes (Siegel et al. 2006). Al- ized complete block design with four replications and though Þlbertworm, Cydia latiferreana (Walsingham) Þve larvae per replicate. This experiment was re- (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the Þlbert weevil Cur- peated (two complete trials) using both nematodes culio occidentalis (Casey) (Coleoptera: Curculion- species. Because of a shortage of larvae, the control idae) generally do not overwinter inside the nut, they treatment in the second run of the experiment only do emerge from the nut once it falls on the ground and contained three replications. overwinter in hibernacula in the soil under infested An experiment was also performed to determine the trees (Dohanian 1944). These overwintering larvae efÞcacy of S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora against were also ideally situated for targeting by ento- strawberry crown moth larval infestations in the Þeld. mopathogenic nematodes (Bruck and Walton 2007). Six replicates, consisting of 1.5 m of row (Ϸ10Ð15 Therefore, the objective of this study was to deter- plants) arranged in a randomized complete block de- mine the susceptibility of strawberry crown moth lar- sign, were marked out in an infested Þeld of ÔTotemÕ vae to two species of entomopathogenic nematodes. strawberries located in Benton County, OR. On 11 Additionally, a replicated Þeld trial was performed to October 2007, each length of row was treated with determine the efÞcacy of these nematodes against this nematodes (100 IJs per cm2) with a volume of water insect in the Þeld. equivalent to 1,900 liters water/ha by using a backpack CO2 sprayer Þtted with a fan nozzle. The experiment also contained an untreated control (water only). Soil Materials and Methods temperatures were recorded at a depth of 5 cm Two species of entomopathogenic nematodes, (HOBO U12, Onset Computer Corporation,
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