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The Transport Expansion Sequence in Georgia and the Carolinas, 1670

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THE TRANSPORT EXPANSION SEQUENCE IN GEORGIA AND THE CAROLINAS , 1670-1900: A SEARCH FOR SPATIAL REGULARITIES By DAVID CHARLES WEAVER A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1972 Copyright by David Charles Weaver 1972 For my most influential tutors, my mother and my father. : . Acknowledgements I wish to express my thanks to the following for permission to reprint or modify material from copyrighted works The American Geographical Society for Fig. 1, p. 504, Geographical Review , 53, 1963 (Paper by E.J. Taaffe, R. Morrill, and P. Gould). The Regional Science Association, University of Pennsylvania for Fig. 4, p. 194, Papers , 14, 1965 (Paper by R. Lachene) PREFACE As its title suggests, the purpose of this study is to illuminate one aspect of the urban and regional economic development process. For reasons explained in the text, it has as its particular focus the spatial evolution of transportation networks along the south Atlantic seaboard of the United States in the nineteenth century. It has not been my intention to provide a detailed account of this area's various individual cities and their transport connections. Rather, I have attempted to concentrate at- tention on similarities within the evolving transportation pattern, and similarities between the study area and patterns recognized in other developing regions. Emphasis has been placed strictly on the spatial nature of the transportation process and the role played in that process by leading cities. This emphasis seems justified by the lack of atten- tion it has received in the past and by the large body of existing literature on related aspects of Southeastern economic development. No attempt has been made to con- sider systematically every road, canal, or railroad line produced in the Southeast, or every city which benefited from or influenced transportation development. Treatment v was invariably neglected where I felt diminishing returns were being achieved. The inquisitive reader may argue that ideally such a study ought to have included a more detailed examination of the complicated interactions between transportation activity and all pertinent social, economic, and political influences. To this suggestion 1 would plead only that limitations of time and talent compelled more modest objectives. The discourse has been organized to reflect what I believe was the basic pattern of urban growth in the South- east before 1900. Chapter 1 provides background infor- mation concerning the formulation and general treatment of the problem, and suggests a working hypothetical framework in which the development of Southeastern transport sys- tems took place during the nineteenth century. Chapters 2 through 5 comprise substantive discussion of the actual events of transportation evolution during that period. Chapter 6 considers this inter-urban transportation se- quence in overall regional pattern and perspective, while Chapter 7 compares the Georgia-Carolina sequence with the "model" sequences derived from similar research in other parts of the world. Throughout the dissertation I have tried to focus upon projects as they were shaped by the complex combi- nation of geographical conditions and corporate or commu- nity decision making. Wherever it seemed significant I have discussed possibilities and alternatives for develop- vi ment which may have been ultimately neglected or rejected. By examining the motives as well as the magnitude and directions of transportation development^ it is hoped that a fresh perspective has been thrown on the process of urban and regional development in the Southeast. A wide variety of source materials is available. The most useful perhaps are scholarly works of professional social scientists. Early maps provide a number of in- sights, but they were found to be of varying quality, accuracy, and completeness. Some of the most informative maps form the basis for text figures 1-22. Rare and limited-edition books, maps, and monographs in the various state archives and university libraries of the region were invaluable in determining early and local developments. Specific mention should be made of the contributions of the Southern Historical Collection and the University Library at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, the Caroliniana Library of Columbia, South Carolina, and the Georgia State Archives in Atlanta, Georgia. The way in which source materials have been employed, and their information handled, reflects my academic training and professional beliefs. Significant for this study is my feeling that that which can be measured quantitatively in studies of spatial systems is not neces- sarily of greatest importance to the understanding of the system, while that which is of greatest importance more often than not cannot be quantified. What is necessary, vii I believe, is a method of research which combines reason- able rigor with sufficient flexibility to allow imagina- tive analysis. Rigor is a necessary aspect of scientific research allowing replication