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Toussaint L'ouverture, the Negro Patriot of Hayti : by the Rev This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com I s I TOUSSAINT I/OUVERTUEE: BIOGRAPHY AND AUTOBIOGRAPHY. Boston : JAMES REDPATH, Publisher, 221 Washington Street. 1863. e /^HARVARD^ UNIVERSITY LIBRARY JAN Entered according to act of Congress, In the year 18C3, By JAMES EEDPATH, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. GEO. C. BAND & ATXET, STEREOTTPERS AND PRINTERS. INTRODUCTION. This volume contains two distinct works, — a Biography and an Autobiography. The Biography was first published in London, ten years since, as " The Life of Toussaint L'Ouverture, the Negro Patriot of Hayti : By the Rev. John R. Beard, D. D., Member of the Historico-Theological Society of Leipsic, etc." It had the following — PREFACE. " The life which is described in the following pages has both a permanent interest and a permanent value. But the efforts which are now made to effect the abolition of slavery in the United States of America, seem to render the present mo ment specially fit for the appearance of a memoir of Tous saint L'Ouverture. A hope of affording some aid to the sacred cause of freedom, specially as involved in the extinc tion of slavery, and in the removal of the prejudices on which servitude mainly depends, has induced the author to prepare the present work for the press. If apology for such a publi cation was required, it might be found in the fact that no de tailed life of Toussaint L'Ouverture is accessible to the English reader, for the only memoir of him which exists in our language has long been out of print. "The sources of information on this subject are found chiefly in the French language. To several of these the author ac knowledges deep obligation. " The tone taken on the subject of negro freedom in Hayti, by recent writers in two French reviews, is partial and unjust. iii iv INTRODUCTION. Possibly this may be attributable to a mulatto pen. The blacks have no authors ; their cause, consequently, has not yet been pleaded. In the authorities we possess on the sub ject, either French or mulatto interests, for the most part, predominate. Specially predominant are mulatto interests and prejudices, in the recently published Life of Toussaint IS Ouverture, by Saint Remt, a mulatto : this writer obvi ously values his caste more than his country or his kind." With this work the editor has taken the liberty of making a few verbal and other changes in the text of the opening chapters ; of erasing the two elaborated guesses as to Tous- saint's Scriptural studies and readings in the Abbe Raynal's philosophy ; and of omitting the entire Book IV., which gave a sketch of the history of Hayti from the death of Toussaint to the reign of the late Emperor Soulouque. The alterations * in the first chapters referred chiefly to statements respecting modern Hayti, with which the editor's travels and his official relations to its Government had made him more familiar than the author. Book IV. was erased because it was deemed an inadequate presentation of the history of an independent negro nationality, — not unfair, indeed, nor essentially in accurate, but too meagre for publication in the United States where its statements would necessarily be weighed in the scales of party. It is hoped that a full and impartial history of Hayti will, erelong, be presented to the American people ; until then, the sketches in the encyclopedias and the summary of Mr. Elie in " The Guide," must suffice to indicate the governmental changes that have occurred in the island.* * The few references in the Notes to this book (we may say in passing) will lose every appearance of bad taste or of egotism, when it is stated that it is simply an unpretending collection of facts, to which no claim or pride of authorship can justly attach. INTRODUCTION. V In the historical record of Dr. Beard, no changes have been made. This fact does not imply a uniform concurrence of judgment. For it is but justice to say, that, although "the blacks have no authors," they have found in Dr. Beard not a friend only, but an able and zealous partisan. There have been three versions of Haytian history, — the white, the black, and the yellow : the white representing the pro-slavery party, the black that of the negroes, and the yel low that of the mulattoes. The abolitionists of England and America have adopted the negro standard, — refusing equally to pay any homage to Petion, the idol of the mulatto histori ans, whom they call the Washington of Hayti, or to regard Toussaint as the bete noir of the revolution, or otherwise than as Hayti's hero, " Great, ill-requited chief." This brief statement will show that to have undertaken to present the other sides of the events narrated would have required a volume of notes. The " Notes and Illustrations " of Dr. Beard, with one exception, have, also, been 'omitted, and others deemed more interesting and pertinent substituted for them. It is from the " Memoires de la Vie de Toussaint L' Ou- verture," edited by the M. Saint Remy, whose partisan spirit Dr. Beard reproves, that the Autobiography of the great General and Statesman is taken. " The existence of these Memoirs," he says, " was first mentioned by the venerable Abbe Gregoire, bishop of Blois, in his curious and entertaining work entitled, ' The Litera ture of the Negroes.' In 1845, the journal ' La Presse ' pub lished fragments of them; and at that time some persons seemed to doubt their authenticity. But, quite recently, through the friendly medium of Mr. Fleutelot, member of l» vi INTRODUCTION. the University of France, I was enabled to obtain from General Desfourncaux a copy of these Memoirs which he had in his possession. Still later, after much research, I suc ceeded in discovering the original manuscript in the General Archives of France. Eagerly, and with scrupulous attention, did I peruse the lengthy pages, all written in the hand of the First of the Blacks. The emotions excited in me by this examination will be better understood than they can be de scribed. The mind is thrown into an abyss of reflections by the memory of so lofty a renown bent under the weight of so much misfortune." M. Saint Rcmy adds, that " Toussaint's cast of mind may well bo judged from the fact that his own manu script is entirely at first hand, without an erasure or an in sertion." This interesting paper is now first published in the English language, having been expressly translated for this volume. " Are the Negroes fit for Soldiers?" Ignorant of the history of Ilayti, which forever settled the question, our jour nalists and public men for many long months disputed it, un til the gallant charges on Port Hudson and Fort Wagner put an end to the humiliating debate. "Are Negroes Jit for Officers?" We are entering on that debate now. The Life of Toussaint may help to end it. What Toussaint, Christophc, Dessalines did, — "plantation- hands" and yet able warriors and statesmen, all of them, — some Sambo, Wash, or Jeff, still toiling in the rice-fields or among the sugar-canes, or hoeing his cotton-row in the Southern States, may be meditating to-day and destined to begin to morrow. Boston, September, 1863. CONTENTS. BOOK I. FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY IN HAYTI TO THE FULL ESTABLISHMENT OF TOUSSAINT L'OUVER- TUBE'S POWER. CHAPTER I. Description of Hayti — Its name, mountains, rivers, climate, produc tions, and chief cities and towns 13 CHAPTER II. Columbus discovers Hayti — Under his successors, the Spanish colony extirpate the natives — The Buccaneers lay in the 'West the basis of the French colony — Its growth and prosperity .... 22 CHAPTER III. The diverse elements of the population of Hayti — The blacks, the whites, the mulattocs ; immorality and servitude .... 28 CHAPTER IV. Family, birth, and education of Toussaint L'Ouverture — His promo tions in servitude — His marriage — Reads Raynal, and begins to think himself the providentially-appointed liberator of his oppressed brethren . 34 CHAPTER V. Immediate causes of t he rising of the blacks — Dissensions of the plant ers — Spread of anti-slavery opinions in Europe — The outbreak of the first French Revolution — Mulatto war — Negro insurrection — Toussaint protects his master and mistress, and their property . 42 CHAPTER VI. Continued collision of the planters, the mulattoes, and the negroes — The planters willing to receive English aid — The negroes espouse the cause of Louis XVI. — Arrival of Commissioners from Franco — Negotiations — Resumption of hostilities — Toussaint gains in fluence 50 CHAPTER VII. France equalizes mulattoes and negroes with the whites — The decapi tation of Louis XVI. throws the negroes into the arms of Spain — They are afraid of the Revolutionary Republicans — Strife of French political parties in Hayti — Conflagration of the Cape — Proclama tion of liberty for the negroes produces little effect — Toussaint captures Dondon — Commemoration of the fall of the Bastille — Displeasure of the planters — Rigaud . 60 vii viii CONTENTS. CHAPTER VIII. Toussaint becomes master of a central post — Is not seduced by offers of negro emancipation, nor of bribes to himself — Kepels the Eng lish, who invade the island; adds L'Ouverture to his name; aban dons the Spaniards, and seeks freedom through French alliance . 69 CHAPTER IX. Toussaint defeats the Spanish partisans — By extraordinary exertions, raises and disciplines troops, forms armies, lays out campaigns, exe cutes the most daring exploits, and defeats the English, who evacuate the island — Toussaint is Commander-in-chief 70 CHAPTER X.
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