of study and promoting the comparability of results of analysis. However, the mean- ing of reasonable rigor and the methods for its achieve- ment vary from discipline to discipline and even from pro- ject to project within a discipline. In a geographic study such as this one, it seems that the best results can be obtained by 1) developing sound questions which can be studied through library research, 2) pursuing the necessary library research in a manner designed to elicit information in the greatest possible depth from the widest range of sources available, 3) for- mulating propositions that best test ideas raised at the outset of the study, and 4) finally developing or refining hypotheses that best explain the propositions in the light of the available data and permit some level of generali- zation. The purpose of generalization here is not seen to be the prediction of future economic action, but the de- velopment of reasonably sound probability concepts that can be applied to the consideration of behavioral possi- bilities in a similar economic system. Also of importance, with regard to research proce- dure, has been my concept of the aims and functions of various types of geographic research. Undoubtedly the cen- tral task of geography is the exploration of the spatial viii aspects of man’s changing environment with maximum pre- cision and to maximum depth in order to make known its character and content to mankind. This task is central because all other tasks of geographic research (such as scientific generalization about social phenomena or interpretation of their meaning for purposes of taking action) flow from this basic exploration function. The historical context in which geographic research has developed offers testimony to this statement. The questions that demand the attention of geo- graphic research, however, are manifold. They range from theoretical enquiry to the entire problem of conservation and change, and to more practical questions concerning the wise management of change in specific contexts. As already suggested the main objective of this study is the testing and refinement of existing theory. For the most part, the facts necessary for this procedure have already been established and presented by others. What is at- tempted here is the marshaling of these facts along different lines from those which have gone before. As a result, the research has relied largely on secondary sources. This may disconcert purists among the "histori- cal geography" fraternity but is justifiable within the scope of this analysis. Although true "field work" played a minimal role in the investigation, extensive travel ex- perience in Georgia and the Carolinas was utilized in the interpretation of old maps. ix The basic operating ideas and structure of the study were worked out during a year spent in the Depart- ment of Geography at the University of Florida. There I gained not only the time and financial support to do most of the research but also the wise and generous coun- sel of the professional staff. Particular thanks are due to Dr. James R. Anderson, Dr. John R. Dunkle, and Dr. Clayton C. Curtis. Their instruction and advice over a longer period stimulated much of what is valuable in this study. For the completion of the volume I owe more debts, intellectual and otherwise, than can possibly be repaid by a brief printed recognition, but the contribu- tions of preceding historians of the Southeast must be mentioned. In particular, the research labors of Ulrich Phillips, John Stover, and Cecil Brown considerably lessened mine. I am indebted to Sharon White for expertly typing the final copy, to Fran Smith for proofreading, and to Frank Winstead who willingly labored with the camera when he was under great pressure to employ himself otherwise. Marion Hemperley expedited the map acquisition process and reduced its cost. My wife, Jan, deserves special acknowledgement for competently handling a variety of de- tails. In closing I will add that those who have known me longest will inevitably look beyond academic rationale for the reasons why railroads cross so many of the pages that follow. x TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv PREFACE v LIST OF TABLES x i v LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT xvii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: THE TRANSPORT EXPANSION SEQUENCE OF GEORGIA AND THE CAROLINAS AS A PROBLEM 1 Introduction 1 The Problem of Urban Development in the South 3 Previous Urban Location Research 6 The South as a Potential Research Area . 13 Structure and Organization of the Study. 15 The Topographic Setting 20 2. THE TRANSPORT EXPANSION SEQUENCE IN GEORGIA AND THE CAROLINAS IN DETAIL, PART 1, 1670-1775 23 Introduction 23 The South Carolina Low Country 30 The North Carolina Coast 43 Early Georgia 53 The Beginnings of Back Country Settlement 59 Upland Towns in North Carolina 62 The Inland Ports 71 Summary 80 3. THE TRANSPORT EXPANSION SEQUENCE IN GEORGIA AND THE CAROLINAS IN DETAIL, PART 2, 1775-1830 81 Introduction 81 xi CHAPTER Page Urban Expansion in North Carolina 83 Town Development in South Carolina ...
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